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Topic: High vowels

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	MSU TEAM Program
		Vowels are generally classified in terms of articulation (e.i., the position and shape of major articulators, such as tongue, lips, velum, etc.) and/or their acoustic properties (usually by means of the so-called frequency formats f1 and f2).
		For example, vowel sounds which are made by raising the back of the tongue higher than the front of the tongue are called back vowels, and vowels made by raising the front of the tongue higher than the back of the tongue are called front vowels.
		Similarly, vowels which are articulated with the tongue raised closer to the roof of the mouth will be referred to as high vowels, and those made with the tongue further apart from the roof of the mouth are called low vowels.
	www.msu.edu /~teamprog/vowels_intro.htm (0 words)

	Vowel
		The different vowel qualities are realized in acoustic analyses of vowels by the relative values of the formants, acoustic resonances of the vocal tract which show up as dark bands on a spectrogram.
		Vowels are especially important to the structures of words in languages that have very few consonants (like Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian), and in languages whose inventory of vowels is larger than its inventory of consonants.
		Furthermore, in English some vowel sounds are represented by combinations of vowel letters, such as the ea in beat or by a vowel letter and an approximant letter, as the ow in how, or the er in her.
	encyclopedia.vestigatio.com /Vowel (3254 words)

	Vowel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The different vowel qualities are realized in acoustic analyses of vowels by the relative values of the formants, acoustic resonances of the vocal tract which show up as dark bands on a spectrogram.
		In tonal languages, in most cases the tone of a syllable is carried by the vowel, meaning that the relative pitch or the pitch contour that marks the tone is superimposed on the vowel.
		Vowels are especially important to the structures of words in languages that have very few consonants (like Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian), and in languages whose inventories of vowels are larger than their inventories of consonants.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vowels (3578 words)

	[No title]
		Vowels differ from consonants in that they are produced without significant obstruction within the vocal tract: the air flows relatively freely from the lungs, through the vibrating vocal folds, and out the mouth.
		Front vowels [i, è, e, î, À] are produced with an advancement of the tongue, or a shift of the tongue from the central position toward the front of the mouth.
		Diphthongs are vowels produced with the rapid movement of the tongue from a vowel position to that of one of the glides.
	www.ling.unt.edu /~idoak/Vowels.doc (0 words)

	vowel Information Center - pronunciation english vowel
		The different vowel qualities the great vowel shift are realized in acoustic analyses of vowels by the relative values of the formants, acoustic resonances of the vocal tract which show up as dark bands on a spectrogram.
		In tonal languages, in most cases the tone of a syllable is carried vowel movement by the vowel, meaning that the relative pitch or the pitch contour that marks the tone is superimposed on the vowel.
		Vowels are especially important to the structures of words in languages that have very few consonants (like Polynesian languages vowels pronunciation such as Maori and Hawaiian), and in languages whose inventory of vowels is larger than its inventory of consonants.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_U_-_Z/vowel.html (3414 words)

	Phonological history of English high front vowels - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The weak vowel merger (or Lennon-Lenin merger) is a phonemic merger of /ə/ (schwa) with unstressed /ɪ/ (sometimes written as /ɨ/) in certain dialects of English.
		The history of happy tensing is difficult to pin down; the fact that it is uniformly present in South African English, Australian English, and New Zealand English implies that it was present in southern British English already at the beginning of the 19th century.
		In accents with the distinction, the vowels /ɪə/ and /ɛɪ/ are usually represented by the spellings ea and ei, as in team and receive, and the vowel /iː/ is usually represented by the spellings ee, ie, eCe and iCe as in feet, thief, complete, and suite.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pin-pen_merger (1454 words)

	Vowels
		Vowels are classified in terms of how much space there is between the tongue and the roof of the mouth, which is determined by the height of the tongue.
		These are vowels with a relatively narrow space between the tongue and the roof of the mouth.
		These are vowels with a relatively wide space between the tongue and the roof of the mouth.
	www.ic.arizona.edu /~lsp/Phonetics/Vowels/Phonetics4b.html (0 words)

