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	Historic Ireland - hillforts essay
		Collis discusses hillforts occupied in times of crisis and indicates that, if occupation was continuous by some local farmers then agricultural production and population would fall and consequently the size of the warrior elite and their ability to defend their territory.
		If hillforts were stores defended by a warrior elite and focal points for farms which supported those warriors, then they become more compelling as local centres of social organisation and wealth, convenient manufacturing centres for craftsmen, trade centres for their products and locations for inter-tribal gift exchange.
		Hillforts appear to have been used for a variety of purposes, many unconnected with warfare and individual hillforts were perhaps tailored and developed to counter particular threats.
	www.ballynagarrick.net /historicireland/HI903.htm (3684 words)

	e-Keltoi: Volume 6, The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula - Parcero and Cobas, Iron Age Archaeology of the Northwest ...
		The few early hillforts excavated to any great extent in Galicia (with a few more in the north of Portugal and hardly any in Asturias or the western Meseta) reveal that one of the most common features is the appearance of artificial earthworks defining the limits of the occupied area.
		Hillforts were no longer strictly adapted to the conditions of the chosen site, but instead the natural setting was manipulated according to the needs of the group who were going to occupy it.
		This new network, despite in many cases maintaining the hillfort as the focus of settlement for indigenous populations, modified the ways in which the hillforts were embedded in the landscape, creating a new type of settlement generally known as the 'mining hillfort' (see Sánchez-Palencia and Javier 2000).
	uwm.edu /Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_1/parcero-cobas_6_1.html (17417 words)

	Castell Henllys: an Iron Age hillfort in Wales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The hillfort is surrounded by steep precipices on the sides, with the only approach from the north west, which is where the main defences are.
		The interior of the hillfort was crowded with roundhouses, though normally only part of the ring slot that marks the position of the houses still survives.
		Outside the hillfort defences to the north was a Romano-British farmstead.
	www.archaeology.co.uk /ca/timeline/prehistory/castellhenllys/castelh.htm (371 words)

	Keys To The Past, Ref No N2752 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The earliest is an Iron Age hillfort lies across the hilltop and measures 225m by 115m overall.
		The hillfort is enclosed by a rock-cut ditch, between 12m and 17m wide, around three sides and two banks.
		Inside the hillfort are the remnants of two rectangular buildings which are believed to be the remains of Old Callaly Castle.
	www.keystothepast.info /durhamcc/K2P.nsf/K2PDetail?readform&PRN=N2752 (265 words)

	Castles of Lithuania - Voruta - News
		As mostly thick layers of filled up clay were excavated, a few artifacts were found: 2 rings, iron knife, bone darning needle, a part of a fibula, bronze belt ornament, a part of a stone spindle, some tents of ceramic sherds, some animal bones.
		The investigations of the hillfort were reflected in the press.
		During the traditional festival of Anyksciai dwellers on the Voruta hillfort, devoted to the State Day, the castle bridge on the rivulet Varelis was opened.
	viduramziu.lietuvos.net /pilys/naujienos-en.htm (623 words)

	Heuneburg - Latest Research
		Northwest of the Heuneburg hillfort's ramparts lie the remains of an unfortified settlement complex which is therefore referred to as the "outer settlement".
		In the course of the 1995 excavations, for example, approximately 600m southwest of the Heuneburg hillfort traces of settlement activity were discovered for the first time that date to the end of the Iron Age hillfort.
		The hillfort and outer settlement combination has frequently been interpreted as an indigenous version of the Greek pattern dominant at that time in the Mediterranean world, but now there are indications that this settlement configuration has older, indigenous roots.
	www.dhm.de /museen/heuneburg/en/neuforsch1.html (570 words)

