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	Hillel II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hillel II, also known simply as Hillel was a Jewish communal and religious authority, circa 330 - 365 CE.
		He is sometimes confused with Hillel the Elder, as the Talmud sometimes simply uses the name "Hillel".
		But as the religious persecutions continued, Hillel determined to provide an authorized calendar for all time to come, though by so doing he severed the ties which united the Jews of the Diaspora to their mother country and to the patriarchate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hillel_II (403 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - HILLEL: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The difficulties which Hillel had to overcome in order to be admitted to their school, and the hardships he suffered while pursuing his aim, are told in a touching passage (Yoma 35b), the ultimate purpose of which is to show that poverty can not be considered as an obstacle to the study of the Law.
		Hillel's only title was "Ha-Zaḳen" (the elder), a title given not to distinguish him from another of the same name, as some have held, but either to express his position among the leading scribes or to indicate his membership in the Sanhedrin.
		Hillel seems to have connected the precept of brotherly love with the Biblical teaching of man's likeness to God, on which account he calls the love of man "love of creatures" ("oheb et ha-beriyyot"); and it is worthy of note that the term "creatures" for men was then already the common property of the language.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=730&letter=H (2611 words)

	Hillel and Shammai
		Hillel is said to have lived in such great poverty that he was sometimes unable to pay the admission fee to study Torah, and because of him that fee was abolished.
		Hillel the Elder's friendly adversary was Palestinean born Shammai, about whom little is known except that he was a builder, known for the strictness of his views.
		Hillel was the more popular of the two scholars, and he was chosen by the Sanhedrin, the supreme Jewish court, to serve as its president.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/hillel.html (518 words)

	NEW MOON IS THE FIRST VISIBLE CRESCENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Their research clearly shows that the Hillel II calendar in use today is the same type of calendar used in 30 A.D. And we know for sure that the Hillel II calendar uses the visible new crescent as the beginning of the sacred months.
		Hillel II's authority to fix a sacred calendar for future generations was never challenged by the Jewish scholars and the Jewish community of his time and has not been questioned by rabbinical scholars or historians since that time.
		Hillel II did not institute a new method of calculating the sacred calendar, he merely published the secret method of calculations used by the Calendar Court to calculate the days on which to observe YHWH's observances and festivals and he established a fixed sacred calendar for future generations.
	nayahushua.org /new_moon.html (3782 words)

	Torah.org - The Judaism Site
		Hillel II was therefore forced to institute his fixed calendar, thus in effect giving the Sanhedrin's advance approval to the calendars of all future years.
		Until Hillel II's time, the calendar varied irregularly because it depended on the testimony of witnesses who had seen the new moon, and this didn't always happen on the first possible night.
		When Hillel II fixed the calendar, there was no reason not to do it so as to prevent the holidays from coming at inconvenient times; the fluctuations of the fixed calendar don't exceed the variations in the calendar when it depended on witnesses.
	www.torah.org /qanda/seequanda.php?id=58 (153 words)

	Michael L. Rodkinson: The History of the Talmud - 6
		Era,‡ are: (1) The School of Shamai and the School of Hillel; (2) Akabia ben Mahalalel; (3) Rabban Gamaliel the Elder; (4) Rabbi Chanina, Chief of the Priests; (5) R, Simon ben Gamaliel; (6) R. Jochanan ben Zakkai.
		Gamaliel II., he occupied the dignity of a Chacham (advising Sage), in which office he was charged with the duty of preparing the subjects to be discussed in the Sanhedrin.
		Gamaliel was the son and successor of the patriarch Gamaliel II, of Jabne.
	www.come-and-hear.com /talmud/rodkin_ii1.html (7900 words)

	b5w19
		When the patriarch Hillel assumed leadership of the Calendar Court in 30 A.D., he would have been obliged to continue the method of calculation used from 516 B.C. It is apparent that he did continue this method of calculation because there is no Jewish or secular historical evidence to the contrary.
		Using the Hillel II calendar calculations and astronomy, it can easily be shown that the sequence of events according to the biblical record of Christ's crucifixion could have only transpired on a full moon during the years 27, 30, and 33 A.D..
		Hillel II did not institute a new method of calculating the sacred calendar, he merely published the secret method of calculations used by the Calendar Court to calculate the days on which to observe God's observances and festivals and he established a fixed sacred calendar for future generations.
	www.bibleresearch.org /observancebook5/b5w19.html (3444 words)