	Vowel
		Therefore, they're also known as checked vowels, whereas the tense vowels are called free vowels since they can occur in any kind of syllable.
		English has all three types: the vowel sound in hit is a monophthong [ɪ], the vowel sound in boy is in most dialects a diphthong [ɔɪ], and the vowel sounds of way [weɪ], flower (BrE [aʊə] AmE [aʊɚ]) form a triphthong (disyllabic in the latter cases), although the particular qualities vary by dialect.
		Furthermore, in English some vowel sounds are represented by combinations of vowel letters, such as the ea in beat or by a vowel letter and an approximant letter, as the ow in how, or the er in her.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/v/vo/vowel.html (3757 words)

	Chapter 8. Language as a Historical Product: Phonetic Law. Edward Sapir. 1921. Language: An Introduction to the Study ...
		Later on the quality of the ö vowel must have departed widely enough from that of o to enable ö to rise in consciousness 7 as a neatly distinct vowel.
		The vowels tend to become higher or lower, the diphthongs tend to coalesce into monophthongs, the voiceless consonants tend to become voiced, stops tend to become spirants.
		Once the e- vowel of Middle English fet had become confined to the plural, there was no theoretical reason why alternations of the type fot: fet and mus: mis might not have become established as a productive type of number distinction in the noun.
	bartleby.com /186/8.html (5751 words)

	Mambila Fricative Vowels
		Vowels involving friction and syllabic fricatives are relatively rare among the languages of the world, but despite this are geographically fairly widespread.
		This vowel is also found to co-occur with post alveolar fricatives/affricates as opposed to alveolar fricatives/affricates, however unlike the ostensible palatalized labial, the postalveolar fricatives/affricates are not restricted to co-occurring with the fricative vowel.
		In looking at the first degree (`superclose') vowels of many Bantu languages, and their spirantizing effect on preceding consonants, Zoll proposes that these vowels be defined as [+consonantal], in order to distinguish them from high vowels and capture their influence on preceding consonants.
	lucy.ukc.ac.uk /dz/ACAL28/ACAL28paper.html (0 words)

	HLW: Word Forms: Units: Vowels
		That is, as a speaker changes the height of a vowel, the way that vowel sounds to a hearer changes along one auditory dimension, and as a speaker changes the backness of a vowel, the way that the vowel sounds to a hearer changes along another auditory dimension.
		For vowels other than the extreme ones we've been discussing, there are often multiple articulatory ways of achieving the same auditory effect; precisely adjusting the position of the closest approach between the tongue body and the roof of the mouth is only one of these ways.
		Vowels of this sort, in which the position of the tongue changes a lot during their production, are called diphthongs.
	www.indiana.edu /~hlw/PhonUnits/vowels.html (0 words)

	ESH HISTORIO
		The mouth is a resonance chamber and vowels are produced by pushing air from the lungs through the mouth, acting as a resonance chamber.
		Vowels in Esperanto, as in Spanish, are pure in the sense that the tongue does not move during their production.
		In this case it represents a movement of the tongue toward the high front position of the vowel [i] from the position of the tongue for the vowel that the glide follows.
	www.esperantohouston.org /neil1.html (1336 words)

	Marshallese language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Marshallese vowels are not specified along the front-back and rounded-unrounded dimensions, but on the height and ATR dimensions (see the IPA classification of vowels in the table on the right).
		This means that a given vowel phoneme will have several different phonetic realizations.
		Sometimes, the unusual combinations of letters with combining macrons are replaced by vowels with diaeresis and by n/N with tilde (or by an eng letter), and the combining cedilla is replaced by l/L with stroke, or underlined letters (or letters with combining macron below).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marshallese_language (662 words)

