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	Hincmar - LoveToKnow 1911
		Hincmar placed himself at the head of the party that regarded Gottschalk's doctrines as heretical, and succeeded in procuring the arrest and imprisonment of his adversary (849).
		Through the energy and activity of Hincmar the theories of Gottschalk were condemned at Quierzy (8J3) and Valence (855), and the decisions of these two synods were confirmed at the synods of Langres and Savonnieres, near Toul (859).
		Hincmar experienced another check when he endeavoured to prevent Wulfad, one of the clerks deposed by Ebbo, from obtaining the archbishopric of Bourges with the support of Charles the Bald.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Hincmar (1434 words)

	Hincmar
		Hincmar used his influence with the emperor on behalf of the banished abbot, and not without success: for he stood in high favour with Louis the Pious, having always been a faithful adherent of his, and his loyal champion through all his vicissitudes.
		Hincmar wished to receive the pope's confirmation of this decision; but Leo IV refused this favour; and it was not until 855 that his successor, Benedict III, confirmed the decree.
		Hincmar wrote a treatise on the question of predestination, and at the new Synod of Quierzy, in 853, he laid before the bishops his celebrated four chapters on the doctrine of predestination, which, however, were attacked by Prudentius of Troyes as well as by Remigius of Lyons.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/h/hincmar.html (1656 words)

	Gottschalk - LoveToKnow 1911
		The next year at a provincial council at Quierzy, presided over by Charles the Bald, he attempted to justify his ideas, but was again condemned as a heretic and disturber of the public peace, was degraded from the priesthood, whipped, obliged to burn his declaration of faith, and shut up in the monastery of Hautvilliers.
		Hincmar wrote De praedestinatione and De una non trina deitate against his views, but gained little aid from Johannes Scotus Erigena, whom he had called in as an authority.
		Nothing came of this, however, and when Hincmar learned that Gottschalk had fallen ill, he forbade him the sacraments or burial in consecrated ground unless he would recant.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Gottschalk (671 words)

	Hincmar
		Hincmar, Archbishop of Reims, one of the most remarkable figures in the ecclesiastical history of France, belonged to a noble family of the north or northeast of Gaul.
		Hincmar experienced another check when he endeavored to prevent Wulfad, one of the clerks deposed by Ebbo, from obtaining the archbishopric of Bourges with the support of Charles the Bald.
		Hincmar of Laon refused to recognize the authority of his metropolitan, and entered into an open struggle with his uncle, who exposed his errors in a treatise called Opusculum LV capitulorum, and procured his condemnation and deposition at the synod of Douzy (871).
	www.nndb.com /people/859/000103550 (1358 words)

	[No title]
		In October 848 he presented to the synod at Mainz a profession of faith and a refutation of the ideas expressed by Hrabanus Maurus in his letter to Notting.
		Hincmar wrote De praedestinatione and De una non trina deitate against his views, but gained little aid from Johannes Scotus.Erigena, whom he had called in as an authority.
		Hincmar either could not or would not appear, but declared that Gottschalk might go to defend himself before the pope.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=29195 (665 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. \| Christian Classics Ethereal Library
		In December, 844, Hincmar took a prominent part in the council at Verneuil, and in April of the following year at the council of Beauvais he was elected by the clergy and people of Rheims to be their archbishop.
		Hincmar maintained that he was entirely unfit for the office, and as the Pope agreed with him Odoacer was excommunicated.
		Hincmar, in relating this vision, calls attention to its similarity to those told in the Dialogues of Gregory the Great, the Ecclesiastical History of Bede, in the writings of St. Boniface, and to that of Wettin, which Walahfrid Strabo related.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc4.i.xiv.xxxiv.html (3150 words)

	Hincmar - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Hincmar vigorously opposed Gottschalk and urged (850) Erigena to write on predestination.
		He strongly opposed the divorce of Lothair, king of Lotharingia, and he spent much of his time in defending the claims of Charles in various dynastic struggles, particularly against Louis the German.
		Hincmar openly challenged the authenticity of portions of the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals [see False Decretals ].
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Hincmar.html (344 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Hincmar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 844 he became the trusted counselor of Charles the Bald, was made archbishop, 845, and for 40 years was a decisive factor in the policies of the West-Frankish Empire.
		Hincmar took a leading part in opposing the predestination theories of Gottschalk.
		In 858 he procured the appointment of his nephew Hincmar (died 879) to the See of Laon, but the latter's ambitious violent disposition led to such trouble that he incurred his uncle's censure and was deposed in 871.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saintS/ncd03949.htm (136 words)