	Predictive Models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Although the hillfort by its mere definition must have some flat terrain on its top, and same was of course with this site, the location of this hillfort must have been recorded on its southern ramparts which were at the edge of dramatic slope.
		Hillforts are supposed to be positioned in such locations that they wold be able to maintain visual control over larger areas, including their territories and overlooking other hillforts.
		It appeared, that the coordinate of some hillforts were recorded on the ramparts and not in the center of the hillfort.
	www.zrc-sazu.si /pic/pub/predictive/predictive.htm (7043 words)

	Castles of Lithuania
		m of the hillfort has been investigated, more than 190 single artefacts, 1800 potsherds were collected, 56 post-holes, 7 ovens as well as remains of burned out wooden fortifications were obtained.
		In 1923 the village of Seimyniskeliai was divided into farmsteads and an intensive ploughing of the hillfort started; it resulted a considerable damage of its cultural layer and fortifications.
		In 1997 the Mayor of Anyksciai Region proposed the idea on a construction of wooden castle on the Seimyniskeliai hillfort, and it caused a considerable attention of the society.
	viduramziu.lietuvos.net /pilys/mindaugas-en.htm (778 words)

	Sussex Hill Forts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		There are 25 known prestoric hillfort enclosures in Sussex, many of which have been used for their intended purpose as Sussex is the gateway into Britain from the continent.
		Hillfort construction began during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age and was limited to the northern and southern extremes of the chalk downland.
		It is interesting to note that where entrances are found in a hillfort, they are almost always contained within an arc from north-east to south-east and when there is a secondary entrance, it is in an arc from west to south-west.
	www2.prestel.co.uk /aspen/sussex/hillfort.html (1262 words)

	Northamptonshire Archaelogical Society: Hunsbury Hillfort
		Today the hillfort is part of a country park, surrounded by a housing development Although the site is owned by Northampton Borough Council and is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, it is currently not in a good condition.
		Three trial trenches were excavated within the hillfort by volunteers from the Northamptonshire Archaeological Society, directed by Dr Martin Tingle, primarily to confirm the position of the quarry edge.
		In this context Mr Peter Crewe of the Hillfort Study Group has suggested the excavation of a 20m wide section through the rampart, and this could be associated with a planned reconstruction of a section of the rampart.
	www.jwaller.co.uk /nas/Hunsbury_Hillfort.htm (2556 words)

	Cissbury Ring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the Iron-Age, the biggest hillfort in Sussex was constructed which was reinforced at the end of the Roman occupation to defend against invading Saxons, who then may have used the fort to house a mint.
		The area of mining can be seen today as a series of pits with a diameter between 3 and 36 metres, which form a rough crescent within the western side of the camp and extend outside of the ramparts slightly to the west and in a line thin line to the south.
		Just underneath the topsoil, many of the pits contain the remains of flint-knapping, small pieces of antler and remains of fires, suggesting the remaining pits after the shafts were backfilled were used by the knappers as a sheltered place to perform their work.
	www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk /aspen/sussex/cissbury.html (5000 words)

	[No title]
		The hillfort is scheduled as an ancient monument of national importance (Easthampstead No. 32) and together with the surrounding woodland it forms part of the Crown Estate known as Windsor Forest.
		The interior of the monument was previously utilised for commercial forestation with a conifer crop planted in 1955 producing a thick layer of pine litter throughout the interior of the hillfort.
		Given that the current survey has covered only two of the seven hectares comprising the interior of this hillfort any archaeological interpretation of the results must be viewed in the context of this sub-sample and may not necessarily apply to the entirety of the monument.
	www.eng-h.gov.uk /reports/caesars_camp (2049 words)

