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Topic: Hindbrain

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	Moens Lab Projects
		The unique regionalization of the hindbrain is linked to a segmental pattern: the hindbrain is divided into seven reiterated units, the rhombomeres.
		In the absence of Pbx function, the entire segmented region of the hindbrain is transformed to a single ground-state identity, that of rhombomere 1.
		Once established, the regional patterning of the hindbrain manifests itself in the segment-specific projections and behaviors of differentiated neurons.
	www.fhcrc.org /science/labs/moens/projects.html (1072 words)

	Vertebrate hindbrain segmentation
		The rhombomeres are essential in establishing the developmental pattern of hindbrain and cranio-facial morphogenesis and it is clear that Hox genes, which are homologs to the Drosophila homeotics, are key in regulating such segmentation.
		The Krox-20 protein is expressed at high levels in r3 and r5 during the early stages of hindbrain development and is capable of binding to an r3/r5 enhancer element in the Hoxb-2 gene (Sham et al.
		Segmental and neuronal architecture of the hindbrain of Krox-20 mouse mutants.
	www.ucalgary.ca /UofC/eduweb/virtualembryo/hox_Kreisler.html (1611 words)

	Breathing patterns in children with craniofacial dysostosis and hindbrain herniation -- Gonsalez et al. 11 (4): 866 -- ...
		In the past few years, hindbrain herniation has become recognized as a frequent feature of the child with syndromic craniofacial dysostosis.
		The aim of the present study was to document the incidence of obstructive and central respiratory abnormalities during sleep in craniofacial syndromes with hindbrain herniation.
		Hindbrain herniation was not associated with a high incidence of central sleep apnoea.
	erj.ersjournals.com /cgi/content/abstract/11/4/866 (281 words)

	Zebrafish-Loda
		Hypothesis: Hoxb1a is known to have stable expression in the r4 region of the hindbrain, and is predicted to have a role in the development of normal r4 identity.
		Hypothesis: Because of observed patterns of expression, it is predicted that Hoxb1b is necessary for the proper patterning of the segments of the hindbrain.
		The Hoxb1b morpholino caused a posterior shift in the boundary between the r3 and r4 regions, causing r3 to extend farther, and r4 to be reduced in extention.
	www.unr.nevada.edu /~loda/index2.html (1919 words)

	Vicky Prince (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In all vertebrates that have been studied the hindbrain passes through a segmented phase shortly after the neural tube has formed, with a series of seven bulges termed "rhombomeres" forming along the anterior-posterior extent of the neural tube.
		This rhombomeric organization underlies the later neuronal architecture of the hindbrain and since the hindbrain is the most evolutionarily ancient part of the vertebrate brain, its basic organization is similar across vertebrate species.
		The crest cells contribute to the cranial ganglia and to the cartilaginous elements of the adjacent pharyngeal arches.
	neurobiology.bsd.uchicago.edu /retreat01_vp.html (285 words)

	Noradrenergic neurons in the zebrafish hindbrain are induced by retinoic acid and require tfap2a for expression of the ...
		Noradrenergic neurons in the zebrafish hindbrain are induced by retinoic acid and require tfap2a for expression of the neurotransmitter phenotype -- Holzschuh et al.
		tegmentum and in bilateral stripes by hindbrain and spinal chord
		RA induces the expression of tfap2a in the hindbrain.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/130/23/5741 (8518 words)

	Krox-20 patterns the hindbrain through both cell-autonomous and non cell-autonomous mechanisms -- Giudicelli et al. 15 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Flat mounts of hindbrains of embryos electroporated with Krox-20, incubated for 24 h (18 h in A and B) and hybridized with the indicated probes.
		Barrow, J.R., Stadler, H.S., and Capecchi, M.R. Roles of Hoxa1 and Hoxa2 in patterning the early hindbrain of the mouse.
		Murphy, P. and Hill, R.E. Expression of the mouse labial-like homeobox-containing genes, Hox 2.9 and Hox 1.6, during segmentation of the hindbrain.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/15/5/567 (7387 words)