	HINCMAR (c. 805-882) - Online Information article about HINCMAR (c. 805-882)
		composition of the collection are still an open question, but it is certain that Hincmar was one of the first to know of their existence, and apparently he was not aware that the documents were forged.
		Holy See, tended to curtail the rights of the metropolitans, of which Hincmar was so jealous.
		Hincmar of Laon refused to recognize the authority of his metropolitan, and entered into an open struggle with his uncle, who exposed his errors in a treatise called Opusculum LV.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /HIG_HOR/HINCMAR_c_805_882_.html (1970 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hincmar, Bishop of Laon
		In the beginning of 858 the younger Hincmar, a nephew on the mother's side of the famous Hincmar of Reims, was elevated by his uncle's favour to the See of Laon, a suffragan of Reims.
		Charles the Bald took from the younger Hincmar his abbey and his court office, and sequestrated the revenues of the diocese, but the latter measure aroused the protest of the elder Hincmar himself.
		In spite of his renewed appeal to the pope, Hincmar of Laon was deposed at the Synod of Douci, in 871, in punishment of his conduct towards the king and the metropolitan.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07357a.htm (461 words)

	AllRefer.com - Lothair, king of Lotharingia (French History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		He was joined to Theutberga, the sister of one of his father's vassals, in an arranged marriage; after the death of Lothair I he repudiated her and married his mistress Waldrada, by whom he had a son.
		Theutberga appealed to Bishop Hincmar, a counselor to King Charles the Bald of the West Franks (later Emperor of the West Charles II).
		Hincmar supported Theutberga and with the aid of Pope Nicholas I forced Lothair to reinstate her.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/LothairLot.html (285 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. \| Christian Classics Ethereal Library
		Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, a most influential, proud and intolerant prelate, was ill-disposed towards Gottschalk, because he had been somewhat irregularly (though not invalidly) ordained to the priesthood by a rural bishop (chorepiscopus), Rigbold of Rheims, without the knowledge of his own bishop of Soissons, and gone on travels without permission of his abbot.
		He also offered, in reliance on the grace of God, to undergo the fiery ordeal before the king, the bishops and monks, to step successively into four cauldrons of boiling water, oil, fat and pitch, and then to walk through a blazing pile; but nobody could be found to accept the challenge.
		Hincmar refused to grant him in his last sickness the communion and Christian burial) except on condition of full recantation.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc4.i.xi.xvi.html (505 words)

	Gotteschalk
		Hincmar, though a rather learned man, was also arrogant and cruel.
		Even the rage of Hincmar could not elicit from this saint a denial of what he believed to be God's truth.
		Hincmar forbad that he be buried in consecrated ground, and the last indignity of dying outside the church was heaped on him.
	www.prca.org /books/portraits/gottes.htm (1509 words)

	Prudentius
		A Bishop of Troyes, born in Spain; died at Troyes on 6 April, 861; celebrated opponent of Hincmar in the controversy on predestination.
		In the controversy on predestination between Gottschalc of Orbais, Archbishop Hincmar of Reims, and Bishop Pardulus of Laon, he opposed Hincmar in an epistle addressed to him.
		In this epistle, which was written about 849, he defends against Hincmar a double predestination, viz, one for reward, the other for punishment, not, however, for sin.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/p/prudentius.html (389 words)

	Westminster Seminary California clark
		Hincmar replied contra Gottschalk by warning his parishioners in his tract, "To the Rural and Simple" to which Gottschalk replied with his Longer Confession (Confessio prolixior).
		In response Hincmar wrote Concerning the Predestination of God and Free Will (De praedestinatione Dei et libero arbitrio) arguing that if God reprobates then he is the author of sin which was mainly a collection of Patristic quotations.
		Hincmar was mainly a canon lawyer and politician who was outmatched by Gottschalk.
	www.wscal.edu /clark/gottschalk.php (913 words)

	Feudalism, A new Kind of Freedom
		At one point he was drawn into a controversy between a monk, Gottschalk, and an archbishop, Hincmar, over Augustine's theory of predestination.
		Gottschalk, of course, rejoiced openly that Hincmar was certainly among the reprobates.
		Hincmar then wrote opposing Gottschalk, but his writings had little effect so he called on Erigena to intervene.
	n4bz.org /gsr5/gsr503.htm (1828 words)

	AllRefer.com - Hincmar (Roman Catholic And Orthodox Churches: General Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Hincmar, Roman Catholic And Orthodox Churches: General Biographies
		Hincmar openly challenged the authenticity of portions of the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals [see False Decretals].
		As a strong upholder of tradition, Hincmar defended the practice of public penance and initiated a reform in the French clerical life of the period.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/H/Hincmar.html (304 words)

