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	Hindi Language - ninemsn Encarta
		Native speakers of Hindi are concentrated in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Rajasthan.
		Hindi is an Indo-Aryan language, a direct descendant of Sanskrit, and is written in the Devanagari script.
		In essence, Hindi and Urdu, the official language of Pakistan, are the same language, but Urdu is written in the Persian-Arabic script and has adopted a large part of its vocabulary from those languages, whereas Hindi draws on Sanskrit vocabulary.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_781538961/Hindi_Language.html (317 words)

	Hindi Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Hindi is only one of the 18 officially recognised Indian languages and as it is for the other languages, also Hindi includes many dialects.
		Hindi counts with around ten variations, among which we find the formal Khariboli, used in literature, and the more colourful Bambayina, spoken in the streets of Bombay and used in Indian films to identify broody characters.
		A peculiarity of Hindi grammar is that it is SOV-oriented.
	www.learn-foreign-languages.net /lflnet/hindi.asp (444 words)

	Hindi
		Hindi is the official and the link language of multilingual India.
		Early literature, which was predominantly poetry, was written in a variety of Hindi dialects such as Braj and Avadhi.
		Hindi literature consists of all genres, such as poetry, drama, short stories, novels, and essays.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~wheelerm/hindi.htm (1116 words)

	Hindi - Wikinfo
		Hindi is an Indian language spoken in most states in northern and central India.
		Hindi became the official language of India on January 26, 1965 and is the third most spoken language in the world, after Chinese and English.
		Linguists think of Hindi and Urdu as the same language, the difference being that Hindi is written in Devanagari and draws vocabulary from Sanskrit, while Urdu is written in Arabic script and draws on Persian and Arabic.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Hindi (892 words)

	Indian literature Summary
		Kannada literature is the third oldest in Indian literature next to Sanskrit literature and Tamil literature.
		Hindi literature started as religious and philosophical poetry in medieval periods in dialects like Avadhi and Brij.
		Arab and Persian vocabulary based on the Hindi language resulted in a vast and extremely beloved class of ghazal literature, usually written by Muslims in contexts ranging from romance and society to philosophy and devotion to Allah.
	www.bookrags.com /Indian_literature (2600 words)

	BhashaIndia.com :: Hindi Literature
		Literature in linguistics is almost as important as archaeological artifacts are to the study of civilization.
		The Bhaktikaal is known as the Golden Age of Hindi literature on account of the beauty of the concepts portrayed as well as the choice of words used to present them.
		This period of awakening for the Indian populace and its reflection in literature is sometimes referred to as the ‘Dwivedi' period, for Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, one of the forerunners of nationalist writing.
	www.bhashaindia.com /Patrons/LanguageTech/HindiLiterature.aspx (1877 words)

	Hindi Language, History of hindi language, History of hindi, Hindi Literature, Hindi Dictionary, Hindi Grammer, Hindi ...
		Hindi, an Indo-European language spoken mainly in northern and central India, is the primary official language of the Union government of India.
		Hindi text in Devnagari script (a prayer to a Hindu deity)Hindi is the predominant language in the states and union territories of Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttaranchal, Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Chattisgarh.
		Hindi is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, due to the large population of India.
	www.nriol.com /hindi-page.asp (821 words)

	INDIAN MIRROR - ARTS - Literature
		Sanskrit literature is at least 3000 years old and its role in maintaining the unity and culture of India can be seen from the various periods of literature including the Vedas and the classicals.
		The history of Hindi literature begins around 1000 A.D. The main trendsetters in the early period till the 14th century were the Siddhas, the Jain poets, the Antha Panthis and the Heroic poets.
		The modern period of Hindi literature commences with the second half of the 19th century with Bharatendu Harischandra (1850- 84) as the pioneer.
	www.indianmirror.com /arts/arts7.html (2773 words)

	An Introduction to Hindi and Urdu : INTRODUCTION : The Development of Hindi and Urdu
		The true flowering of Hindi literature, however, was not a product of the period of heroic poetry but rather of the time between the 15th and 17th centuries which is called the bhakti age because of the dominance of bhakti, religious devotion, in the literature of that period.
		Since both Hindi and Urdu writers were forced to come to grips with the same problems of rapid social change and cultural disorientation that struck India during the 19th century, the histories of the two literatures tend to converge during that period.
		The fact that Hindi and Urdu have one of the world's leading traditions of written literature should not be allowed to overshadow the rich oral folk literature that continues to thrive in the Hindi dialects.
	www.angelfire.com /indie/himhindi/introch0.html (5829 words)