	New insights into the evolution of the hindbrain
		The advent of the hindbrain is an evolutionarily important event in the organization of the central nervous system.
		In vertebrates, the hindbrain is a segmented structure, subdivided into clearly demarcated units called rhombomeres, which generate specific sets of neurons.
		These findings indicate that, in the lamprey, hindbrain neural identities and rhombomeric segmentation are governed by independent mechanisms, providing strong counter-evidence to one prevailing model that suggests that the establishment of neuronal identity is a Hox-dependent process.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-02/rcfd-nii022804.php (432 words)

	Locomotion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		M.L. Shik, Tel Aviv University, on the neurophysiology of hindbrain neurons during transition from rest to evoked locomotion in newt and salamander.
		The analysis of neuronal firing patterns and their relation to stimuli and the subsequent locomotor behavior revealed some interesting findings about how the hindbrain neurons are recruited and how their activity is translated to downstream stages.
		Bar-Gad I., Kagan I., Shik M.L. (1999) Behavior of hindbrain neurons during the transition from rest to evoked locomotion in a newt.
	igoresha.virtualave.net /Main/Locomotion.html (243 words)

	Robb Krumlauf - Stowers Institute for Medical Research
		One biological focus of the group is the hindbrain and its relationship to head development.
		The hindbrain is a complex co-ordination center in the vertebrate CNS and an important source of patterning information that influences the generation of head and facial structures.
		The formation of regional diversity in the hindbrain is achieved through a process of segmentation, whereby neural tissue is transiently divided into seven segmental units, termed rhombomeres.
	www.stowers-institute.org /labs/KrumlaufLab.asp (1982 words)

	Perinatal lethality and defects in hindbrain development in mice homozygous for a targeted mutation of the zinc finger ...
		Perinatal lethality and defects in hindbrain development in mice homozygous for a targeted mutation of the zinc finger gene Krox20.
		Swiatek PJ and Gridley T: Perinatal lethality and defects in hindbrain development in mice homozygous for a targeted mutation of the zinc finger gene Krox20.
		Krox20 is a zinc finger gene expressed in rhombomeres 3 and 5 during hindbrain development in vertebrates.
	www.bioscience.org /knockout/ref/swiatek.htm (167 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		Later on, expression is detectable in the isthmic region, the hindbrain and the neural tube.
		Subsequently, expression is restricted to the isthmus, a dorsal stripe of expression extending throughout the hindbrain in the ventricular region and the cells adjacent to rhombomere boundaries.
		The RNA of the noncluster homeobox gene, Xgbx-2, is localized during neurulation to a narrow band of tissue at the midbrain hindbrain boundary (anterior hindbrain).
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/dbzhnsky/unplug2.htm (6469 words)

	HSC News Details
		As an animal embryo develops, the hindbrain starts as a flat plate, then curls to form what is called the neural tube.
		Capecchi and British researchers discovered in 1996 that the Hoxb1 gene orders the development of nerve cells in hindbrain segment 4 that send out nerve fibers to control facial muscles that let people smile, frown or pucker their lips, and that allow mice to wiggle their whiskers, pull back their ears and blink their eyes.
		Researchers study the hindbrain because "hunger, thirst, fear, sex, breathing - all the primitive reactions of an animal, even ourselves, are controlled by the hindbrain," he adds.
	uuhsc.utah.edu /pubaffairs/news_detail.cfm?ID=26525 (1301 words)

	Localization of Leptin Receptor (Ob-R) Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Rodent Hindbrain -- Mercer et al. 139 (1): 29 ...
		receptor gene expression in the mouse and rat hindbrain.
		Photomicrographs of 20-µm murine hindbrain sections on which in situ hybridization was performed using antisense (a–c) or sense (d) probes specific to the intracellular domain (Ob-Rb) of the leptin receptor gene.
		Photomicrographs of 20-µm rat hindbrain sections on which in situ hybridization for the leptin receptor gene was performed using antisense (a–c) or sense (d) probes to the common extracellular sequence of the rat gene (Ob-R) or the intracellular domain of the mouse gene (Ob-Rb).
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/139/1/29 (3639 words)

