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	Higgs boson - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is the only Standard Model particle not yet observed, but plays a key role in explaining the origins of the mass of other elementary particles, in particular the difference between the massless photon and the very heavy W and Z bosons.
		Elementary particle masses, and the differences between electromagnetism (caused by the photon) and the weak force (caused by the W and Z bosons), are critical to many aspects of the structure of microscopic (and hence macroscopic) matter; thus if it exists, the Higgs boson has an enormous effect on the world around us.
		The particle called Higgs boson is in fact the quantum of one of the components of a Higgs field.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Higgs_boson (906 words)

	Peter Higgs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Higgs is best known for his 1960s proposal of broken symmetry in electroweak theory, explaining the origin of mass of elementary particles in general and of the W and Z bosons in particular.
		This so-called Higgs mechanism predicts the existence of a new particle, the Higgs boson.
		Higgs conceived of the mechanism in 1964 while walking the Cairngorms, and returned to his lab declaring he had had his "one big idea".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peter_Higgs (286 words)

	Higgs Boson
		Hence particles are a consequence of a "self-interaction" between the energy content of light and a structural principle (the metric) inherent in light which serves a conservation function (energy, symmetry, entropy, causality).
		Recall that although the gravitational field of a particle may seem to be weak, it extends throughout the Universe, and the negative gravitational energy of a particle is equal in magnitude to its positive rest mass energy - a notion attributed to Pascual Jordan and demonstrated by fl hole theory.
		Rather, a particle has a moving time dimension (the entropy drive of bound energy) which connects it to the spatial metric domain via gravitation; it is the time dimension (and the gravitational field) of the particle which moves, not the particle itself (see: "The Time Train").
	www.people.cornell.edu /pages/jag8/higgs.html (1616 words)

	Labs Close In On The 'God Particle'
		The godlike importance ascribed to the Higgs is based on the belief that its interactions endow all the constituents of matter with mass; it is the universal giver of heft.
		The hunt is on for the Higgs boson, the universal giver of heft.
		The competition between CERN and Fermilab for the Higgs particle is reminiscent of a similar race in the 1980's for the W and Z bosons -- "vector" particles that transmit the "weak" nuclear force between other particles.
	www.jlab.org /news/internet/1999/particle.html (760 words)

	Open Questions: Higgs Physics
		Since the Higgs particle generates the mass of all other particles that couple to it, their mass would depend on their orientation with respect to the Higgs field.) Hence the Higgs particle is a boson, a "scalar" boson, since having spin 0 means that it behaves like a scalar under Lorentz transformations.
		Except for fairly superficial references to the search for Higgs particles and occasionally an allusion to the role that the Higgs field plays in explaining the source of particle mass, the subject is rarely discussed in publications intended for a general audience.
		The Higgs particle is thought to be responsible for the existence of mass in the standard model.
	www.openquestions.com /oq-ph008.htm (9023 words)

	The University of Chicago Magazine: April 2001, Features
		The source of the gale was none other than the Higgs boson, a piece of subatomic matter that a group of Chicago physicists and several thousand other scientists around the globe have been chasing for their entire careers.
		A Higgs boson is the particle that carries the inertia.
		The particles are released into the tunnel, and as they race around the loop, they pick up energy from the high-voltage field, fattening them for the slaughter ahead.
	magazine.uchicago.edu /0104/features/higgs.html (3002 words)

	Physicists may have seen Higgs particle
		If signs are strong enough they have seen the Higgs, theorized to be the source of the mass of everything in the universe, they must then decide whether to defer replacing their massive particle accelerator and instead push their aging equipment for all-out "discovery" in hopes of beating out their American rival.
		The long-sought particle was named for British physicist Peter Higgs, who postulated its existence more than 30 years ago to explain how atoms - and everything else in the universe - have weight.
		The Higgs theory is that the usually invisible bosons create a field through which subatomic particles - such as quarks and electrons - pass.
	xoomer.virgilio.it /hgmascel/Higgs.html (442 words)

	New Scientist: Hunting the higgs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		To pursue the analogy, we might think of the North Pole as being analogous to the basic particles that transmit the weak interactions while the equator is similar to the photon, which is the basic unit or quantum of light.
		Forces between particles are transmitted by other particles, such as photons, the carrier of electromagnetic forces, and W and Z particles, the basic particles that transmit the weak interactions.
		The Higgs particle is the quantum of a new field called the Higgs field, which was zero in the very early Universe, but turned on as the expanding Universe cooled-just as the motion of the Earth emerged when it condensed out of the dust and gas surrounding the early Sun.
	www.umich.edu /~mctp/media/huntinghiggs.html (2299 words)

