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Topic: Hindustani language

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	Hindustani language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Urdū is the national language of Pakistan and an officially recognized regional language of India.
		The term became transferred to the court language of the Mughal aristocracy, whose dialect was based on the upper-class dialect of Delhi.
		Hindustānī is a weakly inflected language for case; the relationship of a noun in a sentence is usually shown by postpositions (i.e., prepositions that follow the noun).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hindustani_language (4267 words)

	Language in India
		Wilson wishes to substitute a language which is still in a comparatively rudimentary state and is spoken little by the educated classes for one which ahs reached a high stage of development, and is far better suited for expressing the technicalities of legal phraseology and abstract or complex ideas in general.
		A Hindustani making a tour of the Punjab would find few place (leaving out the Pashto-speaking districts on the frontier and some of the hill tracts in the north) where he would not be able to make his meaning known, the vocabulary and the grammar of the two languages being fundamentally the same.
		Hindustani is a purely popular language which has few scientific or abstract terms of its own; and as legal improvement and codification advanced, it became necessary to borrow various new words from other quarters.
	www.languageinindia.com /oct2001/punjab1.html (18943 words)

	The Language Movement of Pakistan
		Promoting native languages to become the official languages of their respective provinces or districts is the best solution to the problem.
		Languages that lack the essentials of today's constantly changing modern world can simply be further developed to meet the demands via proper linguistic institutions.
		Therefore, the British and their English language are not the true heritage of Pakistanis, but instead they are the bitter legacy of foreign subjugation and plunder.
	www.geocities.com /paklanguage (1945 words)

	Urdu Information Center - urdu recipe
		Urdu is, however, the language of prestige, all signage, and education, and the number of native Urdu speakers is increasing quickly in urban centers.
		The official language of the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and their successor states, as well as the cultured language of poetry and literature, was Persian, while the language of religion all about urdu was Arabic.
		The colloquial language spoken by villagers and the lower classes of Delhi is indistinguishable by ear, whether it is called Hindi or Urdu by its speakers.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_T_-_Z/Urdu.html (2892 words)

	Urdu Translation - Translate Urdu Language Translator
		It soon became the prized language of the Mughals, distinguished linguistically from local languages by its large and extensive Arabic-Persian vocabulary superimposed on a native Hindi base of grammar, usages and vocabulary.
		Urdu is a member of the Hindustani group of languages which is a subgroup of the Indo Aryan group of languages which is in turn part of the Indo European family of languages.
		As spoken language : Urdu is the lingua franca of Pakistan.
	www.translation-services-usa.com /languages/urdu.shtml (1600 words)

	The Hindustani Language - Greatest Islamic Language of the World
		The Hindustani Language, also known as Hindi in short, is the thrid most widely used language in the world and the most widely spoken Islamicate language.
		It is not to be confused with Vangi or Bengali, the Sanskrit-based language of the Hindus.
		This led to an intermingling of the languages of the Hindus and Muslims.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Ithaca/1335/Lang/hndy_lg.html (1593 words)

	Urdu - Hindustani - Hindi - Punjabi - Persian - Arabic - Language - Haryana Online - India
		It soon became the language of the Mughals, distinguished linguistically from local languages by its large and extensive Persian-Arabic vocabulary superimposed on a native Hindi base of grammar, usages and vocabulary.
		Hindustani is generally thought of as the language that encompasses both Urdu and Hindi and forms the mother language of these two languages.
		Urdu is one of the official languages of India, and while the government school system emphasizes Hindi, many universities, especially in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, continue to foster Urdu as a language of prestige and learning.
	www.haryana-online.com /urdu.htm (1988 words)

	Language and Politics in Jammu and Kashmir
		Language and culture are interrelated because the language regions possess certain homogeneity of culture and are characterized by common traits in history, folklore and literature.
		Since language and particularly mother tongue forms the core of this much publicized concept of 'Kashmiriat', this study has been undertaken to analyse the complex dynamics of language and politics in the multi-lingual state of Jammu and Kashmir.
		Given the importance of the subject, it is incumbent upon the linguists and anthropologists in India to unravel the mysteries of evolution and affinities of various mother tongues of Jammu and Kashmir State, in the broader context of race movement and civilisational evolution in north and north western India.
	www.koausa.org /Languages/Warikoo.html (6407 words)

	Raley, 'A Teleology of Letters; or, From a 'Common Source' to a Common Language' - _The Containment and Re-Deployment ...
		When the notion of a common source begets the notion of a common language, with "common" to resonate as the shared, the easily legible, the colloquial, and the vernacular, then two models of language emerge: the classic and the complex, on the one hand, and the demotic and the basic, on the other.
		Language as "mere instrument" signals a severing of language from ideas, and, by extension, culture, and this severing parallels the investiture of English as a vernacular stripped of racial, geographical, or cultural value.
		An emphasis on the vernacular as an international language puts a strange tension on the opposition between the local and the regional on the one hand, and the transnational or global on the other, particularly as the "vernacular dialect" that is soon to spread over the world quickly mutates into a "cosmopolitan tongue" (TP 25).
	www.rc.umd.edu /praxis/containment/raley/raley.html (4165 words)

