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Topic: High German languages

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	Introduction & Abbreviations
		Arabic, the Semitic language of the Arabs and the language of Islam.
		O.H.G. Old High German, the ancestor of the modern literary German language, spoken in the upland regions of Germany; German language as written and spoken from the earliest period to c.1100.
		O.N. Old Norse, the Norwegian language as written and spoken c.100 to 1500 C.E., the relevant phase of it being "Viking Norse" (700-1100), the language spoken by the invaders and colonizers of northern and eastern England c.875-950.
	www.etymonline.com /abbr.php (3129 words)

	German Translation Services - translate German Translator
		Because High German translation has been the official language even there for quite some time, and because Low German is too different from High German to mix easily with it, this region has become, in fact, bilingual.
		German translation comes in many dialects which are in general not mutually intelligible.
		Of the languages related to High German translation, that is, languages that have undergone the Second Sound Shift at least partially, there is only one besides German which has such a status: Luxemburgish (Letzebuergesch) is an official language in Luxemburg along with both French and German.
	www.germantranslationusa.com (727 words)

	Grimm's law — FactMonster.com
		The first sound shift, affecting both English and German, was from the early phonetic positions documented in the ancient, or classical, Indo-European languages (Sanskrit, Greek, Latin) to those still evident in the Low German languages, including English; the second shift affected only the High German languages, e.g., standard German.
		Jakob Grimm - Grimm, Jakob Grimm, Jakob, 1785–1863, German philologist and folklorist, a founder of...
		Germanic languages: Common Characteristics - Common Characteristics Strong evidence for the unity of all the modern Germanic languages can be...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0821874.html (261 words)

	German Language - MSN Encarta
		German belongs to the Netherlandic-German group within the western branch of the Germanic languages, a subfamily of the Indo-European languages.
		Another characteristic of German, as well as of all the Germanic languages, is that the principal accent falls regularly upon the first syllable of a word; in verbal combinations, however, the root syllable, not the prefix, is stressed.
		German is an inflected language, with three genders, four cases, and a strong and weak declension of qualifying adjectives.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567950/German_Language.html (630 words)

	Germanic languages at AllExperts
		The common ancestor of all languages comprising this branch is Proto-Germanic, spoken in approximately the latter mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age Northern Europe.
		Germanic languages possess several unique features, such as the following:# The leveling of the IE tense and aspect system into the present tense and past tense (also called preterite).# The use of a dental suffix (/d/ or /t/) instead of vowel alternation (Indo-European ablaut) to indicate past tense.
		All Germanic languages are thought to be descended from a hypothetical Proto-Germanic, united by their having been subjected to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law.
	en.allexperts.com /e/g/ge/germanic_languages.htm (1547 words)

	MARC Code List for Languages
		Additional codes for individual languages are created from time to time when it becomes apparent that a significant body of literature in a particular language already exists, or when it is determined that the amount of material in a language is growing.
		While some individual languages are given their own unique code, although linguistically they are part of a language group, many individual languages are assigned a group code, because it is not considered practical to establish a separate code for each.
		Ancient languages which are not given unique codes are assigned the code for the major language group to which each belongs, rather than the code for the modern language which evolved from the ancient language.
	www.loc.gov /marc/languages (1726 words)

	German translation by mother tongue German translator
		Moreover, German translation is required in the medical industry as a significant number of all pharmaceuticals in the U.S. come from Germany.
		There is a vast number of dialects in the German language but High German is considered to be the standard for both written and spoken German.
		In order to obtain an accurate German translation, you may be in a position to help your German translator simplify the translation process by checking the source text for ambiguities before submitting it for translation.
	www.lengua.com /german.shtml (516 words)

	Goethe-Institut School Projects - Project Topics - German Language
		Towards the end of the 2nd millenium BC a relatively homogenous culture emerged and spread from the south of Scandinavia to the north of Germany.
		The Old High German was not a standardized language, but integrated ancient Frankish, Alemannic and Bavarian records of the 8th - 11th century.
		These texts had a standardizing effect on the German language, because the poets and minstrels like Hartmann von der Aue (about 1165-1215), Walther von der Vogelweide (about 1170-1230) or Wolfram von Eschenbach (about 1170-1220), had to be able to perform comprehensibly in all parts of Germany.
	www.goethe.de /ins/ie/prj/scl/thm/spr/en239463.htm (415 words)

	German language, alphabets and pronunciation
		German is a Germanic language with about 121 million speakers in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Lichtenstein, Belgium, Italy, France, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, Luxembourg, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Australia, South Africa and Namibia.
		During this period Latin was gradually replaced by German as the language of official documents.
		High German began to emerge as the standard literary language during the 16th century.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/german.htm (833 words)

	Germanic Languages
		All of the East Germanic languages are extinct.
		Gutnish is a contemporary Eastern North Germanic language spoken on the island of Gotland.
		West Norse is the western branch of the North Germanic languages used in Iceland, Ireland, Norway, the Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland, and the Faroe Islands.
	softrat.home.mindspring.com /germanic.html (3010 words)

