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	German language, alphabets and pronunciation
		German is a Germanic language with about 121 million speakers in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Lichtenstein, Belgium, Italy, France, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, Luxembourg, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Australia, South Africa and Namibia.
		High German began to emerge as the standard literary language during the 16th century.
		It was taught in German schools from 1915 to 1941 and is still used by the older generation.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/german.htm (833 words)

	Overview of the German Language to Help You Learn German
		Low German dialects are spoken in the flatlands of the northern regions of Germany.
		The German language belongs to the West Germanic sub-branch (along with English, Frisian, Yiddish, Dutch, and Afrikaans) of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages.
		German was shaped by migration of the Germanic tribes who lived in northern Europe during the first millennium BC.
	www.transparent.com /languagepages/german/overview.htm (840 words)

	High German. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
		German as indigenously spoken and written in Austria, Switzerland, and central and southern Germany.
		The standard variety of German used as the official language in Germany and Austria and as one of the official languages in Switzerland.
		Translation of German Hochdeutsch : hoch, high (from the mountainous terrain of the area in which it originated) + Deutsch, German.
	www.bartleby.com /61/50/H0195000.html (122 words)

	German High Command - World War 2
		His refusal to heed the advice of his Generals was a large factor in the demise of German military fortunes.
		His resignation was due to a combination of ill-health, the failure of the German army at Moscow and Hitler's refusal to heed any of his advice.
		Chief of the High Command of the Armed Forces (OKW) from 1938 until the end of the War.
	www.secondworldwar.co.uk /germans.html (438 words)

	German Language
		A corresponding norm for spoken High German, influenced by the written standard, is used in education, the theater, and broadcasting.
		German dialects that differ substantially from standard German, not only in pronunciation but also in grammar, are found in regions of Germany, E France, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein; Lëtzeburgesch, an official language of Luxembourg, is a German dialect spoken by about 400,000 people there.
		Although dialectal differences within both the High German and Low German regions remain, a trend toward uniformity in the direction of the written standard is expected partly as a result of widespread broadcasting, diminishing isolation, and increased socioeconomic mobility.
	www.orbilat.com /Encyclopaedia/G/German_Language.html (757 words)

	German Language - MSN Encarta
		German belongs to the Netherlandic-German group within the western branch of the Germanic languages, a subfamily of the Indo-European languages.
		Another characteristic of German, as well as of all the Germanic languages, is that the principal accent falls regularly upon the first syllable of a word; in verbal combinations, however, the root syllable, not the prefix, is stressed.
		German is an inflected language, with three genders, four cases, and a strong and weak declension of qualifying adjectives.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567950/German_Language.html (630 words)

	German language at AllExperts
		German is spoken primarily in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, in two-thirds of Switzerland, in the South Tyrol province of Italy (in German, SÃ¼dtirol), in the small East Cantons of Belgium, and in some border villages of the South Jutland County (in German, Nordschleswig, in Danish, SÃ¸nderjylland) of Denmark.
		The earliest testimonies of Old High German are from scattered Elder Futhark inscriptions, especially in Alemannic, from the 6th century, the earliest glosses (Abrogans) date to the 8th and the oldest coherent texts (the Hildebrandslied, the Muspilli and the Merseburg Incantations) to the 9th century.
		German is a member of the western branch of the Germanic family of languages, which in turn is part of the Indo-European language family.
	en.allexperts.com /e/g/ge/german_language.htm (4786 words)

	German
		Standard German is one High German variety, which developed in Saxony, and accepted as the written standard in the 16th and 17th centuries.
		The German dialects spoken in colonies founded by German-speaking people were based on the regional dialects spoken by the original colonists, e.g., Pennsylvania German (erroneously called Dutch instead of Deutsch) is based on the dialects of the Palatinate region of Germany.
		German is considered to be a Category I language in terms of difficulty for speakers of English.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/december/German.html (1606 words)