	The retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme, CYP26A1, is essential for normal hindbrain patterning, vertebral identity, and ...
		in the patterning of the caudal hindbrain, pharyngeal arches and otocyst in the mouse.
		Eichele, G., Tickle, C., and Alberts, B.M. Studies on the mechanism of retinoid-induced pattern duplications in the early chick limb bud: temporal and spatial aspects.
		Gavalas, A. and Krumlauf, R. Retinoid signalling and hindbrain patterning.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/15/2/226 (6603 words)

	Xpbx1b and Xmeis1b play a collaborative role in hindbrain and neural crest gene expression in Xenopus embryos -- Maeda ...
		Note the distinct Xpbx1 staining in the forebrain, hindbrain, and caudal branchial arch.
		Note strong expression of Xmeis1 in the midbrain, hindbrain, caudal and rostral branchial arches, and somites.
		midbrain, hindbrain, and the length of the spinal cord (Fig.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/8/5448 (4807 words)

	facegene: University of Utah News Release: October 7, 2003
		The image of a mouse embryo show different portions of the developing nervous system, including hindbrain segments 4 and 5, where genes guide the formation of nerves controlling facial expressions and eyeball movements.
		Researchers study the hindbrain because “hunger, thirst, fear, sex, breathing – all the primitive reactions of an animal, even ourselves, are controlled by the hindbrain,” he adds.
		Although we used the hindbrain to observe this, it is likely occurring throughout the developing brain and spinal cord.”
	www.utah.edu /unews/releases/03/oct/facegene.html (1354 words)

	Alexandra L. Joyner
		A second organizer we study expresses the secreted factor Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and regulates dorsal/ventral patterning of the embryonic CNS and postnatal growth of the cerebellum.
		Experiments performed in chick embryos more than a decade ago showed that the isthmus that separates the midbrain and hindbrain can induce midbrain or cerebellar structures in ectopic locations in the brain.
		This suggested that anterior/posterior patterning of the midbrain and anterior hindbrain is controlled by a centrally located isthmus organizer that instructs the cells on one side to become the midbrain cell types and on the other side to become the cerebellum.
	www.hhmi.org /research/investigators/joyner.html (1441 words)

	Xenopus Meis3 protein forms a hindbrain-inducing center by activating FGF/MAP kinase and PCP pathways -- Aamar and ...
		In situ hybridization was performed to the otx2 (forebrain) and Krox20 (hindbrain) markers.
		In elongated explants, expression of the Krox20 and HoxB3 hindbrain
		and morphogenetic cell movements characteristic of the hindbrain.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/131/1/153 (6142 words)

	Defects in embryonic hindbrain development and fetal resorption resulting from vitamin A deficiency in the rat are ...
		Defects in embryonic hindbrain development and fetal resorption resulting from vitamin A deficiency in the rat are prevented by feeding pharmacological levels of all-trans-retinoic acid -- White et al.
		Defects in embryonic hindbrain development and fetal resorption resulting from vitamin A deficiency in the rat are prevented by feeding pharmacological levels of all-trans-retinoic acid
		Key roles of retinoic acid receptors alpha and beta in the patterning of the caudal hindbrain, pharyngeal arches and otocyst in the mouse
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/95/23/13459 (926 words)

	1999; Influence of the hindbrain on PAX2 expression in the embryonic chick inner ear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		First we altered the otocysts position in relation to the hindbrain by rotating the otocyst 180 degrees about the antero-posterior axis between stages (st.) 15-18.
		In the second set of experiments, we tried to reduce the influence of the hindbrain on the otocyst by ablating the hindbrain adjacent to the developing otic placode/otocyst (st. 12-17).
		Finally, to isolate the ototcyst from the influence of the periotic mesenchyme on Pax2 expression, otocysts were explanted into the hindbrain of a stage-matched host embryo.
	www.aro.org /archives/1999/46.html (439 words)