	Germanic Linguistics
		The Germanic languages is a subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages, which were spoken by about 420 million people in many parts of the world (chiefly in Europe and the Western Hemisphere).
		Strong evidence for the unity of all the modern Germanic languages can be found in the phenomenon known as the first Germanic sound shift or consonant shift (also called Grimm's law), which set the Germanic subfamily apart from the other members of the Indo-European family.
		The West Germanic dialects not affected by the second shift were the Low German dialects of the Lowlands, from which Dutch and English evolved.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Atrium/3993/germanics/grm_linguistics.htm (2365 words)

	High German languages Information
		The High German languages (in German, Hochdeutsch) are any of the varieties of standard German, Luxembourgish and Yiddish as well as the local German dialects spoken in central and southern Germany, in Austria, in Liechtenstein, in Switzerland, in Luxembourg and in neighbouring portions of Belgium, France (Alsace), Italy and Poland.
		"High" refers to the mountainous areas of central and southern Germany and the Alps, as opposed to the Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages spoken along the flat sea coasts of the north.
		High German as used in Southern Germany, Bavaria and Austria was an important basis for the development of standard German.
	www.bookrags.com /High_German_languages (557 words)

	German language and Germany by ALS International (Site not responding. Last check: )
		German is used as the official language of Germany and of Austria.
		German is also spoken in dialect form throughout Luxembourg and by much of the population of the regions of eastern France formerly known as Alsace and Lorraine.
		The most politically and militarily successful of the migrating Germanic tribes – the Franks, the Langobards, the Allemanni, and the Visigoths – all abandoned their Germanic languages in favor of the popular Latin spoken by the indigenous populations of the Roman territories they overran and subsequently governed.
	www.alsintl.com /languages/german.htm (1482 words)

	Learn German Seattle, Seattle German Class, Seattle German Classes, Seattle German Lessons, German Class Seattle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		German is a member of the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages.
		The Reformation profoundly influenced the course of German literature, and Martin Luther's translation (1522-34) of the Bible propagated a unified High German language.
		German is the official national language of Germany and Austria, and is one the four official languages of Switzerland; it is spoken by some 100 million people.
	www.sealang.com /flp/flp_german.asp (282 words)

	German Translation Service - English to German Translation
		Language is a living thing it develops and changes constantly.
		Standard German is one High German variety, which developed from the chancery of Saxony, gaining acceptance as the written standard in the 16th and 17th centuries.
		High German refers to dialects and languages in the upper Rhine region.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/german_translation.shtml (561 words)

	Machine translation, translate, translator, Italian, Russian, Serbian, translation, translate, translator
		It is intelligent because it will remember the last spelling suggestions you have chosen and will give them to you if the same mistake is encountered again.
		The output of such translation always needs to be edited if a high quality of translation is required.
		Language teachers can even record their own speech into the database allowing them to prepare pronunciation lessons for their students.
	www.tranexp.com /win/InteractiveTran.htm (1954 words)

	DIALECTS AND HIGH GERMAN
		That's when High German (Hochdeutsch) comes to the rescue, the "standard language"--equivalent of the "Queen's English"--the principal vehicle of the media, of literature, religion, education and commerce.
		The state of German's dialects was the topic of discussion among the more than 500 linguists from 26 nations who turned out recently (March 12-14) for the Institute for the German Language's annual meeting, held this year in Mannheim (Baden-Württemberg).
		Peter Wiesinger, a Vienna-based specialist in the German language, noted that this development is also tied to the relative "prestige" of dialects.
	www.serve.com /shea/germusa/dialects.htm (1186 words)

	A Short History Of The German Language
		Of the languages related to High German, that is, languages that have undergone the Second Sound Shift at least partially, there is only one besides German which has such a status: Luxemburgish (Lëtzebuergesch) is an official language in Luxemburg along with both French and German.
		The Low German areas are said to speak a variety of German because they belong to Germany, and because they have adopted High German as their standard language gradually since the 15th century.
		In the 19th century, interest in the German language shifted towards its purification by eliminating unnecessary foreign words, an endeavour during which many useful words of today's German language were coined, whereas the attempt to replace well-established loanwords by inventing awkward "German" circumlocutions for them rightly failed.
	www.lrz-muenchen.de /~hr/lang/dt-hist.html (3469 words)

	VCU School of World Studies - German
		German is the most widely spoken language in Europe today and is a vital language of commerce, industry, and research for the European Union and beyond.
		The German curriculum offers a rich array of courses in language skills, literature, and culture, allowing students to develop fully their skills in oral and written communication in German.
		German majors learn about cultural and political history, read masterpieces of German writing, view outstanding films of the last 100 years, gain insight into current social, political, and artistic developments in German-speaking countries, and work with media such as television and contemporary music.
	www.has.vcu.edu /wld/academics/majors/german (1195 words)