	History of the Hindi
		Linguists think of Hindi and Urdu as the same language, the difference being that Hindi is written in Devanagari and draws vocabulary from Sanskrit, while Urdu is written in Persian script and draws on Persian and Arabic.
		The development of Hindi into a national language had its beginnings in the colonial period, when the British began to cultivate it as a standard among government officials.
		Hindi became the official language of India on January 26, 1965, although English and 21 other languages are recognised as official languages by the Constitution of India.
	www.hindilanguage.org /hindi/history.asp (401 words)

	Hindi literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In ancient period of Hindi or Adi Kaal (before 1400 CE), Hindi literature was developed in the states of Kannauj, Delhi and Ajmer.
		The person who brought realism in the Hindi prose literature was Munshi Premchand, who is considered as the most revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement.
		Navyottara is the post-modernist period of Hindi literature, marked by a questioning of early trends that copied the West as well as the excessive ornamentation of the Chhayavaadi movement, and by a return to simple language and natural themes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hindi_literature (1553 words)

	Hindi literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Hindi literature may be traced back to medieval times when poets composed in dialects such as Brij-Bhasha and Avadhi.
		The most popular practising Hindi poet in the last decades of the twentieth century, Nagarjun is considered as the only poet, after Tulasidas, to have an audience ranging from the rural sections of society to the elite.
		Hindi was to be the Rajbhasha but it was not practically not possible to change the official language all over the country in one day.
	o3.indiatimes.com /mann/archive/2005/05/24/120338.aspx (2285 words)

	Indian literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Indian literature has also thrived in modern times; notable contributors to modern Indian literature include such writers as the Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore, India's first Nobel laureate, and the Persian and Urdu poet Allama Iqbal, both of whose philosophical poetry is renowned the world over.
		Hindi literature started as religious and philosophical poetry in medieval periods in dialects like Avadhi and Brij.
		Arab and Persian vocabulary based on the Hindi language resulted in a vast and extremely beloved class of ghazal literature, usually written by Muslims in contexts ranging from romance and society to philosophy and devotion to Allah.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indian_literature (2433 words)

	Sahitya Goshthhi: Hindi Literature in the Diaspora
		Sahitya Goshthhi was convened by Seema Khurana, Hindi Lector in the Department of Linguistics and the South Asian Studies Council and sponsored by the Rustgi Family Fund and the Edward J. and Dorothy Clarke Kempf Fund, with support from the South Asian Studies Council, Calhoun College, and the Yale Center for International and Area Studies.
		Hindi has been taught at Yale since 1999 and currently, Yale offers year-long language courses at the beginning and intermediate levels and a semester-long advanced literature course.
		Hindi will be one of three South Asian languages taught at Yale, with Sanskrit have been taught at Yale since the 1840s and with Tamil entering the curriculum in 2004.
	www.yale.edu /macmillan/southasia/misc/Goshthhi.htm (276 words)

	Hindi Language,National Language of India,official Language of India,Devanagari Language
		Hindi is the National Language, and the regional language of six states.
		Hindi can be traced back to as early as the seventh or eighth century.
		Hindi literature as a whole can be divided into four stages: Adikal (the Early Period), Bhaktikal (the Devotional Period), Ritikal (the Scholastic Period) and Adhunikkal (the Modern Period).
	www.indiasite.com /language/hindi.html (1550 words)

	HINDI
		HINDI 404 Derivational Morphology of Hindi/Urdu (3) VLPA Shapiro
		Introduction to the Braj dialect of Hindi and its literature.
		Introduction to the Avadhi dialect of Hindi and its literature.
	www.washington.edu /students/crscat/hindi.html (334 words)

	MEALAC \| Hindi/Urdu Language FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Hindi and "Urdu" share an entirely common grammar, so from a linguistic point of view they are one language.
		Learning the Hindi script (which is easy and helpful to the learner) will help you with the Urdu script (which is a bit harder).
		Then you probably belong in either "Readings in Hindi Literature" or "Readings in Urdu Literature." Both are taught every semester, and are repeatable since the content changes every semester.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/mealac/languages/hindiurdu/faq.html (298 words)

	Untitled Document
		Students with previous knowledge of Hindi above the intermediate level may obtain a minor in Hindi by taking three additional Hindi courses above their present level in addition to an approved course in Hindi Literature.
		Prerequisites: Hindi 302 or equivalent, permission of the instructor, and approval of the MESAS Curriculum Committee.
		Can be used for directed study of Hindi literature in the original or for other interdisciplinary research in Hindi.
	www.mesas.emory.edu /academic/hindi.htm (250 words)