	german
		Germans contributed substantially to its growth: By 1841, 28 percent of the total population was German; 10 years earlier the figure was only 5 percent, By 1850, when Cincinnati was known as the "Queen City of the West," the German community (including those born in America) made up half its population.
		German involvement in the labor movement did not sit well with nativists, who, in the last decades of the 19th century, were again seeking support for anti-immigration laws.
		German Americans, the societies members insisted, were neither "mongrels with a divided allegiance" nor "hyphenates." In keeping with this goal, they named their organization after Baron Friedrich von Steuben, a hero of the War of Independence.
	www.theseverts.net /German.htm (13046 words)

	middle high german\introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		German is divided geographically into two large groups of dialects, traditionally called High German (Hochdeutsch) and Low German (Niederdeutsch).
		Magdeburg, Wittenberg and Lübben (northwest of Cottbus), one may demarcate approximately the boundary to the north of which Low German and to the south of which High German are designated.
		The Middle High German period from 1050 to about 1500, but the Blütezeit is approximately from 1200 to 1240.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/hasty/resources/INTRODUC.HTM (382 words)

	German Language Facts
		German a Germanic language, is a member of the Indo-European language family.
		The stabilising force, which emerged as the Germanic world came to rest, was the Frankish Empire from the fifth century AD to the end of the reign of Charlemagne in 1814.
		The translation of the Bible into Middle German by Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a major contribution to the final victory of this dialect as a common German language.
	www.languagehelpers.com /languagefacts/german.html (884 words)

	_ swiss german language speak speaking Switzerland guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		High German, or Hochdeutsch (also known as Schriftdeutsch, “Written German”) is the same language used throughout German-speaking Europe.
		No one speaks High German in everyday situations in Switzerland – oral use of High German is restricted to school education, the mass media and public speaking.
		Everybody writes in High German (which is also the language of all signs and public notices) – but when reading out loud, they mentally transcribe the High German text into their own dialect of Swiss-German as they’re going along.
	www.switzerland.isyours.com /e/guide/contexts/german.html (823 words)

	German language and Germany by ALS International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		German is used as the official language of Germany and of Austria.
		German is also spoken in dialect form throughout Luxembourg and by much of the population of the regions of eastern France formerly known as Alsace and Lorraine.
		German colonial establishments in Africa (German Southwest Africa [now Namibia] and Cameroon), the islands of the Western Pacific, and China (the Shandung Peninsula) were lost by 1919, following the German defeat in World War I. Hitler’s defeat in World War II put paid to a transitory military occupation of North Africa.
	www.alsintl.com /languages/german.htm (1482 words)

	Ethnologue report for Germany
		Standard German is one High German variety, which developed from the chancery of Saxony, gaining acceptance as the written standard in the 16th and 17th centuries.
		High German refers to dialects and languages in the upper Rhine region.
		Dialects: German with a heavy cryptolectal lexical influsion from Rotwelsch, Yiddish, Romani, and Hebrew.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Germany (1147 words)

	German language - translate Spanish, English, German, French
		Because High German has been the official language even there for quite some time, and because Low German is too different from High German to mix easily with it, this region has become, in fact, bilingual.
		Of the languages related to High German, that is, languages that have undergone the Second Sound Shift at least partially, there is only one besides German which has such a status: Luxemburgish (Lëtzebuergesch) is an official language in Luxemburg along with both French and German.
		Yiddish, which developed out of Middle High German dialects and is now spoken by several million Jews throughout the world, belongs in the High German language family, too, and has its own interesting history.
	www.leosam.com /german (685 words)

	Transparent Language - German Language Learning
		German is the official language of Germany, Austria, and Liechtenstein.
		German is spoken in diverse modern dialects in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, northern Italy, much of Switzerland, eastern France (Alsace and parts of Lorraine), as well as parts of Belgium and Luxembourg.
		German belongs to the West Germanic sub-branch (along with English, Frisian, Yiddish, Dutch, and Afrikaans) of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages.
	www.learn-german-language-software.com /overview.htm (872 words)

	MacArthur High School German Program
		The German Language is spoken by over 120 million native speakers in four countries, where it is the official language.
		German was the first foreign language in the United States until the onset of World War I. One of every four Americans has German ancestry.
		She is the founder of both the regional and state German contests.
	www.neisd.net /mac/german (260 words)