	Sacred Calendar and New Moonb 5w18
		Some people believe that the current version of the Hillel II calendar must be used to determine the day on which to acknowledge a New Moon, while others believe that the precise occurrence of the New Moon must be determined by the visual sighting of the new crescent at Jerusalem.
		Hillel of the tribe of Judah and his descendants presided as presidents of the Pharisaic Sanhedrin that ruled on civil, sacred, and calendar issues for 15 generations in an unbroken succession from 30 A.D. to 425 A.D. when the Calendar Court ceased to function.
		Moreover, because the version of the Hillel II calendar in use today does not always accurately reflect the exact day on which the New Moon is sighted at Jerusalem, some people feel obligated to use a visual sightings of the New Moons at Jerusalem in order to comply with God's law concerning New Moon observance.
	www.bibleresearch.org /observancebook5/b5w18.html (11961 words)

	God's Calendar (No. 156)
		The progression from the original pure biblical calendar to the rabbinical calendar introduced from Babylon, firstly under Rabbi Hillel II in 358 CE, was rather long winded as the traditions had to be entrenched to justify the gradual changes.
		The last and continuous time for Judah was under Rabbi Hillel II in 358 CE where the Sabbaths had become so cumbersome through introduced tradition, that the whole system of calculation had to be changed, to make it possible to keep the traditions established by the Pharisees.
		Hillel knew from Isaiah 66:23 that the New Moons would be re-introduced when Messiah came and he knew, therefore, that what he was doing had no validity for the millennial restoration.
	www.ccg.org /english/s/p156.html (17903 words)

	GAMALIEL - LoveToKnow Article on GAMALIEL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		GAMALIEL I., a grandson of Hillel, and like him designated Ha-Zaqen (the Elder), by which is apparently indicated that he was numbered among the Sanhedrin, the high council of Jerusalem.
		According to the tradition of the schools of Palestine Gamaliel succeeded his grandfather and his father (of the latter nothing is known but his name, Simeon) as Nasi, or president of the Sanhedrin.
		In Jabneh (Jamnia), where during the siege of Jeri~salem the scribes of the school of Hillel had taken refuge by permission of Vespasian, a new centre of Judaism arose under the leadership of the aged Johanan ben Zakkai, a school whose members inherited the authority of the Sanhedrin of Jerusalem.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GA/GAMALIEL.htm (1273 words)

	Talmud Discussions Basic Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The first generation of the carriers of the Oral tradition that became known as early Talmudists was Hillel I who in 32BCE became the leader of the Torah scholars and established his own Beit Midrash in 46BCE.
		R.Yochanan ben Zakkai (the last disciple of Hillel) escaped from the internal siege of Jerusalem and negotiated an agreement with Vespasian to allow continuance of the studies of the Sanhedrin under R.Gamliel II ben R.Shimon 68CE.
		· Ravina II (a nephew of Ravina I)became Rosh Metivta of Sura in 474
	tzion.org /talmud/Talmud_Chron.htm (892 words)

	Judaism 101: Jewish Calendar
		Note that Adar II is the "real" Adar, the one in which Purim is celebrated, the one in which yahrzeits for Adar are observed, the one in which a 13-year-old born in Adar becomes a Bar Mitzvah.
		In the fourth century, Hillel II established a fixed calendar based on mathematical and astronomical calculations.
		This calendar, still in use, standardized the length of months and the addition of months over the course of a 19 year cycle, so that the lunar calendar realigns with the solar years.
	www.jewfaq.org /calendar.htm (1587 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - Directory Listing for "H" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Talmudic authority; lived at Erfurt in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; a contemporary of Shalom of Neustadt, and a pupil......
		Scholar of the second amoraic generation (3d cent.), son of Gamaliel III., brother of Judah II., and probably a pupil......
		Lithuanian rabbi; born at Brest-Litovsk in 1615; died at Zolkiev Jan. 3, 1690.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /directory.jsp?letter=H&partition=8&pageNum=3 (159 words)