	Official language of India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Against this stand of two different languages two of India’s notable leaders, Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, supported the idea of one Hindustani language which could be written in both forms.
		Other ‘Hindi’ languages are considered dialects of Hindi and their status in the different states of India isn’t clear and is interpreted differently by different parties.
		Besides the languages officially recognized by central or state governments, there are other languages which don’t have this recognition and their speakers are running political struggles to get this recognition.
	adaniel.tripod.com /Languages2.htm (1133 words)

	AllRefer.com - Hindustani (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		Hindi is the variety of Hindustani used by Hindus; it is also the official language of India.
		Urdu, on the other hand, is the form of Hindustani used by Muslims and is official in Pakistan; it is written in a modified form of the Arabic alphabet, is read from right to left, and has added a number of words borrowed from Arabic and Persian to its originally Indic vocabulary.
		Hindustani plays an important role in modern India as a lingua franca; the number of people who speak or understand Hindustani in India and Pakistan has been variously estimated, but it probably exceeds 400 million persons.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/H/Hindustani.html (446 words)

	Hindi Translation Services- Hindi to English, English to Hindi Translation
		As the region of India was ruled by the Mughal Empire (a Persian empire), the Hindustani language Urdu was spreading rapidly as the official language.
		Hindustani includes both the Hindi and Urdu languages, which are considered by linguists to be the same language.
		Everyday use of both languages is, in fact, homogeneous; Urdu and Hindi share grammar and vocabulary and common street-talk is barely distinct between the two.
	www.advancedlanguage.com /hindi.htm (1343 words)

	languagehat.com: SPANISH NOW MAIN LANGUAGE OF U.S.
		SPANISH NOW MAIN LANGUAGE OF U.S. Or so says the Guardian, in a story by Alan Smithers about a decline in the study of French and German: "The four most often spoken languages in the world are, in order, Mandarin, English, Hindustani and Spanish.
		We can't directly blame the (admittedly often slipshod and credulous) research practices of journalists, because the author of the article, Alan Smithers, is "director of the centre for education and employment research at the University of Buckingham", and thus not a journalist at all.
		Maidhc, the language of administration of Puerto Rico is Spanish, Spanish is the first language of a good majority of its population (which holds US citizenship) and it has been US territory for over a century.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/002462.php (2364 words)

	Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) word etymology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Because Hindustani is not an immediate descendant of Sanskrit, the origin of common Hindustani words can be obscure.
		Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu developed over hundreds of years throughout India (which formerly included what is now Pakistan).
		Therefore, Hindustani is the language as it evolved organically.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Origin_of_some_common_Hindustani_words (665 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The everyday language that people speak to each other is the same, and if the choice of words being a bit different for different communities makes different languages, then American English and British English are different languages too.
		The differentiation of languages in the popular mind is regrettably influenced more by politics and prejudice than by linguistic science.
		Once, before the British implemented their divide and rule strategy in India, Urdu and Hindi were thought of as two facets of the same language, Hindustani.
	www.urdustan.com /alup/hindustani01.txt (444 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:hns
		Trinidad Bhojpuri, Sarnami Hindustani (Sarnami Hindi, Aili Gaili).
		Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%.
		90% or more of the Hindustanis are reported to speak English or Trinidadian Creole English as first language.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=hns (271 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 2002073358 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This concise but practical introduction to Arabic, Persian, and Hindustani furnishes anyone interested in comparative languages with a clear and comprehensive view of their structure; and after only a few hours of diligent study, students should be able to analyze sentences in any of these languages.
		The text carefully examines the structures of these three languages and meticulously explains the underlying principles.
		For each language the alphabet, numerals, verb parts and tenses are given, along with the English equivalent and pronunciation; the formation of compound words and more are clearly explained.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/dover032/2002073358.html (188 words)

	Search OLAC Archives - Hindustani
		All linguists are no doubt familiar with the difficulty of finding information relevant to their research.
		The Open Language Archives Community is dedicated to collecting information about language resources and making it available from a single search.
		description: A page from the Web edition of Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th edition) giving basic facts about the language (including population, location, alternate names, dialects, and classification) with notes on language use and...
	www.language-archives.org /tools/search/?query=Hindustani (235 words)

	Hindustani - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		- group of S Asian languages: a group of South Asian languages and dialects that includes all forms of Urdu and Hindi
		The origins of Indian classical music can be traced to the Natya Shastra (about 2nd century ad), a Sanskrit treatise on drama that also describes the...
		Everest: Beyond the Limit on the Discovery Channel
	encarta.msn.com /Hindustani.html (105 words)

	Hindustani Dictionary, Hindustani Learn, Hindustani Music & Recreation, Hindustani Music\|Instrumental, Hindustani ...
		Hindustani Dictionary, Hindustani Learn, Hindustani Music & Recreation, Hindustani MusicInstrumental, Hindustani Reference
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	www.worldlanguage.com /Languages/Hindustani.htm (34 words)

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