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Topic: Hikurangi Trench

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Chatham Rise

Kaikoura

Australian Plate

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	trench \| TutorGig.co.uk Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Trench rescue is a highly specialized form of rescue, a subset of confined space rescue.
		Trench foot also known as Immersion Foot or Chillblains is a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure of the feet to damp and cold.
		The Manila Trench is an ocean trench in the South China Sea, west of the Philippines.
	www.tutorgig.co.uk /encyclopedia/sencyclo.jsp?keywords=trench (533 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The lack of sediment in the Kermadec trench is due to the trenchÕs isolation from the Hikurangi channel, one of the submarine channels, which deposits its load in a drift east of the trench.
		The northern part of the Chile trench is nearly devoid of sediment which correlates with the northward changes in regional climate.
		Presently the trench fill is low in the northern trench due to the low sediment influx and sediment subduction continues (Bangs et al., 1997).
	www.student.carleton.edu /~swansonn/academics/papers/KermadecTrench.htm (1311 words)

	info: MARIANA TRENCH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Mariana Trench (or Marianas Trench) is the deepest known submarine trench, and the deepest location in the Earth's crust itself.
		It is located in the floor of the western North Pacific Ocean, to the east of the Mariana Islands at 11° 21' North latitude and 142° 12' East longitude, which is near Japan.
		The trench is the boundary where two tectonic plates meet, a subduction zone where the Pacific Plate is being subducted under the Philippine Plate.
	www.info-malta.com /Mariana_Trench (458 words)

	Hikurangi Trench - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hikurangi Trench lies in the Pacific Ocean off the east coast of New Zealand.
		An extension of the deeper Kermadec Trench, the Hikurangi Trench remains deep even relatively close to the coast, with depths of 3000 metres as close as 80 kilometres from shore.
		At the southern end of the trench, off the coast of Marlborough, New Zealand, the seabed rises sharply, and due to the prevailing winds and tides in this area, many deep water species are found close to the shore.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hikurangi_Trench (145 words)

	Article 76 Unclos New Zealand - Law of the Sea
		In scenario b) the oceanic crust outboard of the subduction trench is clearly comprised of “rocks of the deep ocean floor”, there is no connection between them and the land mass, and therefore the continental shelf cannot extend across the trench.
		The seafloor outboard of the fossil trench axis rocks would still be considered “rocks of the deep ocean floor” and the foot of the continental slope positions would be picked along this axis.
		The Hikurangi Plateau is a large igneous province that extends beneath the Chatham Rise, sutured to New Zealand by cessation of subduction along the Gondwana margin 105 million years ago.
	www.gns.cri.nz /research/marine/unclos/acretion.html (1755 words)

	HIKURANGI TRENCH - 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
		The Hikurangi Trench is a broad, asymmetric deep-sea trough, running along the base of the Continental Slope in the sector between Kaikoura Peninsula and East Cape.
		The north-western wall of the Trench is formed by the Continental Slope, which reaches the floor of the Trench at depths ranging from 1,000 fathoms in the extreme south to 1,800 fathoms in the north.
		The flat floor of the Hikurangi Trench is the result of the infilling with sediment derived from the New Zealand land mass.
	www.teara.govt.nz /1966/H/HikurangiTrench/en (478 words)

	Leg 181 Preliminary Report
		The Hikurangi Fan has been termed a "fan-drift" by Carter and McCave (1994) because it apparently represents the extreme case of a fan whose thickness and facies pattern are directly remolded by a deep current into the form of a sediment drift.
		Hikurangi Channel heads in the Kaikoura Canyon, only a few hundred meters from shore, and less than 10 km from the rapidly rising, 2.5-km-high Seaward Kaikoura Mountains (Lewis, 1994).
		Recent publications (Carter and Carter, 1993; Lewis, 1994; Carter and McCave, 1994; L. Carter et al., 1996) have delineated the ENZOSS region, between the Solander Trough and the Kermadec Trench, east of the modern Australian-Pacific plate boundary, as an integrated sediment source-transport-sink area.
	owen.nhm.ac.uk /odp/publications/prelim/181_prel/181east.html (699 words)