	German I Tutorial
		In standard German, It is somewhere between ish and ikh and somewhat like a soft hiss of a cat.
		And the use of commas and periods is switched in German, though a space is commonly used to separate thousandths, i.e.
		German uses the case system to show the function of a word in a sentence, whereas English relies mainly on word order.
	www.ielanguages.com /German1.html (3992 words)

	German Language Page, Department of Foreign Languages
		German 5 - Practice with German conversation and vocabulary; supervised individual and small-group instruction designed to develop German vocabulary, including conversation and listening skills at an intermediate level.
		A history of German culture from its beginnings through the sixteenth century, this course surveys the historical, social and artistic forces in German civilization.
		German 150 provides a foundation for study in depth of the literature, life and culture of the German-speaking countries and is intended to help the student develop an appreciation and knowledge of the contributions of the German-speaking world to Western civilization.
	www.csus.edu /fl/german/german1.html (895 words)

	Maps of Indo-European Languages-High German (Site not responding. Last check: )
		High German's linguistic development is divided into Modern High German (1500 CE to present day), Middle High German (1100-1500 CE), and Old High German (before 1100).
		Old High German in turn came from the West Germanic sub-branch of the Germanic branch of Indo-European languages.
		Yiddish is a recent branch of High German spoken by Europeanized Jews; it borrows heavily from Hebrew vocabulary.
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/IE_Centum_High_German.html (189 words)

	German Accent Codes
		Note that Pennsylvania Dutch, spoken in the Amish community and elsewhere, is a High German dialect.
		Low German refers to the geography of its origin, not to a divergence from a national standard.
		Language tags are also suggested so that search engines and screen readers parse the language of a page.
	tlt.its.psu.edu /suggestions/international/bylanguage/german.html#winalt (732 words)

	Andover - World Languages - German
		Knowledge of German grants access not only to rich literary, philosophical, artistic and scientific traditions but also to many kinds of contemporary economic, political, and cultural developments.
		German at Andover is great, because the department is experienced and small enough to make you feel at home and give you the extra help when needed."
		It is the second language studied by millions of people across the world, including the USA, Eastern Europe, Canada, Australia and Japan.
	www.andover.edu /languages/german.htm (497 words)

	Grimm's law - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Grimm's law principle of relationships in Indo-European languages, first formulated by Jakob Grimm in 1822 and a continuing subject of interest and investigation to 20th-century linguists.
		It shows that a process—the regular shifting of consonants in groups—took place once in the development of English and the other Low German languages and twice in German and the other High German languages.
		The first sound shift, affecting both English and German, was from the early phonetic positions documented in the ancient, or classical, Indo-European languages (Sanskrit, Greek, Latin) to those still evident in the Low German languages, including English; the second shift affected only the High German languages, e.g., standard German.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Grimmsla.html (470 words)

	How many languages to you speak (Site not responding. Last check: )
		German is what we learn when we are about 2 years old.
		High German is the language we start to learn to speak and write when we are 6 years old and starts German school.
		High German is easier than English when we start learning because High German does not have so many grammar rules.
	sesd.sk.ca /grassroots/riverview/page11.htm (177 words)

	The Bitter Scroll on PodcastAlley.com -- The place to find Podcasts
		It's called Franconian b/c it was the Germanic dialect spoken by the Franks along the Rhine (hence Rhenish), but since it demonstrates features of the High German Consonant Shift, it is classified linguistically as a dialect of Old High German.
		Notice the shift of initial b-'s to p-'s, and g-'s to k-'s, as part of the High German Consonant Shift.
		This is the original Germanic tongue of the Franks, before they abandoned it for the Romance dialect that would become French.
	www.podcastalley.com /podcast_details.php?pod_id=24068 (1094 words)

	Modern Languages
		The Modern Languages Department is an integral part of the Liberal Arts Curriculum.
		Its principal objectives are to develop fluency in the written and spoken language and to familiarize students with foreign languages, literature and culture.
		Native speakers of the language in question and students who have studied a language in high school should go to the Modern Languages Department for a placement test.
	www.bmcc.cuny.edu /languages (179 words)

	German language and dialects in the world (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Within Low German and High German there are many local variations that form a continuum of change in pronunciation and idiom from south to north.
		The nearly simultaneous introduction of the printing press (Gutenberg published Luther’s Bible translation) powerfully abetted the acceptance of this “Lutheran” language as the standard written German language, as did the extraordinary eloquence and power of Luther’s rendering of the Biblical text.
		Indeed, the so-called “Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation” founded in 800 A.D. by Charlemagne, a French king of Frankish origin, vigorously promoted the use not of German, but of church Latin as a unifying force throughout a Christian Western Europe that was feeling the chronic threat of invasion by Islamic armies.
	www.alsintl.com /languages/german2.htm (747 words)

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