	A Bibliographical Review of Historiography on Gottschalk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hincmar, archevêque de Reims, 845-882, Jean Devisse devotes much of his first volume to Hincmar's controversies with Gottschalk.
		Nineham (p.3) notes that Hincmar was technically acting beyond his jurisdiction in confining Gottschalk, since such matters lay under the jurisdiction of the bishop, not the archbishop.
		Hincmar of Laon and Carolingian Politics, Urbana, IL, 1978.
	gregscouch.homestead.com /files/Gottschalk.html (5182 words)

	shoes mother bride Mothers Little Helper
		Hincmar, the Archbishop of Rheims (845-882), attempted to resolve these conflicting views in his treatise De Divortio.
		In addition, it is worth noting that Hincmar states that the marriage must be celebrated in public, rather than secretly.
		In contrast to Hincmar, who gave equal weight to consent and consummation, the twelfth-century Camaldolese monk, Gratian, considered consent to be the "sole essential that could not be omitted".
	www.motherslittlehelper.co.uk /shoes-mother-bride.html (567 words)

	Literary Encyclopedia: Hincmar of Rheims
		Hincmar is most famous for his treatises on kingship and the good functioning of the kingdom, in which he depicts the king as the law-maker on God’s behalf.
		According to Hincmar, the king himself is subject to the law and must emulate biblical rulers in administering his office.
		Hincmar is also the author of a Vita Sancti Remigii [Life of Saint Remy] and of a portion of the Annales Bertiniani [Annals of St Bertin] for the years 861–82.
	www.litencyc.com /php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=5930 (547 words)

	Hincmar - Résultats de la recherche - MSN Encarta
		Hincmar - Résultats de la recherche - MSN Encarta
		Hincmar (806-882), homme d'Église et théologien français, qui fut l'un des principaux conseillers de Charles le Chauve.
		Parallèlement, avec l’appui de l’Église et de son conseiller Hincmar, Charles II s’emploie à poursuivre les efforts de Charlemagne pour préserver la...
	fr.ca.encarta.msn.com /Hincmar.html (63 words)

	TIME.com: Life Without Charles -- Dec. 21, 1962 -- Page 1
		Of all her pale heroes, Miss Duckett does best by Hincmar, whose Annals are the major source of her book.
		Hincmar lived 74 years, spent 40 of them in Prankish courts and divided his time between dark treatises on predestination and darker plots.
		Hincmar's cold spirit is the only one that comes alive in the book and, seen in his final years, working tirelessly to bolster the inept rule of Louis the Stammerer, son of Charles the Bald, he seems the only man in the century who grew half the height of Charlemagne.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,940192,00.html (685 words)

	Gottschalk: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		Rabanus and Hincmar worked to suppress him, and Gottschalk was condemned in 848 and 849, deposed from the priesthood, and imprisoned in the monastery of Hautvilliers.
		Trina Deitas: The Controversy between Hincmar and Gottschalk
		Dissatisfied with Erigenas tract, Hincmar wrote three treatises on...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/gottschalk.jsp (1422 words)

	An Account Of The Holy Baptism In The Ninth Century: Summary Of Baptism In The Ninth Century
		In the margin, mention is made of Ulric, Bishop of Augsburg, that he accused the pope of error.
		Hincmar, Bishop of Landun, opposes the baptism of infants, and prohibits their being baptized; on account of which he is severely accused.
		It is a pity and to be lamented, that the ancients have not left us more information regarding the particular points maintained by Hincmar, Bishop of Rheims, against the pope, and, consequently, also against the Roman church.
	www.homecomers.org /mirror/martyrs031.htm (4551 words)

	History of France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A great churchman, Hincmar, Archbishop of Rheims (806-82), was the deviser of the new arrangement.
		To Hincmar, the dream of a united Christendom did not appear under the guise of an empire, however ideal, but under the concrete form of a number of unit States, each being a member of one mighty body, the great Republic of Christendom.
		He would replace the empire by a Europe of which France was one member.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/france.html (1990 words)

	Adrian
		He wrote to Charles praising him for his virtues and his benefits to the Church, promised him the imperial crown on Louis's death, and offered the soothing explanation that earlier less pacific letters had been either extorted from him during sickness or falsified.
		In the matter of Hincmar of Laon, he made partial concessions, which were completed by his successor, John VIII.
		But Emperor Basil the Macedonian dealt these claims a severe blow when he caused the envoys of the Bulgarians (see BULGARIANS, CONVERSION OF THE) to declare to the legates that their country belonged to the patriarchate not of Rome, but of Constantinople.
	cblibrary.org /schaff_h/aa/adrian.htm (3638 words)

	The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals (also known as the False Decretals)
		The collection was intended to reform canon law and to support bishops in their continual struggle against lay control and interference from powerful metropolitans in diocesan affairs.
		Therefore, the claims made by anti-Catholics that the pseudo-Isidorian Decretals were instrumental in establishing the temporal authority of the papacy are totally without foundation.
		Archbishop Hincmar of Reims, the most powerful prelate in the West of the mid-ninth century, had deposed Bishop Rothad of Soissons and confined him in a monastery.
	www.angelfire.com /ms/seanie/forgeries/pseudoisidore.html (1533 words)

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