	Iron Age Hele Bay, Ilfracombe, north Devon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The only hillfort in north Devon to have been excavated is Embury Beacon, which was found to contain some wooden structures and fragments of Glastonbury Ware, a kind of pottery common from the 3rd century BC onwards.
		Archaeologists have to rely on potsherds from the few hillfort excavations, principally of the attractive decorated type known as ‘Glastonbury Ware’ (because it was first excavated at the Glastonbury lake village), with incised curvilinear and geometric patterns.
		There are several other such hillforts and spur-forts in the Exmoor area, all consisting of an inner enclosure at or near the tip of a spur with one or more cross banks as an extra defence further up the spur.
	hele.mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk /iron_age.htm (6782 words)

	coxall_knoll
		The hillfort is roughly oval in plan, with maximum dimensions of 570m east to west, and 200m north to south.
		The hillfort has four entrances, the main one created at the west end by the inturning of the earthen banks which define the southern and two of the northerly scarps.
		It faces the hillfort of Brandon Camp, some 3km ESE across the River Teme, the area between containing the buried remains of three Roman camps; the hillfort and the camps are the subject of separate schedulings.
	www.soukosdesigns.f9.co.uk /recreation/localhistory/prehistoric/iron-age/coxall_knoll.htm (1034 words)

	THE INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND MUSEOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Jiří Macháček, Ph.D. The remains of the Pohansko hillfort lie within the floodplain forest near the confluence of the Morava and Dyje rivers, approximately 2.5km south of Breclav.
		To the south of the hillfort is another Great Moravian settlement excavated in advance of the construction of a canal.
		The settlement to the south of the hillfort contained 200 graves in which were found spurs and weapons, including a sword, axes and a spear.
	www.phil.muni.cz /archeo/pohansko_uk.html (1454 words)

	The Trundle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Notes: The Trundle is the name of the hillfort crowning the hill, though its name, meaning a circle, is actually a misnomer as the fort is built of several straight sections.
		Within the confines of the Iron-Age hillfort on St. Roche's hill, and partly overlain by it, is a Neolithic Causewayed Enclosure.
		Firstly, there appears to be a second almost concentric enclosure around the first, which is what you would expect from a normal causewayed enclosure, but there are several non-concentric enclosure sections that appear to spring from, or join to, this second enclosure, some of which cross eachother on their eccentric orbits around the central enclosure.
	www2.prestel.co.uk /aspen/sussex/trundle.html (2845 words)

	Hillsborough Iron Age hillfort, Hele Bay, Ilfracombe, north Devon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Many hillforts are thought to have had a wooden palisade on top of the ramparts and large wooden entrance gates.
		The hillfort may have been occupied, possibly by the local tribal leader and his family; the most likely place is a level area just inside the inner rampart.
		Hillsborough hillfort certainly seems to have been built to be defended and in times of trouble it could have provided refuge for many people and their animals.
	hele.mysite.freeserve.com /hillsborough.htm (4670 words)

	Dispatches from Nakovana Cave - ROM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In classical times, the Illyrians were a collection of tribes (more precisely, chiefdoms) speaking the same language, and bound to one another in a loose confederation not unlike that of the Iroquois (my classicist colleagues may look askance at the metaphor, but I find it evocative).
		From this hillfort at the tip of Peljesac, the occupants of Grad were in a very fortunate position.
		The channels on either side of the peninsula were used by ancient mariners headed north to the head of the Adriatic, and thence the Alps, or by voyagers bound for the Neretva delta and the Balkan interior.
	www.rom.on.ca /nakovana/dispatch04.html (1081 words)

	Cissbury Ring - www.findon.info
		Old as it is, the hillfort is by no means the earliest of the remains here as the builders of Cissbury Ring were already using an ancient site.
		Hillforts are among the most impressive remains of the Iron Age inhabitants of these islands.
		The term hillfort is used to describe the remains of an enclosure constructed on high ground by prehistoric people.
	www.findon.com /cissbury/cissbury.htm (3249 words)

	British Archaeology, no 31, February 1998: News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Iron Age use of the hillfort was intermittent, with a few pits and no structures, but there was a concentrated ritual re-use of the site in the late 3rd and early 4th centuries AD.
		Between these two hillforts is Rams Hill, excavated in the 1970s, which also seems to have been largely a settlement, although the extent of occupation – from the late Bronze Age right through to the Romano-British period – far exceeds that of Segsbury.
		The compacted chalk of the path was found to run over a filled-in late Bronze Age ‘linear ditch’, or territorial boundary, suggesting (not conclusively) that the path, at this point, dates from the early Iron Age at the earliest.
	www.britarch.ac.uk /ba/ba31/ba31news.html (1521 words)