	Constitution of Hillel Council at Frostburg State University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The B'nai Brith Hillel Council is established at Frostburg State University to provide facilities, guidance, and organization for religious, cultural, educational, social, social welfare, and interfaith activities for students at Frostburg State University in accordance with the goals and objectives of the B'nai Brith Hillel Foundations.
		SECTION B. The Hillel Governing Committee shall be composed of the selected officers of the Hillel Council together with the chair of the standing committees, Inter-organization Council representative, and the Advisory Board.
		SECTION B. The duties of the Vice-President shall be to assist in the administration of the President's duties; to substitute for the President whenever necessary; to take over the Presidency, should it be vacated; to be chairman of the Governing Committee, and to serve as an ex-officio member of all committees and coordinate their activities.
	goliath.frostburg.edu /hillel/cons.htm (1236 words)

	The Last Seder: Unscrambling the Baffling Chronology of the First Christian Passover (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hillel II disclosed the rabbinic postponement rules as they existed in his day.
		The rabbinic calculated calendar, the Hillel II calendar, provides us with a means for determining an approximation of the priestly calendar that functioned in Temple times.
		Note that in II Kings 16:5-7 Israel and Syria besieged Jerusalem (the capital of the kingdom of Judah).
	www.bibarch.com /Perspectives/4.3.htm (10926 words)

	Dealing with the Calendar Question
		There is no mechanism in the present Jewish calendar, which has been in force since Hillel II introduced it in about 358 A.D., to rectify this steady drift to a later date in relation to the seasons.
		Hillel II is credited with establishing the "present order" of the seven leap years within the 19-year cycle.
		IF Hillel II had indeed instituted a correct calendar in 359 A.D., then today all of the new moons would be between 7 and 8 days later in the seasons--and therefore some corrections to Hillel's calendar would have been required even before our present century.
	www.israelofgod.org /dealing.htm (19890 words)

	Commentary on the UCG Doctrinal Statement on the Calendar (No. 206)
		This was adopted by rabbinical Judaism under Hillel II and did not reach its present condition until the eleventh century.
		We have evidence of this being done as far back as Gamaliel II (to whom, reference is made in Acts 5), in a letter to Jews in Babylon as reported in Tractate Sanhedrin 1la of the Talmud.
		In 31 CE, 14 Nisan occurred on Sunday 25 March and that is identified as the date of the crucifixion by early church writers from Tertullian to as late as the calendar taken by the Anglo-Saxons to the Frisians in the seventh century.
	www.logon.org /english/s/p206.html (5818 words)

	The Molad of the Hebrew Calendar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Also in the year of Hillel II, the traditional molad interval of 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes 1 part was equal to the Mean Synodic Month (the average duration of the lunation from New Moon to New Moon).
		In the era of Hillel II the majority of Jews lived in the region of that meridian in Babylonia, mostly north of Ur and extending up to Bahgdad.
		The accuracy of the algorithm for estimating Delta T is critical to this investigation of the relationship between the molad and the actual lunar conjunctions, espeically for remote past or distant future differences.
	individual.utoronto.ca /kalendis/hebrew/molad.htm (4966 words)

	scope and content note
		The records of the Hillel Foundation at the University of Rhode Island were donated to Special Collections in July 2002 by Hillel Director Naomi Sobel.
		The records are in good condition and include materials documenting URI Hillel's development from a relatively small Jewish Activities Council to a nationally accredited organization active in campus life.
		The records reflect Hillel's development as an institution at URI, including the accreditation process and versions of the constitution and by-laws, and provide information about a variety of Hillel's programs, such as Passover and High Holiday observance, Holocaust memorial programs, various lecture series and cultural events.
	www.uri.edu /library/special_collections/registers/manuscripts/hillel/scope.html (662 words)

	Passover Date of Passover Dates of Passover Pesach Date of Pesach Dates of Pesach Jewish holiday
		To help solve this problem, Rabbi Hillel II in 358 or 359 C.E. used astronomical and mathematical calculations to align the lunar year with the solar year over a 19-year cycle.
		To achieve this, Hillel II standardized the length of each of the 12 lunar months, making them either 29 or 30 days so that the length of the 12 lunar months could be aligned with the length of each of the 12 solar months.
		Under Hillel II's lunisolar Hebrew calendar, the months are determined according to the new moon and the years are determined according to the sun.
	www.angelfire.com /pa2/passover/passoverdate.html (1158 words)