	A Short History Of The German Language
		The Low German areas are said to speak a variety of German because they belong to Germany, and because they have adopted High German as their standard language gradually since the 15th century.
		Even earlier, High German had occasionally been used in Low Germany as a means of communication across whole Germany, as Berthold of Regensburg (~1210-1272) states: "Also stêt ez umbe di niderlender und umbe oberlender, daz manic niderlender ist, der sich der oberlender sprâche annimet.
		Middle High German was the language of the minstrels.
	www.lrz-muenchen.de /~hr/lang/dt-hist.html (3469 words)

	German language, dialects, varieties, high german, low german, middle german
		Low German (used all regions north of Benrath line) did not take part in the second vowel change in 7th and 8th century A.D. The second vowel change affected esp. German consonants (plosives and occlusives) p, t and k which were transformed to pf/f, ts/s and ch.
		High German as used in Bavaria and Austria is very melodious and pleasant to the ear.
		The attempt failed as the differences between standard German in Austria and the German used in Germany south of Benrath line are largely neglectable.
	www.about-germany.org /life/german_language_2.htm (322 words)

	Maps of Indo-European Languages-High German (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		High German's linguistic development is divided into Modern High German (1500 CE to present day), Middle High German (1100-1500 CE), and Old High German (before 1100).
		Old High German in turn came from the West Germanic sub-branch of the Germanic branch of Indo-European languages.
		Yiddish is a recent branch of High German spoken by Europeanized Jews; it borrows heavily from Hebrew vocabulary.
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/IE_Centum_High_German.html (189 words)

	Swiss German Morphology and Lexicon
		Almost all of the dialects grouped under the heading of Swiss German are of the High Alemannic variety of German, although the dialect in the city of Basel is generally considered to be Low Alemannic.
		This usage of dialect in areas once reserved for Standard German is contrasted with the increasing independence of the Swiss Standard German lexicon from that of the Standard German spoken in the Federal Republic.
		Other interesting lexical features of Swiss Standard German the specific formations used to combine words; in some cases, words are simply put together in ways that would be considered sub-standard in the Federal Republic, while in other cases, the constructions, such as the infixed -s- or -en- in compounds, may be used irregularly.
	www.nthuleen.com /papers/130paper2.html (3405 words)

	Middle High German - Definition, explanation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Middle High German is an ancestor of the modern German language, and was spoken from 1050 to about 1500.
		Some linguists prefer to use 1350 as the end of the Middle High German period, calling the period from 1350 to 1750 Early New High German.
		Central German (Mitteldeutsch), comprising the Franconian dialects and East Central German (Ostmitteldeutsch).
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/m/mi/middle_high_german.php (453 words)

	German
		German for Business is an advanced language course for students who wish to continue their study of German while focusing on current issues in economics and business in the German-speaking countries of Europe.
		Some of the topics include: German unification, the European Union, transportation and infrastructure, labor unions, the major industries and companies in Germany, taxes, workers' benefits, banking and environmental policy, travel industry, and office procedures.
		This is an introduction to German literature through analysis and discussion of selected texts within the context of German literary and cultural history.
	www.temple.edu /bulletin/ugradbulletin/ucd/ucd_german.html (755 words)

	Old High German
		Old High German was the only Germanic language which suffered the 2nd consonant shift, under which p, t, k became f, z, h after a vowel (English water vs. OHG wazzar, Gothic slépan vs. OHG sláfan).
		During the Old High German period numerous analytical constructions were appearing in the verbal structure.
		In the Kingdom of Franks, lengthy contacts with the Roman population caused the assimilation of Old High German in Gaul (modern France).
	indoeuro.bizland.com /tree/germ/ohg.html (479 words)

	DIALECTS AND HIGH GERMAN
		That's when High German (Hochdeutsch) comes to the rescue, the "standard language"--equivalent of the "Queen's English"--the principal vehicle of the media, of literature, religion, education and commerce.
		In the Upper German area they were shifted, depending on position within a given word, as follows: p to pf, ff; t to s, ss, z, tz; k to ch.
		The state of German's dialects was the topic of discussion among the more than 500 linguists from 26 nations who turned out recently (March 12-14) for the Institute for the German Language's annual meeting, held this year in Mannheim (Baden-Württemberg).
	www.serve.com /shea/germusa/dialects.htm (1186 words)

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