	Neotectonic deformation in New Zealand (map-view)
		Tectonic deformation of North Island is controlled by a balance between differential topographic pressure and traction from the Hikurangi subduction thrust.
		The Hikurangi forearc is an independent plate sliver moving relative to the Pacific and Australian plates.
		Prediction errors with a fixed northeastern boundary (fixed b.c.) on the Hikurangi forearc versus prediction errors with a ‘‘free’’ boundary condition (‘‘free’’ b.c.) at the same part of boundary within various model groups.
	element.ess.ucla.edu /publications/2002_New_Zealand/2002_New_Zealand.htm (998 words)

	SGF Résumé
		, transcurrent faults are observed, parallel to the trench, on the continental plate.
		It requires the knowledge of the slip vector, which is situated between the azimuth of the convergence and the perpendicular to the trench.
		The slope measured perpendicularly to the trench increases with increasing basal friction (fig.
	sgfr.free.fr /publier/editions/BSGF/Resumes-2002/Res02B1-2.html (1655 words)

	Trench \| TutorGig.co.uk - The Tutorial Website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		depth to be sounded is in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench at a depth of 10,..." >Oceanic trench, Trench is an 1,398 mile long ocean trench running north along the eastern edge of Japan s Ryukyu Islands in the Philippine Sea.
		An extension of the deeper Kermadec..." >Hikurangi Trench, Trench rescue is a highly specialized form of rescue, a subset of confined space rescue.
		Trench rescue involves shoring up the sides of a trench, and digging a trapped worker o..." >Trench rescue, Trench is a fictional character in two James Bond films.
	www.tutorgig.co.uk /searchweb.jsp?keywords=Trench (617 words)

	t22a in wp04
		At this margin, a large igneous province, the Hikurangi Plateau, is being subducted beneath the New Zealand continent.
		The subducting oceanic plate, the Hikurangi Plateau, consists of high-velocity crust with a thickness of 10-12 km.
		This is consistent with geological evidence for a period of accelerated deformation in the upper plate during the mid Pliocene.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=wp04&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/wp04/wp04&maxhits=200&="T22A" (1272 words)

	Leandro Trevino
		In the North Island the Pacific plate is being consumed at the trench marking the boundary with the Australian plate, the opposite is true in the South Island; this has resulted in a landscape dotted with volcanoes and an active seismic history.
		The seismic sequence occurred on the subducting plate seaward of the Hikurangi trench near the North Island of New Zealand.
		A study of the spatial and temporal distribution of earthquakes can provide information on the state of coupling between the plates and the potential hazard they may represent.
	www.geo.utep.edu /pub/trevino/trevino.html (684 words)

	Kaikoura - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to the 2001 census, the permanent resident population is 2,104, a 5% decrease since the 1996 census.
		The Kaikoura Peninsula extends into the sea south of the town, and the resulting upwelling currents bring an abundance of marine life from the depths of the nearby Hikurangi Trench.
		The town owes its origin to this effect, since it developed as a centre for the whaling industry.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kaikoura_(district),_New_Zealand (269 words)

	[No title]
		These include the Large Igneous Provinces (LIP) such as the Manihiki Plateau east of Samoa and the Hikurangi Plateau east of New Zealand and adjacent to and apparently in the paleotrench along the north side of the Chatham Rise.
		The region between the Hikurangi Plateau and the Manihiki Plateau is one of the most enigmatic sectors of seafloor in the entire Pacific ocean basin.
		Sharman and Mammerickx (1990) suggested that the eastern boundary of the Manihiki Plateau (the Eastern Scarp; see track chart) was a propagating rift site, and that anomalies M0 to M3 lie immediately east of the Manihiki Plateau, as part of a sequence that is as old as M10N at 25°S. Pontoise et al.
	sio.ucsd.edu /shipsked/schedules/1998/allships98/98RV/Luyendyk/LuyendykCruise.html (1024 words)