	Department of Asian Studies
		Hindi and Urdu are two languages with an identical grammar and vocabulary, but different scripts.
		Hindi is the national language of India, and Urdu of Pakistan; furthermore, there are millions of Urdu speakers throughout India.
		Hindi-Urdu also has a very sophisticated tradition of literature and the performing arts: from erotic love poetry to grand epics like The Mahabharata, and, of course, a thriving modern literature consisting of film songs, short stories, and novels which address colonial and postcolonial issues.
	www.unc.edu /depts/asia/program_hindi-urdu.html (859 words)

	South Asian Studies Council (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Hindi, a regional language of North India, is a comparatively recent literary language among the many languages of India.
		Thus, Hindi is now studied, taught, spoken and understood more widely, whether as mother tongue or as a second or a third language.
		Beginning in 1999, Yale’s Hindi language program has been based on the idea that true proficiency in any language can only be achieved through a deeper understanding of its parent and/or related culture(s).
	www.yale.edu /ycias/southasia/hindi.htm (257 words)

	MadanMohan Tarun : Makers of Modern Hindi Literature (43), MadanMohanTarun blogs on sulekha, Literature blogs, ...
		They never claimed themselves as historians of literature, but, produced their notable work in those days when a path of writing of history of Hindi literature was yet to be drowning.
		They did not mention any where their book as a History of literature, as they themselves were aware of the fact that it lacks requirements of strict historical approach and analysis.
		However, it was the first book published ever before on history of Hindi literature which carried critical notes on major poets and their categorization on the basis of appreciative understanding of the writers.
	madanmohantarun.sulekha.com /blog/post/2007/01/makers-of-modern-hindi-literature-43--2.htm (844 words)

	A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HINDI LITERATURE IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Early Hindi devotional literature in current research: proceedings of the International Middle Hindi Bhakti Conference, April 1979, organized by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
		McGregor, Ronald Stuart Hindi literature of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
		* Sharma, S.N. The jewel of Hindi literature.
	www.lib.washington.edu /Southasia/guides/hindilit.html (3800 words)

	Seasons India :: Hindi Literature of India
		was the foremost novelist in Hindi and Urdu.
		His Raag Darbari (Melody of the Court, one of the ragas, 1968) is the first satirical novel of its kind in Hindi spanning a wide spectrum of post-Independence rural India, specifically Avadh.
		It was Shrilal Shukla who took wit, irony and sarcasm to great heights in Hindi literature.
	www.seasonsindia.com /art_culture/lit_hindi_sea.htm (1917 words)

	NMM - HINDI LITERATURE
		Hindi, the national language, is the third most widely used language in the world.
		To speed up and modernize our literature production we are now praying for a 4-color offset machine.
		Pretty soon, there was a big crowd and two bundles of literature which our missionaries carried along with them were not enough to distribute.
	www.nmmindia.org /pubhl.htm (199 words)

	National Portal of India : Know India : Culture and Heritage
		Another popular literature, Tamil literature has a rich literary tradition spanning over 2000 years, and is particularly known for its poetic nature in the form of epics, and philosophical and secular works.
		The most famous works of the Indian literature can be traced in the vernacular languages of the northern Indian cults of Krishna and of Rama.
		Literature was also produced in the form of Bhakti (a personal devotion to a god) addressed to Rama (an avatar of Vishnu), most notably in the Avadhi (eastern Hindi) works of Tulsi Das; his ‘Ramcharitmanas’.
	india.gov.in /hindi/knowindia/literature.php (746 words)

	Indian Poets I Bio-Notes on Hindi Poets I
		In literature, Hindi moved from a phase of revivalist cultural nationalism in the 1910s to mainstream Gandhian nationalism in the 1920s and the early 1930s.
		Tar Saptak was an influential literary publication-series, launched in 1943, associated with a spirit of experimentalism in Hindi poetry, which, in turn, shaped the New Poetry or Nayi Kavita.
		She works as a journalist in Hindi and Punjabi, and has been the literary editor of the Hindi Sunday Observer and the Hindi editor of the Telegraph.
	www.geocities.com /indian_poets/hindi.html (1939 words)

	FLN 302: Advanced Hindi-Urdu II
		in Literature continues the third year of training in spoken and written Hindi-Urdu with special emphasis on the discussion of a variety of poetic masterpieces and their relationship to historical contexts, music, dance, film, and major South Asian religious traditions (Hindu, Muslim and Sikh).
		The primary objectives of this course are: to develop mature oral competency in idiomatic spoken Hindi-Urdu, and to acquire sufficient oral and written proficiency to express relatively sophisticated ideas and concepts in a culturally and linguistically authentic manner.
		Assignment: Read at least five poems by one Hindi or Urdu poet of your choice (the poet you choose does not have to be one of the poets discussed in class).
	sasw.chass.ncsu.edu /fl/faculty/taj/hindi/302SYLL.htm (1508 words)

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