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Topic: High explosive squash head

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Shaped charge

Tank

Monroe effect

Blasting cap

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Claymore mine

	Science Fair Projects - High explosive squash head
		High explosive squash head, also known as HESH or HEP (in US usage, for high-explosive, plastic), rounds are a type of anti-tank explosive.
		HESH was used for some time as a competitor to the more common HEAT round, and is effective against tanks from the 1950s and 1960s such as the T-55 and T-62.
		A 165mm HESH round is used by the United States Army for the main gun of the M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle, which is a sort of tank/bulldozer hybrid; the HESH round is intended mainly for use against concrete bunkers and similar structures.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/High_explosive_squash_head (543 words)

	Bambooweb: High explosive squash head
		On impact the plastic explosive in the shell spreads out to form a disk on the surface of the armor (think of throwing a large glob of wet modeling clay very forcefully against a brick wall), which is then detonated.
		The explosive does not penetrate the armor directly, instead the shock wave travels through the armor and causes flakes of metal to spall off and fly around the interior of the tank.
		HESH rounds are still used by the British Scorpion tank and some other AFVs, but this is more for its use against fortifications than other Armored fighting vehicles.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/h/i/High_explosive_squash_head.html (328 words)

	High explosive squash head - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		HESH was developed by (Charles) Dennis Burney in the 1940s for the British war effort, originally as an anti-fortification "wallbuster" munition for use against concrete.
		HESH was used for some time as a competitor to the more common HEAT round, again in combination with recoilless rifles as infantry weapons and was effective against tanks from the 1950s and 1960s such as the T-55 and T-62.
		A 165 mm HESH round is used by the United States Army for the main gun of the M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle, an M60 tank equipped with a bulldozer blade.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/High_explosive_squash_head (606 words)

	H2G2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		'High Explosive Squash Head' projectiles have a softened ogive [The technical term for the shape of the front of a bullet or shell, ogive is also used to describe the front part of the projectile, that part with a curved shape.
		HESH warheads are ineffective against spaced or composite armour, have massively reduced effectiveness against steeply sloped armour and are vulnerable to damage if striking face-hardened armour.
		HESH warheads are still in use in second-line functions because the explosive content of the warhead can produce more damage in unarmoured vehicles than an APDS type which will essentially punch through without slowing down, not imparting much of its energy into the target.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/pda/A593499?s_id=6 (192 words)

	Tank - Wikipedia Mirror (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A tank is characterised by heavy weapons and armor, as well as by a high degree of mobility that allows it to cross rough terrain at relatively high speeds.
		High explosive antitank weapons (HEAT), such as the bazooka, were a new threat in the Second World War.
		Explosive reactive armour, or ERA, is another major type of protection against high explosive antitank weapons, in which sections of armour explode to dissipate the focussed explosive force of a shaped charge warhead.
	www.wiki-mirror.be /index.php/Tank (8827 words)

	Factsheets Database - Fact Sheet No1 (Ammunition Types) Shell - Powered by ReviewPost
		For increased penetrating power a high velocity round was required, this in turn required a stronger material (such as tungsten) to withstand the greater shock of impact.
		HESH is another anti-tank shell based on the use of explosive.
		HESH is completely defeated by spaced armour (provided that the plates are individually able to withstand the explosion), but remains popular because not all vehicles are equipped with spaced armour, and it is also the most efficient weapon for demolishing brick and concrete.
	www.trackpads.com /factsheets/showproduct.php/product/425 (3460 words)

	Army Guide
		High Explosive Squash Head (HESH), for which the American term is High Explosive Plastic or HEP, is a type of chemical energy ammunition which is not velocity dependent.
		In this round the explosive is contained in a thin-walled projectile which collapses on striking the target, allowing the plastic explosive to spread.
		The success of HESH against armour depends on the explosive forming a suitably shaped 'pat' on the outside of the armour plate before it is detonated (the British term 'squash-head' describes the process very well).
	www.army-guide.com /eng/article/article.php?topicID=472&forumID=496&page=last&PHPSESSID=3a7ea247f38c4ee6e8052db432fd625b (714 words)

	Defense Science Journal : October 2003
		The stability of combustible cartridge cases (CCCs) which are extensively used in the high calibre tank gun ammunition is one of the major requirements for their safe handling and storage.
		Very low vapour pressure of 2,4,6 trinitrotoulene (TNT) yields extremely low vapour concentrations at different flow rates in the air, yet considerable quantity of vapours and TNT dust during handling may be present at the workplace environment which is harmful to the health of the personnel working there.
		The explosive vapours, such as TNT, 2,6-dinitrotoluene (DNT), etc., though harmful to the health of the personnel, are not covered either in the emission standards or in the ambient air quality standards.
	www.drdo.org /pub/dsj/oct03/abstract.htm (1756 words)

