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	History of Higher Education in Iran
		Iran's Higer Education until the World War II uring the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah of Qajar Dynasty, the Ministry of Science was established by E'tezad al-Saltaneh.
		Promoting higher education inside the country and the need for establishing institutions for this purpose, were considered a primary objective, especially since specialists in science and technology were required for various projects.
		Other centers of higher learning were also sprouted in the period between 1924 to 1941, including the Higher Class of Finance for the purpose of training accountants, the College of Post and Telegraph for the purpose of training technicians and the War University for high-ranking officers of the army.
	www.iranchamber.com /education/articles/history_higher_education1.php (2846 words)

	Iran - MSN Encarta
		The population of Iran was estimated at 68,688,433 in 2006.
		Northern and western Iran are more densely populated than the arid eastern half of the country, where population density in the extensive desert regions is only 1 percent of the national average.
		Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 10.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567300_3/Iran.html (1215 words)

	Iran - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Iran traces its national origin to Persia, an empire that emerged in the 6th century BC under the Achaemenid dynasty.
		According to Iran's Constitution, the Supreme Leader of Iran is responsible for the delineation and supervision of "the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran." In the absence of a single leader, a council of religious leaders is appointed.
		Iran is considered to be one of the fifteen states that comprise the so-called "Cradle of Humanity".
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/i/r/a/Iran.html (3058 words)

	Higher Education in the Islamic Republic of Iran(Page 1)
		'Higher Education' which has an ancient past in the dynamic culture and civilisation of Iran and Islam reached the peaks of prosperity at the time of the Sassanids with the establishment of centralised higher education institutions in the cities of 'Riv Ardeshir' and 'Jondi Shapour' from 241 AD onwards.
		The 'Higher Education Expansion Councils' at the Ministry of Culture and Higher Education and the Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education are responsible for planning and monitoring the establishment and expansion of higher education and research units.
		The universities and other higher education and research institutions are administered and managed under the supervision and financial support of 'Boards of Trustees' chaired by the Minister and with the chancellor of the university or director of the research center acting as the secretary.
	www.telecom.net.et /~iranet/heducation.html (1344 words)

	Closed Doors - Chapter IV - The Bahá’í Institute for Higher Education
		Most of the classes of the Bahá’í Institute for Higher Education were held in private homes, like this one, which shows a professor at an easel with his back to the camera.
		The majority were educated in Iran, but a good number have degrees from universities in the West including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Columbia University, the University of California at Berkeley and the Sorbonne.
		It should be added that some Institute graduates and students outside Iran have also had a difficult time getting their credits recognized — a fact of life for Institute graduates that stems directly from the Iranian government’s policy of blocking their access to education and its failure to recognize the Institute officially.
	denial.bahai.org /004.php (1479 words)

	eWENR, May/June 2000: Education in Post-Revolutionary Iran
		Primary education (grades one through five) is both free and compulsory for children ages six to 11.
		Higher education teachers are trained at Tarbiat Modaress University.
		Degrees from this institution are recognized by the Ministry of Education.
	www.wes.org /ewenr/00may/practical.htm (1898 words)

	Higher education in Iran information - Search.com
		State-run universities of Iran are under the direct supervision of Iran's Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (for non-medical universities) and Ministry of Health and Medical Education(for medical schools).
		The Ministry of Higher Education, which oversees the operation of all institutes of higher education in Iran, was established in 1967.
		In 1980, a major overhaul in the academia and higher education system of Iran initiated by Ayatollah Khomeini led to what is referred to in Iran as "Iran's Cultural Revolution".
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Higher_education_in_Iran (1418 words)

	The Bahá'í Institute Of Higher Education: A Creative And Peaceful Response To Religious Persecution In Iran
		Nevertheless, inasmuch as the Bahá'ís of Iran have been blocked from operating their institutions freely and normally, they resorted to the concept of running an "open university" that was both highly decentralized and carefully circumspect in its operation.
		The majority were educated in Iran, but a good number have degrees from universities in the West, including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Columbia University, the University of California at Berkeley and the Sorbonne.
		By 1996, a total of 600 students had enrolled in the Bahá'í Institute of Higher Education and were pursuing their studies, and, by 1998, approximately 900 students were enrolled.
	statements.bahai.org /99-0129.htm (1841 words)

	EDUCATION - xvii. HIGHER EDUCATION
		Higher education in the modern sense was first introduced in Persia under the Pahlavis (1925-78) and through a continuing process of reform played a central role in social change in the country.
		Nevertheless, the quantitative expansion of higher education and its impact upon the elite and emerging middle classes were significant both professionally and politically.
		For educators, however, the focus was on students, rather than on the state; indeed, most Persians viewed education as the best means of securing the future for their children.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v8/v8f2/v8f207xvii.html (2760 words)