	Denbury Hillfort
		Denbury hillfort was first depicted on Donn's county map of 1765 where it appears as an oval enclosure identified as a 'Danish Encampment', although no such connection is known to exist.
		The overall conclusion was that the hillfort is similar to those constructed in the period 300-100 BC.
		The hillfort was scheduled as an Ancient Monument in 1923/4 and is of national importance.
	freespace.virgin.net /d.westcott/hillfort.htm (515 words)

	Stones of England - Maiden Castle hillfort
		This is one of the largest and most impressive hillforts of England.
		About 450 BC the hillfort was extended westwards and by the third century BC ramparts and ditches were enlarged, with two complex entrances at the east and at the west of the hill.
		One final development in the hillfort was the building of a small Romano-Celtic temple 12m (40ft) square, in the late fourth century AD.
	www.stonepages.com /england/maidencastle.html (292 words)

	Stones of England - Chûn Castle hillfort
		The stone gatepost at one of the entrances of Chûn Castle
		In West Penwith, the south-westerly tip of Britain, there is a small Iron Age hillfort called Chûn Castle, built about 2500 years ago.
		It is not far east of the Chûn Quoit dolmen, built several thousand years previously.
	www.stonepages.com /england/chuncastle.html (264 words)

	The Wandlebury Hill Fort
		Around 400 BC the first hillfort was constructed, cutting through the earlier settlement which appears to have continued both outside and inside the rampart.
		The hillfort consisted of a substantial outer ditch and an inner rampart bank of chalk rubble and soil, enclosing a circular area of about 6 ha.
		In about 1685 a racing stable was built inside the old hillfort for King James II which was later acquired by Francis, 2nd Earl of Godolphin, in the 1730s.
	www.cpswandlebury.org /page3.html (497 words)

	(GCJ67H) Kirvunlinna Hillfort ~ Kirvunlinnan linnavuori by Stu and Sarah & Harjus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Kirvunlinna hillfort lays in the middle of low-lying fields.
		The hillfort's fortifications can be seen best in the sout-east corner, along with gate constructions.
		Nowadays the groves of the steep south-west and west slopes are protected by the law of environmental protection.
	www.geocaching.com /seek/cache_details.aspx?guid=3ad93630-8e68-4ffa-a092-e32ac2aee895 (509 words)

	DVNVM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Barry Cunliffe describes the pre-Roman hillfort at Hod Hill as a 'late Iron-Age nucleated settlement', the occupation area within the fortifications was 52 acres (21 hectares), comparable in size to a Roman legionary fortress.
		It is very likely that the surviving round-houses remained in use by the natives for some time, possibly providing services for the Roman troops in the form of locally grown foodstuffs, livestock, baked-goods, and of course, women.
		In fact, the main reason that the auxiliary troops were withdrawn may have been that the native population in the area had dwindled to such a small number that they no-longer represented a threat, therefore, the garrison was not needed.
	www.roman-britain.org /places/dunum.htm (676 words)

	Ivinghoe Beacon Hillfort : Ivinghoe Beacon Hillfort : South East Region : Local Investigations : Landscape Detectives : ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		There was little evidence for settlement in the interior (although relatively little of it was excavated), and it was concluded that the hillfort was an early example, probably dating from the Late Bronze Age.
		Today the hillfort survives largely as a simple scarp, with traces of an outer ditch and counterscarp on the north face and a series of terraces along the south face; the single entrance lies on the eastern side of the enclosure where the approach is less steep than elsewhere.
		On the north slope, outside the hillfort, were slight traces of what appears to be a settlement, comprising a street with house platforms flanking it.
	www.english-heritage.org.uk /server/show/nav.001002003005002007004 (492 words)

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