	Misznay-Schardin effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Misznay-Schardin effect is a characteristic of the detonation of a broad sheet of explosive.
		Explosive energy is released directly away from (perpendicular to) the surface of an explosive, so shaping the explosive will focus the blast.
		This effect was studied and experimented with by explosive experts Misznay, a Hungarian, and Dr. Hubert Schardin, a German, who initially sought to develop a more effective anti-tank mine for Nazi Germany.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Misznay-Schardin_effect (168 words)

	An Introduction to Collecting Artillery Shells
		Explosive shells are used to destroy soft targets and inflict causalities.
		Explosive shells may be fuzed in the nose, in the base, or both.
		When the explosives are initiated, the cone is inverted and turned onto a jet of molten metal and gas that punches a hole in the target.
	cartridgecollectors.org /introtoartyammo/introtoarty.htm (4552 words)

	TANKS
		The system is intended to engage tanks fitted with ERA (Explosive Reactive Armour) as well as low-flying air targets such as helicopters, at a range of up to 5 km.
		The system has four modes of operation : stabilised mode with the gun axis slaved to the line of sight, slaved mode where the gunner's line of sight is slaved to the gun axis, a non stabilised mode and back-up mode with manual operation for emergency use.
		At the same time due to high ambient temperatures and dust in the operational areas, special emphasis was laid on design and installation of high capacity cooling and efficient air cleaning systems.
	www.geocities.com /war2uk/tanks.htm (7295 words)

	panzerfaust HEAT - Red Orchestra Forums
		There were most certainly High Explosive Anti-Tank rounds used during WW II that used a shape charge warhead, as well as Anti-Tank rounds that were simply penetrators.
		The HE is detonated in the rear of the explosive, creating a high-pressure shockwave that heads to the front of the round reaching the thin tip of the liner first at speeds of about 8000 m/s.
		HESH - A HESH round is basically an HE round with a soft, plastic body-head.
	redorchestragame.com /forum/showthread.php?t=8763 (4430 words)

	Tank
		The gun fires KE-penetrator rounds as well as High Explosive (HE) ones.
		In "normal" terrain, a tank can be expected to travel at about 30-50 km/h, with a road speed of up to 70 km/h.
		There are several types of ammunition designed to defeat armour, including HESH (High Explosive Squash Head), HEAT (High Explosive Anti Tank), APDS/APFSDS (Armour Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot) - the latter being a type of KE-penetrator.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ta/Tank.html (442 words)

	CWIN 1.03. Daemon Mechanic: Adv. Mil. Weaponry Rules.
		HESH (High-Explosive Squash Head; also known as High-Explosive Plastic) -- HESH ammunition has a larger explosive charge than an HE round of the same caliber.
		HE (High Explosive) -- This has been the standard round for artillery pieces since World War I. It consists of a charge of explosive packed inside of a steel casing.
		APX (Armor-Piercing Explosive) -- This round is identical to the APX shell fired by tank guns.
	www.serv.net /~owenmp/daemon/advmil.html (2588 words)

	Aluminum armor? - THR
		A HEAT (high explosive anti tank), RPG, or any shaped charge round literally burns it way through the armor with concentrated heat (small letters) from the explosion of the shaped charge.
		A HESH (High Explosive Squash Head) defeats armor not by penetrating but by compressing the exterior of the armor to the point that spall is created by the compression.
		The defeat mechanism of choice is to disrupt the jet at a standoff distance; thus, the SLAT armor and explosive (or "reactive") armor.
	www.thehighroad.org /showthread.php?p=2878010 (2654 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The hull is built from a composite (mainly ceramics, carbon fibre, Kevlar, epoxy and honeycombed aluminum) monocoque overlaid with several centimetres of high density ablative armour.
		High Explosive Squash Head rounds are used in an anti-armour role, they use an explosive charge to send a shockwave through armour and flake, spall and shatter it from the inside.
		The large high explosive rounds have low penetration but a large lethal radius and produce cloud of thick smoke.
	www.unioncitybluemod.co.uk /UPV.htm (1102 words)

	U.S. Tank Ammo Tests
		The sabot round was a kinetic energy round carrying no explosives; it defeated its target by punching through with a dense penetrator.
		HEP was called HESH (high explosive squash head) in British service, and was not normally fired at armored targets.
		When the HEP round impacted, a delayed fuse allowed the projectile to "squash" and spread the plastic explosive filler on the target before detonation.
	www.ciar.org /ttk/mbt/HESH-testfiring-vs-tanks.tankammo.html (941 words)