	Iran - EDUCATION
		Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, it was traditional in Iran for education to be associated with religious institutions.
		Knowledge of reading and writing was not considered necessary for all the population, and thus education generally was restricted to the sons of the economic and political elite.
		The Ministry of Education was given responsibility for regulating all public and private schools and drafted a uniform curriculum for primary and for secondary education.
	countrystudies.us /iran/61.htm (1012 words)

	Higher Education Policy - New Reforms in the Management of the University: Transition from Centralized to Decentralized ...
		Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Shahid Chamran, Khozestan, Ahvaz, Iran.
		Iran is progressively emerging from a long period of uncertainty and instability, marked by the destructive war with Iraq, internal post-revolutionary strife, international isolation, and deep economic instability.
		This is a reshaping of higher education provision and structure.
	www.palgrave-journals.com /hep/journal/v18/n1/full/8300073a.html (4478 words)

	Open University (Iran)
		The White House previously issued a statement on October 2nd 1998 regarding the arrests of Bahá'í educators in Iran.
		Closure of Bahá'í Institute for Higher Education is one of the means employed for strangulation of the Bahá'í community under this policy.
		The exclusion of Bahá'ís from universities in Iran constitutes a violation of Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights of which Iran is a signatory.
	www.uga.edu /bahai/OpenUniv.html (578 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: University of Mazandaran (Site not responding. Last check: )
		University of Mazandaran is a university located in Mazandaran Province of Iran, headquartered in the city of Babolsar.
		The date of establishment or date of founding of an institution is the date on which that institution chooses to claim as its starting point.
		Mazandaran (Persian: Ù…Ø§Ø²Ù†Ø¯Ø±Ø§Ù†) is a province in northern Iran, bordering the Caspian (Mazandaran) Sea in the north.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/University-of-Mazandaran (461 words)

	The Bahá'í Institute Of Higher Education: A Creative And Peaceful Response To Religious Persecution In Iran
		Nevertheless, inasmuch as the Bahá'ís of Iran have been blocked from operating their institutions freely and normally, they resorted to the concept of running an "open university" that was both highly decentralized and carefully circumspect in its operation.
		The majority were educated in Iran, but a good number have degrees from universities in the West, including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Columbia University, the University of California at Berkeley and the Sorbonne.
		By 1996, a total of 600 students had enrolled in the Bahá'í Institute of Higher Education and were pursuing their studies, and, by 1998, approximately 900 students were enrolled.
	www.bic-un.bahai.org /99-0129.htm (1841 words)

	Denied the Right To Learn:Iran's Attempt to Destroy the Intellectual and Cultural Like of its Bahá'i Community (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nevertheless, inasmuch as the Bahá'ís of Iran have been blocked from operating their institutions freely and normally, they resorted to the concept of running an "open university" that was both highly decentralized and carefully circumspect in its operation.
		The majority were educated in Iran, but a good number have degrees from universities in the West including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Columbia University, the University of California at Berkeley and the Sorbonne.
		By 1996 a total of 600 students had enrolled in the Bahá'í Institute of Higher Education and were pursuing their studies; by 1998 approximately 900 students were enrolled.
	bci.org /reno/Denied_the_Right_To_Learn.htm (1381 words)

	[No title]
		It is equally clear that the system of higher education will absorb a lower percentage of the secondary school leavers.
		Yet, the burden of responding to the demand for higher education is accurately measurered in terms of the costs to the quality of education.
		What remains to be done is the promotion of the quality of education so that the system would respond to the needs of a nation which is in transition from a static and traditional society to a more socially dynamic and economically fluid one.
	www.fernuni-hagen.de /ICDE/D-2001/final/statisch/A631.html (263 words)

	Education in Iran Summary
		The education system of Iran was patterned on the French system and evolved during the twentieth century to its present configuration.
		Higher education is furnished by universities offering bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees, institutes of technology, and one-year teacher training colleges.
		Traditional education in Iran was for centuries conducted in maktabs, private schools conducted by Muslim clergy for boys aged seven to twelve.
	www.bookrags.com /Education_in_Iran (1111 words)

	The Bahá’í Question - Chapter II - A Campaign of Cultural Cleansing
		Understanding that its international reputation on human rights is critical, Iran has embarked on a multi-pronged effort to convince the world at large that it has largely abandoned the practices of execution, torture, imprisonments, and repression that marked the early days of the Islamic revolution.
		Bahá’ís, seeking simply to educate young people who had been excluded by government decree from higher education in Iran, set up their own college classes in private homes around the country in the late 1980s.
		The memorandum specifically calls for Iran’s Bahá’ís to be treated in such a way “that their progress and development shall be blocked,” providing for the first time conclusive evidence that the campaign against the Bahá’ís is centrally directed by the government.
	question.bahai.org /002.php (1603 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Education in Iran began in the late 1906, after the Iranian draft.
		Higher Education is the stage right after Pre university, as well as the last stage overall, and the students are around the age of 20 or 19 when they apply.
		Higher education can be compared to the different colleges and universities we have here in the United States, and therefore the students can choose which degrees and majors they wish.
	www.ri.net /schools/East_Greenwich/Cole/iraneducation.html (1332 words)