	Torah Tots - The Site for Jewish children - Jewish Calendar
		Hillel's calculations are to be used until the coming of Mashiach (may he come speedily in our time).
		As we mentioned above, Hillel II established the fixed calendar based on mathematical and astronomical calculations, in the fourth century, 4119(358/9 CE).
		In addition, Hillel saw to it that Yom Kippur should not fall adjacent to a Shabbat, because this would cause difficulties in coordinating the fast with the Shabbat, and Hoshanah Rabba should not fall on Shabbat because it would interfere with the holiday's observances.
	www.torahtots.com /calendar/jewishcalendar.htm (3064 words)

	The New Testament Church & the Calendar
		It is equally easy to show that when Hillel II made his calculated calendar, with its pattern of leap years for each 19-year cycle, public in 358/9 A.D., that calendar included gross violations of the intrinsic requirements for a right calendar!
		Hillel's calendar repeatedly placed the Passover into the winter and the entire Feast of Tabernacles into the summer.
		These traditions were then incorporated into the calendar in the form of "postponement rules," that Hillel II made public in about 358 A.D. This (Hillel's calendar) is the calendar still in use amongst the Jews today, though they only use it for religious purposes.
	www.israelofgod.org /ntchurch.htm (7102 words)

	Avodah Fellowship - near Seattle Washington, USA
		The last new moon came 1 day later than the Hillel II calendar predicted.
		For instance, today is day 14 by the calendar, but is only day 13 by the observed moon in Jerusalem.
		5765-5766 was not a leap year according to the barley in Jerusalem, though one was expected by the Hillel ll calendar.
	www.avodahfellowship.org (159 words)

	Rabbanite Calendar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is often referred to as the Hebrew Calendar, the Jewish Calendar, or the Hillel II Calendar.
		The method for determining the moladoth and intercalation of leap months throughout the second temple period (BCE 516—CE 70) and up until the time of Hillel II, as long as there was an independent Sanhedrin, presumably was much more empirical than the methods used today.
		For the same reason Adar II could not be added during a time of famine.
	www.bibarch.com /concepts/Calendrics/CalCal.htm (1414 words)

	The Omer Count to Pentecost (No. 173)
		In the twentieth century the Churches of God went awry in their determination of Pentecost from the wrongful implementation of the Hillel Calendar and through Judaisers in the Churches of God.
		This calendar, introduced in 358CE, determines the New Moons by the putative sighting of the crescent moons which were reduced to specified postponements of the New Moons according to a system of rules determined by rabbinical traditions and a fixed date for the Wave Sheaf offering.
		When the Hillel Calendar was accepted in 358 CE from its introduction from Babylon commencing from about 344 CE, the Christian church had been keeping the correct day for so long that it considered the rabbinical position not only incorrect but also irrelevant.
	www.logon.org /English/S/p173.html (5116 words)

	[No title]
		This is what that would have looked like (again ignoring the postponement rules) had Hillel II enforced the old sequence.
		Much of our information about the calendar reform by Hillel II in the 350's A.D. is from Maimonides, from his "Kiddusch hachodesch".
		This means that if Hillel II extrapolated back to 3761 B.C. from any correctly known molad during his own time, then the error, as far as the molad is concerned, would involve no more than 7 hours 31 minutes and 47 seconds for those 4110 years.
	steve.bruns.com /calendar.txt (20178 words)

	Questions on the Sacred Calendar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Thus far, Hillel was perfectly correct in his plan: and we in SBS fully agree with him.
		Sad to say, however, due to the adoption of an inaccurate formula by Hillel to arrive at the equinox, the dates he used began to drift away from their true astronomical position.
		But since we do not live in Israel and cannot note those natural conditions or lookout each month for first sightings of the new moon, we have opted to print a calendar in advance by using the spring equinox as a guide when determining the beginning of the year.
	atschool.eduweb.co.uk /sbs777/faq/startyr.html (2499 words)

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