	Geological Society of America - Penrose Conference - 1999
		deep filled or underfilled trenches marked by the world's largest gravity minima and characterized by a combination of strike-slip and thrust faults.
		Trench results yield dates for the most recent earthquake between A.D. 780 and 1640 and the penultimate event occurring after A.D. The second stop of Day Two examined a 35–42 m offset terrace at the Rio Juan Lopez.
		These data indicate that strike-slip faults may extend farther to the east into the subduction area than previously thought and that normal faults in the Mona Passage may segment the colliding area in the Hispaniola area from the already collided area of Puerto Rico.
	www.geosociety.org /penrose/99pcrpt1.htm (3478 words)

	FY98 181 Science Prospectus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Compared to Hikurangi Fan Drift, the Bounty Fan has formed in a region where the DWBC is slowed because of a gently sloping western boundary and the shelter provided by Bollons Seamount.
		The Hikurangi channel heads in the Kaikoura Canyon, only a few hundred meters from shore, and less than ten kilometers from the rapidly rising 2.5-km-high Seaward Kaikoura Mountains.
		Estimate the quantities of sediment fed into the DWBC from all sources, including terrigenous sediment delivered through the Solander, Bounty, and Hikurangi channels to understand the relative importance of tectonic, climatic, sea-level and water-mass controls and to derive a sedimentary budget for the ENZOSS.
	www.ga.gov.au /odp/publications/tnotes/tn20-5/181.HTML (3882 words)

	waipaoabib
		Davy, B. The influence of subducting plate buoyancy on subduction of the Hikurangi- Chatham Plateau beneath the North Island, New Zealand.
		The 1500-km-long Hikurangi Channel: trench-axis channel that escapes its trench, crosses a plateau, and feeds a fan drift.
		The emerging, imbricate frontal wedge of the Hikurangi Margin.
	baby.indstate.edu /gomez/graphics/waipaoabib.html (2419 words)

	Report on Region 10
		This is a convergent boundary with a pole of rotation for the Pacific/Australian plate interaction near the triple junction south of Macquarie Island resulting in 4 to 5 cm/yr of shortening at the latitude of New Zealand increasing north to 10 cm/yr at the latitude of Bougainville.
		This belt is characterised by long seemingly linear trench segments offset by transform faults and/or back arc basins with reversal of subduction from one trench segment to the next.
		The Hikurangi Trench east of the North island reverses the subduction polarity ie Pacific dipping under the Australian Plate with active back-arc spreading above the Benioff Zone in the Taupo Volcanic Zone (Walcott, 1978).
	www.seismo.ethz.ch /gshap/swpacific/swpacific.html (3374 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Each of these sediment sources can be constrained, and the sedimentary dynamics and transport paths of the modern system are moderately well delineated (e.g., Carter and Carter, 1993; Carter and McCave, 1997; Lewis, 1994).
		The Hikurangi system is therefore active today, in interglacial times.
		Recent publications (Carter and Carter, 1993; Lewis, 1994; Carter and McCave, 1994; L. Carter et al., 1996) have delineated the ENZOSS region, between the Solander Trough and the Kermadec Trench, east of the modern Australian-Pacific plate boundary, as an integrated sediment source- transport-sink area.
	www.ga.gov.au /odp/publications/prelim/181_prel/181prel.txt (7242 words)

	Annual Report / Draft 01-17-02
		To quantify the rate of ongoing crustal strain, we established geodetic sites at a range of distances from the trench, and in addition established some coverage parallel to the trench, on the portion of the island accessible by roads.
		At the southern Hikurangi Trough the Pacific Plate approaches the Australian plate with a relative velocity of ~39 mm/yr.
		Darby, D.J. and J. Beavan, Evidence from GPS measurement for contemporary interplate coupling on the southern Hikurangi subduction thrust and for partitioning of strain in the upper plate, J. Geophys.
	denali.gsfc.nasa.gov /annual2001/ar01text.htm (12117 words)

	Research : Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited
		The southern end of the subduction zone is located where buoyant continental crust of the Chatham Rise collides with the northern South Island.
		To the north is the anomalously thick oceanic crust of the Hikurangi Plateau (ca.
		• normal and transverse components are strain-partitioned over geological timescales, with thickening occurring nearer the trench and strike-slip deformation further inland near the axial range;
	www.gns.cri.nz /research/sellis/fig3.html (270 words)