	Fermilab results improve estimate of Higgs particle mass
		Particle physicists predict the existence of a heavy particle, the Higgs boson, which interacts with particles of matter to give them their characteristic masses.
		The indirect indication of the Higgs mass guides particle physicists in their ongoing hunt for direct observation and confirmation of the particle's existence.
		Particle theorists predict a new class of heavier, "supersymmetric" partners for all of the known matter particles of the Standard Model, the theory of the fundamental particles and forces of nature.
	newsinfo.iu.edu /news/page/normal/1506.html (838 words)

	How Particles Acquire Mass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Higgs boson is a hypothesised particle which, if it exists, would give the mechanism by which particles acquire mass.
		Higgs found that parameters in the equations for the field associated with the particle H can be chosen in such a way that the lowest energy state of that field (empty space) is one with the field not zero.
		If particles no get their masses from interacting with the empty space Higgs field, then the Higgs particle must exist; but we can't be certain without finding the Higgs.
	www.phy.uct.ac.za /courses/phy400w/particle/higgs1.htm (514 words)

	Higgs boson concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Such particles are analogous to the photons that are associated with the electromagnetic field.
		The standard model of particle physics predicts one electrically neutral Higgs particle which has not yet been found, but which will be sought in upcoming particle accelerator experiments.
		The grand unified theories predict many Higgs particles, but they are too massive to be accessible at existing or foreseeable accelerators.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/Higgsboson.html (146 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| 'God particle' may have been seen
		The Higgs boson explains why all other particles have mass and is fundamental to a complete understanding of matter.
		Dr Renton cites indirect evidence taken from observations of the behaviour of other particles in colliders that agrees with the figure of 115 gigaelectronvolts for the mass of the Higgs boson.
		Their theory was that all particles acquire their mass through interactions with an all-pervading field, called the Higgs field, which is carried by the Higgs boson.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/3546973.stm (649 words)

	Origins: CERN: Ideas: The Higgs Boson
		This clustering effect is the Higgs mechanism, postulated by British physicist Peter Higgs in the 1960s.
		The same might be true in the Higgs field: a particle moving through it creates a little bit of distortion -- like the crowd around the star at the party -- and that lends mass to the particle.
		In fact, the search for the Higgs particle(s) is some of the most exciting research happening, because it could lead to completely new discoveries in particle physics.
	www.exploratorium.edu /origins/cern/ideas/higgs.html (903 words)

	Politics, Solid State and the Higgs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In three dimensions, and with the complications of relativity, this is the Higgs mechanism.
		In order to give particles mass, a background field is invented which becomes locally distorted whenever a particle moves through it.
		We need it because otherwise we cannot explain why the Z and W particles which carry the weak interactions are so heavy while the photon which carries electromagnetic forces is massless.
	www.phy.uct.ac.za /courses/phy400w/particle/higgs3.htm (532 words)

	Scientific American: What exactly is the Higgs boson? Have physicists proved that it really exists? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Discovery of the Higgs boson was one of the principal tasks scheduled for the Superconducting Super Collider, which the U.S. Congress canceled in 1993.
		That is why particle physicists often use the search for the Higgs boson as a shorthand for the campaign to learn the agent that hides electroweak symmetry and endows other particles with mass.
		One approach is a generalization of the electroweak theory, called supersymmetry, that associates new particles with all the known quarks and leptons and force particles.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=00043456-7089-1C71-9EB7809EC588F2D7 (1782 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Higgs Boson
		On a microscopic scale, their behaviour is governed by quantum field theory, which treats all particles as waves in a particle field.
		This cluster is the Higgs particle or Higgs Boson.
		The particles are then allowed to smash together and an extensive array of detectors looks for signs of new particles in the resulting debris.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A851429 (2113 words)

	Higgs Particle
		A Higgs particle is the quantum of the hypothetical Higgs field which supports the theoretical Higgs mechanism for giving mass to particles.
		Now one of the particles was the photon, and it was already considered massless, so that was OK. But the other three particles were known as carriers of the weak force, and thirty years of experiments (at that time in the 1960s) showed that they had to have mass.
		The Higgs particle (so far only the neutral scalar member) is included in a forward term in the electro-weak Lagrangian, but only with a flavor-diagonal coupling.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=7309 (1008 words)

	higgs particle
		It gave terms that mimicked mass to the gauge particles, it eliminated the goldstone bosons and gave, by its interactions, a mimicked mass term to the fermions.
		All particles, except the photon and gluons, are assumed to interact with the Higgs field, and they develop masses proportional to the strength of this coupling, which for the fermions is arbitrary and independent of other constants (it is not so for the W and Z).
		The mass that the Higgs is supposed to produce is the mass\nappearing in the Lagrangian and in the wave equation, which is a\ntotally invariant numerical quantity which we can call m.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=36018 (6370 words)