	Vowel at AllExperts
		English has all three types: the vowel sound in hit is a monophthong, the vowel sound in boy is in most dialects a diphthong, and the vowel sounds of way, flower (BrE AmE) form a triphthong (disyllabic in the latter cases), although the particular qualities vary by dialect.
		Vowels are especially important to the structures of words in languages that have very few consonants (like Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian), and in languages whose inventories of vowels are larger than their inventories of consonants.
		Furthermore, in English some vowel sounds are represented by combinations of vowel letters, such as the ea in beat by a vowel letter and an approximant letter, as the ow in how, or even by a combination of vowels and consonants, as in the case of the words neigh and though
	en.allexperts.com /e/v/vo/vowel.htm (3593 words)

	Vowels
		Unlike English the five basic vowels in Esperanto are not diphthongs, and it is very important for English speakers to strive to avoid tongue movement and to produce pure vowels.
		In the production of tense vowels, the muscles of the mouth are relatively tense; in the production of the corresponding lax vowel, they are relaxed and the tongue tends to move slightly toward the center of the mouth.
		However, both the tense vowel /e/ and the lax vowel /ɛ/ of 'bet' occur in the speech of many speakers of Esperanto, and the distribution probably depends on the distribution in the native language of the speaker.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~wies301/Vowels.html (0 words)

	The quantity of high vowels in Hungarian speech and spelling
		Benkõ (1955: 34) claims that the current spelling of vowels can be traced back to the central dialects spoken in the second half of the 19th century in the area between the Danube and Tisza Rivers, south of the city of Pest.
		The correct spelling of long and short high vowels is one of the hardest things for Hungarians to learn, partly because of the mixing of eastern and western dialects to form Standard Hungarian.
		Nádasdy and Siptár (1994: 62) state that the length of non-wordfinal high vowels is unpredictable, and whether such a vowel is short or long is given in the lexicon.
	www.nytud.hu /buszi/wp1/node3.html (0 words)

	Ling 200 \| Phonological rules
		The problem is that "high vowels or low vowels, but not mid vowels" (the environment for the rule according to Hypothesis B) is not a natural class.
		There are no vowels anywhere in the data set that would be exceptions to Generalization #2, so by the standard criterion of generality, we want to make our description of the phenomenon apply to the language as a whole, not specifically to the neuter and applied suffixes.
		Version 2 of the rule will apply to mid vowels as well as high vowels, but it won't actually change the mid vowels (they are already [-hi]), so this is not a problem.
	www.unc.edu /~jlsmith/ling200/rules.html (0 words)

	Phonology: Vowels
		Vowels may be classified as either rounded or unrounded, as either lax or tense, and as either long or short.
		Vowel length is presumably a matter of duration: that is, how long the vowel-sound is sustained in its articulation.
		Vowels for which the jaw is relatively low during articulation are called, unsurprisingly, low vowels; and vowels for which the jaw is relatively high (the mouth is more nearly closed) are called high vowels.
	facweb.furman.edu /~wrogers/phonemes/phono/phvowel.htm (0 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		High vowels harmonize with the vowel of the preceding syllable in both backness and rounding.
		The lower rounded vowels are dispreferred cross-linguistically, probably due to the greater articulatory difficulty of rounding when there is a lower jaw position.
		Violated when the vowel that is in the initial syllable in the surface representation differs from its underlying correspondent in rounding.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /humnet/linguistics/people/hayes/Acquisition/TurkishReadMe.doc (1160 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Aymara language (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The high vowels are lowered to mid height before uvular consonants (/i/ → [e], /u/ → [o]).
		As for the consonants, Aymara has phonemic stops at the labial, alveolar, palatal, velar and uvular points of articulation.
		Stress is usually on the penult (the syllable before the last one), but long vowels may shift it.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Aymara_language (543 words)

	Lecture2
		High Vowels: A vowel that is produced with the tongue raised very high in the mouth.
		Mid vowels: A vowel that is produced by raising the tongue to a position midway between the high and low vowels.
		Vowels also differ as to whether they are produced with great tension of the tongue muscles and with long duration.
	www.ling.udel.edu /arena/lecture2.html (0 words)