	Activités au cours des 2 dernières années
		According to seismic reflection and bathymetric analyses and dredges, the avalanche should have occurred 170 ka ago following the weakening of the margin material during a seamount subduction.
		study of the termination of the Ryukyu Trench near Taiwan.
		Most events clusterize along presumed active faults indicating intraplate compressive deformation in the Ryukyu arc basement and in the subducting Huatung Basin oceanic crust.
	www.dstu.univ-montp2.fr /PERSO/lallemand/research.html (1021 words)

	J. Petrology Editor's Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Basalt and Sediment Geochemistry and Magma Petrogenesis in a Transect From Oceanic Island Arc to Rifted Continental Margin Arc: the Kermadec - Hikurangi Margin, S.W. Pacific
		Indeed, it is possible to account for the chemical changes by a decrease northward in the sediment flux into the zone of magma genesis.
		The trace element and isotopic signatures of the continental derived component of this sediment are readily distinguished, but also diluted in a south to north direction along the plate boundary.
	library.iem.ac.ru /j-petr/jpet/gamble.html (416 words)

	Definition of Chatham Rise
		This shallowness is made more remarkable by the depth of the ocean immediately to the north and south.
		To the north, the Hikurangi Trench, an extension of the much deeper Kermadec Trench, drops to below 3000 metres close to the New Zealand coast.
		To the south, similar depths are achieved by the Bounty Trough.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Chatham_Rise (227 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is the sink for mobile zones of gravel, sand and mud that migrate northwards off northeastern South Island, New Zealand.
		It is presently the primary source for the 1500 km long Hikurangi Channel, which supplies overbank turbidites to a filled trench, an ocean-plateau basin and a distal fan-drift.
		Swath data, seismic profiles, side-scan sonographs, aerial photographs, cores, grab samples and current meter data are used to define the shape and texture of the canyon and adjacent shelf in order to better understand how coastal processes and canyon interact to supply sediment to the deep-ocean.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/00253227/articles/162/1/S002532279900075.abstract.en (343 words)

	Neef--Neogene evolution of Hikurangi forearc
		Abstract Northern Wairarapa, North Island, New Zealand, lies in the onland part of the forearc of the Hikurangi margin, which formed since early Neogene time when the Pacific plate commenced westward subduction beneath the Australian plate.
		The onland part of the forearc is now 75 km wide, and there are two dextral fault zones: the Wellington Fault and the Alfredton-Pleckville Faults.
		However, in early Miocene time, a zone of dextral faulting lay adjacent to the inboard part of the trench slope break.
	www.rsnz.org /publish/nzjgg/1999/9.php (521 words)

	REFERENCES
		Evolution of the Upper Cenozoic magmatic arc and plate boundary in northern New Zealand.
		Mid-bathyal current scours and sediment drifts adjacent to the Hikurangi deep-sea turbidite channel, eastern New Zealand: evidence from echo character mapping.
		The emerging frontal wedge of the Hikurangi margin.
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/181_IR/chap_01/ch1_htm5.htm (1748 words)

	[No title]
		There are known vent sites to the north of New Zealand along the Kermadec volcanic arc that links to the Lau basin (The Lau basin is one of the integrated study sites for the US Ridge 2000 programme).
		There are also known seep sites on the Hikurangi margin east of North Island and off Otago on the South Island.
		The fjords of the south-west coast in the South Island are potential target regions for oxygen minima zones, sunken decaying wood and kelp studies.
	www.soc.soton.ac.uk /chess/workshop_reports/pacific.doc (1599 words)

	3-D F-E modeling of North Island-South Island transition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		To answer these questions, we have applied 3-D incremental strain finite element methods to study tectonic deformation in central South Island and in the transition zone from the Hikurangi trench in southern North Island to the Marlborough faults in northern Southern Island.
		The variation of the anomalous oceanic crust thickness from Hikurangi plateau (~15 km) to Chatham Rise (~25 km) is considered in our model.
		The interplate thrust zone is assumed to be ~5 km thick and treated as a fault zone with friction ~0.17.
	element.ess.ucla.edu /publications/2002_New_Zealand_A/2002_New_Zealand_A.htm (520 words)

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