	Tank Guns
		The shell comprises an explosive charge and a nose unit containing submunitions made from steel or heavy tungsten-based alloys in a form allowing for their dense stowage in the nose unit, for instance hexahedral prisms.
		Owing to the base detonation of the explosive charge, the submunition unit is propelled by incident blast wave, thereby increasing the propulsion velocity.
		Numerous computations and simulation of the shell action corroborated its high ability to protect the tank against all types of tank destroyers, including the crews of antitank grenade launchers provided with individual armor protection means and positioned in trenches and shelters, fixed and self-propelled antitank missile systems, antitank guns, antitank helicopters and attack aircraft.
	www.enemyforces.com /tanks/tankguns.htm (2616 words)

	120 Millimetre MBT Arjun Armament System
		The high pressure and durable packing rings coupled with high surface-finish of mating components ensure longer life and high reliability.
		High Explosive Squash Head (HESH) is the secondary ammunition for Arjun and is effective against a variety of soft targets, tanks, fortifications, etc. The complete HESH round consists of a semi-combustible cartridge case, primer with steel obturating cup, and a single-base propellant.
		The optimised explosive composition of HESH defeats rolled homogenous armour plate detaching a scab of about 9 kg mass moving with a velocity of 100 to 120 m/s.
	www.drdo.com /pub/techfocus/feb02/arjun.htm (776 words)

	Armor and future urban warfare Armor - Find Articles
		Instead, the emphasis is likely to be on the use of high explosive (HE) ammunition, including high explosive squash head (HESH) or high explosive plastic (HEP).
		HESH was invented in England during World War II specifically for use against concrete fortifications, and although it has also been used successfully against tanks, it remains a particularly effective type of ammunition against buildings.
		Inert squash head ammunition would also be useful for punching holes in walls with minimal collateral damage.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0PAB/is_2_113/ai_114487494 (858 words)

	The Probert Encyclopaedia - Weapons and Warfare (G-O)
		Gelignite is a blasting explosive chiefly composed of nitro-glycerine and potassium nitrate.
		Glyoxyline was an explosive invented by Abel in 1867.
		The high trajectory results in a high angle of attack and makes mortars more suitable than artillery for use in built-up areas or mountains; mortars are not as accurate, however.
	www.fas.org /news/reference/probert/F4.HTM (15666 words)

	Trousinian Military :: Bow Down or Be Crushed by the Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The 280 kg rocket projectile, of length 4,832 mm and calibre 220 mm, carries an explosive charge of 51.7 kg and is armed with a 100 kg warhead.
		The fuselage head is of semi-monocoque construction and includes the cockpit, radar compartments and the avionics bay.
		The variable geometry adaptive ejection seat is inclined at an angle of 60°, which reduces the impact of high G forces on the pilot.
	www.angelfire.com /ns2/trousrs (9769 words)

	Glossary - EOD Solutions.
		It may also include the rendering-safe and/or disposal of such explosive ordnance which have become hazardous by damage or deterioration when the disposal of such explosive ordnance is beyond the capabilities of personnel normally assigned the responsibility for routine disposal.
		The application of special explosive ordnance disposal methods and tools to provide for the interruption of functions or separation of essential components to prevent an unacceptable detonation.
		Explosive ordnance which has been primed, fuzed, armed or otherwise prepared for action, and which has been dropped, fired, launched, projected, or placed in such a manner as to constitute a hazard to operations, installations, personnel or material and remains unexploded either by malfunction or design or for any other cause.
	www.eod-solutions.com /glossary.htm (383 words)

	Weapons Effects
		The kinetic energy projectile uses high velocity and mass to penetrate its target.
		Armor piercing projectiles have a special jacket encasing a hard core or penetrating rod which is designed to penetrate when fired with high accuracy at an angle very close to the perpendicular of the target.
		The armor is not penetrated, but the shock wave knocks a scab off the inside of the armor plate which bounces around the interior of the target at high speed.
	www.inetres.com /gp/military/cv/effects.html (808 words)

	Firepower
		Based on the principle discovered by Monroe in 1880, this warhead consist in an explosive charge with a cavity mostly conical in the front (also known as hollow charge).
		This round penetrate by blasting a high velocity narrow jet of high temperature gas and molten metal debris through armor with a pressure in excess of 300 tons/cm2 and more than 6000°C, allowing for a 3 to 6 times the gun caliber penetration path.
		This british postwar development, delivers a chunk of plastic explosive to the armor surface and then it is detonated, producing a violent shock wave and blasting off a large slab from the interior face of the plate.
	www.angelfire.com /mi4/armania/armor/firepower/firepower.html (1349 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Warheads
		WP burns at a very high temperature and is extremely difficult to quench, it is also 'sticky' meaning that the burning chemical has a tendency to be difficult to remove from people it comes into contact with.
		A reaction mass of uranium (uranium 235) or plutonium is initiated by conventional explosives, supplying sufficient pressure and temerature to cause a fission chain reaction to initiate.
		Nuclear explosions are measured in terms of megatonnes (or kilotonnes), which is the explosive power of a million tonnes (or a thousand) of TNT (Trinitrotoluene), a standard conventional explosive.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A593499 (2563 words)

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