	Iranian Family Attitudes Project
		She had heard that educated men in America and Europe encouraged their wives to succeed in their careers, and joked that since educated Iranian women were in over-supply on the Iranian marriage market, I should start a dating service to introduce them overseas.
		As the accompanying table shows, educated women in Tehran are marrying later, having fewer children, and planning to have fewer children than their less-educated sisters.
		But if the Islamic Republic of Iran has succeeded in educating women and reducing population growth, an unintended consequence is the emergence of a generation of well-educated, strong-willed women who do not accept traditional justifications for gender inequality.
	www.unc.edu /~kurzman/iranian_family (1250 words)

	Iran: Description: Bible Picture Tour of the People, Places, Things and Topics of the Bible (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Iran's climate is typical of most middle eastern countries: mild along the coast and hot and dry inland.
		Iran is rich in natural resources including particularly petroleum, oil and natural gas but also coal, iron, copper, lead, zinc, sulfur, uranium and chromite.
		Higher education in Iran focuses on vocational training and agriculture.
	www.mustardseed.net /html/pirand.html (861 words)

	Iran: End Ban on Access to Higher Education (Human Rights Watch, 19-10-2006)
		In a briefing paper released today, entitled “Denying the Right to Education,” Human Rights Watch documents how the government barred at least 12 students from university registration this past year, despite the fact that graduate programs had accepted them on the basis of successful competitive entrance examinations.
		The campaign to bar certain students from access to higher education intensifies an ongoing official campaign to persecute student activists.
		Iran is a party to both the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).
	www.hrw.org /english/docs/2006/10/19/iran14406.htm (532 words)

	Education and training to Iran - For Australian exporters - Austrade
		The government aims to provide more higher education opportunities for Iranians and upgrade the skill base, which is seriously required for Iran's ambitious development plans, especially in industries such as oil and gas, agriculture, ICT, automotive, mining and tourism.
		Recently MSRT provided license to the higher education providers to perform distance education and ‘virtual education’ in collaboration with foreign universities, hence there is still no clear policy from MSRT to evaluate the final degrees and diplomas.
		The Ministry of Education regulates primary and secondary education.
	www.austrade.gov.au /Education-and-training-to-Iran/default.aspx (1891 words)

	MyHeritage.org: Higher education
		The cost of higher education has been increasing rapidly, while the quality of higher education has declined in the estimation of many.
		The increased use of federal higher education programs by middle-class and wealthy students is costly to taxpayers, contributes to student indebtedness, fosters greater dependency, increases entitlement spending, and contributes to the rising cost of higher education.
		While participation in federal higher education programs was higher among the poor, a quarter of undergraduates from families with incomes over $100,000 received financial aid.
	www.myheritage.org /Issues/HigherEducation.asp (1050 words)

	In Iran, Bahá’ís engage in “an elaborate act of communal self-preservation”
		The aim of the raids was to shut down the Bahá'í Institute for Higher Education (BIHE), a unique effort by the Bahá'í community of Iran to provide a university education for its young people, who have been systematically excluded from colleges and universities in Iran for more than 18 years.
		Most of its classes were held in private homes throughout Iran and what little permanent infrastructure it had was composed of a handful of rented classrooms and laboratories scattered throughout the capitol.
		It should be noted, however, that some of the Institute's graduates and former students outside Iran have had a difficult time getting their credits recognized - a fact of life that stems directly from the Iranian Government's policy of blocking their access to education and its failure to recognize the Institute officially.
	www.onecountry.org /e103/e10301as.htm (2105 words)

	International Higher Education # 36
		This struggle was, in the realm of education, known as the “Islamic Cultural Revolution”; (1980–1987) which aimed at fusing religion and education by Islamizing all aspects of education from teacher-student relations to textbooks, curricular and administration.
		What is unique, and peculiar, about higher education in Iran is the presence of two overlapping forces causing chaos, unrest, confusion, and turmoil.
		This is expected in both state-run and the expanding private institutions of higher education.
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/newsletter/News36/text006.htm (1768 words)

	UNHCR - Iran: Entrance requirements for female applicants to be accepted at Beheshti College in Shiraz after 1988
		Finally, in general, education (in primary, secondary, and post-secondary levels) is free of charge though private schools and universities authorized by law are allowed to charge tuition fees (ibid.).
		While the Higher Education Advisory states that admission to university is based on grades, it does not state whether other factors, such as extra-curricular activities, are considered.
		Furthermore, while stating that primary and guidance teachers are trained in teacher colleges under the direct jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education, and secondary school teachers complete programs at the university level, it does not indicate whether admission to the teacher colleges is based on grades and/or other factors.
	www.unhcr.org /home/RSDCOI/3ae6ad3c3.html (621 words)

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