	Higgs Mass
		In more customary particle physics notation, such as that found in Kane, there are two weak charges, g1 and g2, such that their squares are weak force strengths.
		The Higgs Vacuum Expectation Value of 252 GeV is roughly the Compressibility of the Aether and the Superposition Separation of an entire single Tubulin in the Brain, and is close to the tree level mass of the Truth Quark T-T(bar) Meson of about 260 GeV.
		the Higgs scalar particle mass 146 GeV is the square root of the sum of the squares of the Masses of the W+, W-, and Z0 Weak bosons (as though the Higgs particle is a single particle merger of the Weak bosons).
	www.valdostamuseum.org /hamsmith/higgsmass.html (4793 words)

	No sign of the Higgs boson - 05 December 2001 - New Scientist
		The elusive Higgs boson is so central to the standard model - the theory on which physicists base their whole understanding of matter - that it has been dubbed the "God particle".
		But that didn't explain why the particles also have mass, until Peter Higgs at Edinburgh University suggested space is filled with a heavy, treacly substance - now called the Higgs field - which gives particles their mass by dragging on them through a mediator called the Higgs boson.
		Frank Wilczek, a particle physics theorist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, points out that you could take the LEP results as evidence that the Higgs must be sitting at an improbably high energy.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn1649 (909 words)

	CERN Courier - Higgs is honoured in Edinbur - IOP Publishing - article
		As part of the recent UK Institute of Physics conference, Particle Physics 2000, in Edinburgh, a special symposium was held to celebrate the 70th year of Peter Higgs, after whom the elusive "Higgs field" is named.
		This field and its particles are responsible for the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the symmetry of electroweak interactions, so that, for example, the W and Z carriers of the weak force are heavy particles, while the electromagnetic photon remains massless.
		At the banquet, Ken Peach, director of particle physics at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, gave a lecture from the pulpit of the former Highland Kirk.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/40/6/5 (615 words)

	Wired News: Racing to the 'God Particle'
		Dubbed the "God particle" by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Leon Lederman, the Higgs boson is a controversial particle believed to bestow mass on all other particles.
		Scientists are hoping to discover traces of its presence in Fermilab's Tevatron, a 7-mile-long circumference particle accelerator that smashes opposing beams of protons and antiprotons around a circular track, sifting through the debris with two immense detectors called CDF and D0.
		Results indicated that the Higgs particle was too heavy to be detected by the collider and that it probably had a mass of 114 billion electron-volts (GeV).
	www.wired.com /news/technology/0,1282,54507,00.html (882 words)

	Catch Me if You Can - - science news articles online technology magazine articles Catch Me if You Can (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The most powerful particle accelerator in the world is the Tevatron, a ring-shaped, stainless-steel corridor four miles long that can smash together atomic fragments moving at more than 99.99 percent the speed of light.
		Until it is found, the Higgs stands as a totem of all that is unknown and desperately desired.
		Variations in Higgs field interactions are the only explanation physicists have for the fact that the heftiest known particle weighs 200,000 times as much as the lightest one, while photons weigh nothing at all.
	www.discover.com /issues/jul-05/features/catch-me-if-you-can (1101 words)

	What is a Higgs Particle?
		The Higgs particle is as yet a hypothetical particle invoked to explain why the carriers of the electroweak force (the W and Z bosons) have mass.
		Quantum electrodynamics requires the photon to have zero mass (which is good because indeed it does), but early attempts to develop and electroweak theory also required the bosons to be massless, (which is bad because then they would be as abundant as the photon in the universe, which indeed they are not).
		If there is an otherwise undetectable field filling the universe (now called the Higgs field), it could have associated with it a previously unknown kind of boson, the Higgs particle, which has mass.
	www.physlink.com /Education/AskExperts/ae304.cfm (358 words)

	Search for the Higgs Boson in H->WW(*) decays at DØ
		The theory predicts all the different parameters of the Higgs boson depending on its mass which is the only unknown quantity of the Higgs particle.
		If the mass of the Higgs particle is in the range of 135 to 200 GeV, it will predominantly decay to W boson pairs.
		Other particles produced in proton anti-proton collisions can lead to similar final states as the Higgs decay into W boson pairs.
	www-d0.fnal.gov /Run2Physics/WWW/results/final/HIGGS/H05B/H05B.htm (821 words)

	CERN Courier - LEP pursues Higgs boson and - IOP Publishing - article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		While we wait for a definitive sighting of the enigmatic Higgs particle, there is no lack of careful precision work for the experiments at CERN's LEP electronpositron collider.
		Of the many results presented recently at the EPS conference in Tampere, Finland, and the leptonphoton symposium at Stanford, the search for the Higgs boson and the measurement of the W mass were the highlights.
		Via many of the same measurements that are used to constrain the Higgs boson indirectly, the experimenters (with a great deal of help from the theorists) have coaxed the Standard Model into predicting the mass of the W boson with an error of only 26 MeV (in 80 GeV).
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/39/9/12 (962 words)

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