	Describing English vowels
		Vowels are conventionally arranged on a two-dimensional diagram, where the vertical dimension indicates the distance of the tongue body from the roof of the mouth, and where the horizontal dimension indicates the forward or backward displacement of the tongue body (with left representing further forward).
		Schwa is often referred to as the neutral vowel, the vowel in which the vocal tract is in its neutral state and most closely resembles a perfect tube.
		All the other vowels require that the vocal tract be deformed by moving the tongue body away from its neutral position, either up or down, backward or forward.
	www.umanitoba.ca /linguistics/russell/phonetics/articulation/describing-vowels.html (0 words)

	Insights on Vowel Spacing
		The principle holds that vowels tend to be evenly distributed in the available phonetic space and also widely distributed, within the limitations of the particular system.
		(ii) In Gilyak and Island Carib, the complementary role of the mid interior vowel is underscored by the lack of a high interior vowel.
		Vowels in the remaining systems appear to be distributed unevenly in the phonetic space, contrary to the predictions of any dispersion theory.
	www.ling.fju.edu.tw /phono/handout9.htm (0 words)

	Mösiehuali Vowels
		The vowel system of Mösiehuali (Tetelcingo Nahuatl or Aztec) is particularly interesting because the historical distinction of length has been changed into other phonetic differences which are easier to hear.
		For the high vowels (i and o) the "long" variant is more tense or close, and for the low vowels it is a diphthong.
		Click on any vowel symbol on the following chart to hear a word in which that vowel is the stressed vowel.
	www.sil.org /~tuggyd/Tetel/21i-Vowels-NHG.htm (0 words)

	Bond DAINIS Project
		In the figure, English tense and lax vowels, unstressed vowels, and vowels in function words are represented separately.
		Vowel durations in unstressed syllables decreased by approximately 30%.
		The central vowel in words such as bus gave Dainis considerable difficulty, being pronounced almost identically with /a/ in September and given a very high version in January.
	www.ohiou.edu /linguistics/dept/BONDDAINISPROJ.HTM (0 words)

	Surface Phonological Structure
		He transcribes the long-mid vowels in a way close to the phonetic surface (for stressed vowels), namely as /ie, uo/ (rather than /ee, oo/, or /e:, o:/ for example, as per Wells), which are high vowels with downward glides (that is, inglides).
		The long vowels, both mid and high, are phonetically raised and shifted to the periphery relative to the corresponding short vowels.
		First, notice that the feature [hi(gh)] after step 3 is not really [high]; rule (3) merely adds a degree of phonetic height, which is not sufficient to reach the full phonetic height of the long high vowels, particularly in the case of /uo/, as shown in Figures
	www.tomveatch.com /Veatch1991/node65.html (0 words)

	Shwa and Central Vowels
		The problem is that the central vowel space in the mouth is not chopped up with anything close to the precision of the English front and back vowels: in general, front vowels, for instance, distinguish
		Sometimes this sounds a little like the vowel that's supposed to be there (most likely with /i/ and /u/), and sometimes -- especially when we're speaking rapidly, (i.e, naturally) -- it doesn't, as is almost always the case with /a/ and with the lax vowels, which mostly come out as normal shwa /@/.
		In the front or back of the mouth, you have to be very precise in pronouncing stressed vowels, but in the middle, you can roam through enormous phonological space for which the IPA has at least a dozen symbols and you'll still be understood, because there's nothing to contrast with.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jlawler/aue/shwa.html (0 words)

	Ling 200 \| Phonological features
		We will assume that the [±ATR] feature involved in vowel harmony in languages like Akan is phonologically/cognitively the same feature that distinguishes "tense" and "lax" vowels in English, but that it may have a slightly different phonetic realization in different languages.
		Phonetically similar vowels may be phonologically classified with different ATR values in different languages, especially for central and low vowels.
		In many languages with small vowel systems, [±ATR] is not active; that is, it is never phonologically relevant (and can therefore be ignored in a phonological analysis).
	www.unc.edu /~jlsmith/ling200/features.html (0 words)

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