	.: Department of Biology: Bruce B. Riley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The primary focus of research is on inner ear and hindbrain development.
		Hindbrain development: The hindbrain is overtly segmented during early development.
		Each hindbrain segment (rhombomere) has a unique identity with characteristic cell types, but there are also a series of common cell types produced in all rhombomeres.
	www.bio.tamu.edu /FACMENU/faculty/riley.htm (805 words)

	Charles Sagerström - BMP Faculty - UMass Medical School (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		We are studying genes that control early neural development, particularly formation of the caudal CNS (hindbrain and spinal cord) in the zebrafish, using a three-step strategy.
		Second, we are using ‘expression profiling’ to identify novel genes expressed downstream of paralog group 1 hox genes in the caudal hindbrain. Third, we are undertaking a haploid genetic screen for mutations affecting hindbrain development. Fourth, we are using co-precipitation together with MALDI-TOF analysis to identify interacting partners of proteins known to regulate hindbrain development.
		Meis family proteins are required for hindbrain development in the zebrafish.
	www.umassmed.edu /pharmacology/faculty/sagerstrom.cfm?start=0& (797 words)

	Dr. Sabine P. Cordes
		In humans disruption of hindbrain patterning can result in craniofacial syndromes, while defects in serotonergic neurons and neurotransmission have been implicated in some human disorders of mood and mind, such as depression, schizophrenia, and anorexia nervosa.
		In kr/kr homozygotes a primary defect in hindbrain segmentation leads to abnormal differentiation of the otic vesicle and deafness and circling behavior in adult mice.
		Because the Kreisler protein regulates gene expression by forming protein complexes and is one of the earliest genes known to regulate vertebrate hindbrain patterning, we are using Kreisler as an entry point into understanding the mechanisms underlying early hindbrain segmentation and craniofacial development.
	www.utoronto.ca /medicalgenetics/PIs/Cordes.htm (503 words)

	Lactate is a critical "sensed" variable in caudal hindbrain monitoring of CNS metabolic stasis -- Patil and Briski 289 ...
		Lactate is a critical "sensed" variable in caudal hindbrain monitoring of CNS metabolic stasis -- Patil and Briski 289 (6): R1777 -- AJP - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
		Articles by Patil, G. Articles by Briski, K. Lactate is a critical "sensed" variable in caudal hindbrain monitoring of CNS metabolic stasis
		caudal hindbrain, we investigated the hypothesis that lactate
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/289/6/R1777 (360 words)

	Home Page
		Section of an embryonic day 11.5 mouse hindbrain double-labeled for serotonin (red) and the 5-HT2A receptor (green).
		We are located in the Department of Biology at the University of Washington in Seattle.
		Midline serotonergic neurones contribute to widespread synchronized activity in embryonic mouse hindbrain.
	faculty.washington.edu /martibee (157 words)

	Moens Lab Bibliography
		Moens, C.B & Prince, V.E. Constructing the hindbrain: Insights from the zebrafish.
		Cooke, J., Moens, C.B., Shiomi, K., Durbin, L., Brennan, C., Wilson, S., Kimmel, C.B. & Holder, N. Eph signalling is downstream of valentino and is important for the subdivision of the caudal hindbrain.
		Prince, V.E., Moens, C.B., Kimmel, C.B. & Ho, R.K. Zebrafish hox genes: expression in the hindbrain region of wild-type and mutants of the segmentation gene, valentino.
	www.fhcrc.org /science/labs/moens/pubs.html (395 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Hindbrain - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Hindbrain: the posterior portion of the brain including cerebellum and brainstem
		The following terms can be used for Hindbrain
		A hierarchical classification of Hindbrain: The following list attempts to classify Hindbrain into categories where each line is subset of the next.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/hindbrain.htm (154 words)

	How genes orchestrate facial expressions
		"In this study we looked at what nerves are made in a particular part of the brain, the hindbrain," says geneticist Mario Capecchi, professor and co-chair of human genetics at the University of Utah School of Medicine and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI).
		The findings will be published in the Nov. 1 issue of the journal Development.
		In the hindbrain, like the rest of the body, the Hox genes provide information that makes each segment of the body develop unique from other segments."
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-10/uouh-hgo100603.php (1300 words)

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