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Topic: Hipparchus (Lunar crater)

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	Hipparchus the Astronomer
		Hipparchus discovered the precession of the equinoxes and was influential in the development of trigonometry, redefined and formalized the projection as a method for solving complex astronomical problems without spherical trigonometry and probably proved its main characteristics.
		Hipparchus determined the distance from the Earth to the Moon from observations of a solar eclipse in Syene and in Alexandria.
		Hipparchus, according to Ptolemy, considered that the Earth is not the center of the circular orbit of the Sun.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Hipparchus.htm (1034 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Hipparchus (astronomer)
		Hipparchus is believed to have died on the island of Rhodes, where he spent most of his later life--Ptolemy attributes observations to him from Rhodes in the period from 141 BC to 127 BC.
		Hipparchus was the first to show that the stereographic projection is conformal, and that it transforms circles on the sphere that do not pass through the center of projection to circles on the plane.
		Hipparchus ranked stars in six magnitude classes according to their brightness: he assigned the value of one to the twenty brightest stars, to weaker ones a value of two, and so forth to the stars with a class of six, which can be barely seen with the naked eye.
	reference.com /browse/wiki/Hipparchus_(astronomer) (5834 words)

	Hipparchus - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Hipparchus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		He invented trigonometry and calculated the lengths of the solar year and the lunar month, discovered the precession of the equinoxes, made a catalogue of 850 fixed stars, and advanced Eratosthenes' method of determining the situation of places on the Earth's surface by lines of latitude and longitude.
		Hipparchus was born in Nicaea, Bithynia (now in Turkey), and lived on the island of Rhodes and in Alexandria, Egypt.
		Hipparchus noticed a new star in the constellation Scorpio, a discovery which inspired him to put together a star catalogue – the first of its kind.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Hipparchus (198 words)

	Hipparchus (astronomer) Summary
		Hipparchus is believed to have died on the island of Rhodes, where he spent most of his later life--Ptolemy attributes observations to him from Rhodes in the period from 141 BC to 127 BC.
		Hipparchus was the first to show that the stereographic projection is conformal, and that it transforms circles on the sphere that do not pass through the center of projection to circles on the plane.
		Hipparchus ranked stars in six magnitude classes according to their brightness: he assigned the value of one to the twenty brightest stars, to weaker ones a value of two, and so forth to the stars with a class of six, which can be barely seen with the naked eye.
	www.bookrags.com /Hipparchus_(astronomer) (8287 words)

	Hipparchus biography
		Since when Ptolemy refers to results of Hipparchus he does so often in an obscure way, at least he seems to assume that the reader will have access to the original writings by Hipparchus, and it is certainly surprising that neither Theon or Pappus fills in the details.
		Hipparchus appears to know that 67 earth radii for the distance of the moon comes from this upper limit of solar parallax, while the lower value of 59 earth radii corresponds to the sun being at infinity.
		Hipparchus was also able to give an epicycle model for the motion of the sun (which is easier), but he did not attempt to give an epicycle model for the motion of the planets.
	www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /Biographies/Hipparchus.html (2506 words)

	crater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Crater of Beker is een klein sterrenbeeld aan de zuidelijke hemel, maar nog zichtbaar op de breedte van de Benelux.
		Crater (Latin for cup) is one of the 88 modern constellations and was also one of the 48 listed by Ptolemy.
		In the formation of lunar craters, large blocks of rock (perhaps as large as several hundred meters across) are thrown great distances from the crater.
	dict.vocamania.com /crater.aspx (838 words)

	Hipparchus
		is the degraded remnant of a lunar crater.
		Halley crater is attached to the south rim, and Hind crater lies to the southeast.
		Gaps in the northwest rim of Hipparchus crater rim form valleys that connect with the maria to the northwest.
	www.astrosurf.com /grenier/crateres/pages/hipparchus.htm (454 words)

	ALS Lunar Observers Certificate List of Objects
		Crater Fracastorius: a large crater which demonstrates the geologic history of the region: it transects the Nectaris Basin wall, indicating that it occurred after the Nectaris Basin impact.
		Crater chains are generally the result of a string of meteorites which are still gravitationally bound.
		Crater Tycho: One of the youngest complex craters on the moon.
	www.lunar-reclamation.org /observation_list.htm (2616 words)

	The Full Moon Atlas
		The rugged area west of Sinus Asperitatis (at center along the right edge of the photograph) and Mare Tranquillitatis (upper right corner) includes the large craters Hipparchus and Albategnius (near the left-center edge).
		When displayed, approximate crater diameters (in kilometers) are shown within parenthesis.
		Lunar Republic, S.A. and the International Lunar Society.
	www.lunarrepublic.com /atlas/sections/e5.shtml (160 words)

	ASTR 121, O'CONNELL. LUNAR TOPOGRAPHY
		The crater is 107 km in diameter and is centered at 9.7 N, 20.1 W. In the foreground is Mare Imbrium, peppered with secondary crater chains and elongated craters due to the Copernicus impact.
		The large crater near the center of the image is the 20 km diameter Pytheas, at 20.5 N, 20.6 W. At the upper edge of Mare Imbrium are mountains (Montes Carpatus) produced by the Imbrium impact.
		The crater is centered near the middle of the image and stretches over half the width of the frame but is barely visible due to more recent impact activity since it was formed.
	www.astro.virginia.edu /class/oconnell/astr121/moontop.html (1123 words)

	Mark's Astrophotography - Moon - Zone 4
		Regiomontanus is the mid-sized crater with the off-center peak.
		This is indeed a crater on the top of this peak and suggests the mountain is of volanic origin (L46).
		Hipparchus and Albategnius, the large crater below, were quite prominent this night.
	home.kc.rr.com /marksastropix/moon/zone4.html (483 words)

	Lunar Images II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Albategnius (136km) crater is the center of this image.
		The large crater in the shadows is Sacrobosco (98km) which has three prominent craters inside it (13-17km) Two of the craters are obvious, while the third shows only part of its crater lip.
		Numerous pits and craters were created from fallout from the creation of Copernicus (lower left).
	www.astroimaging.com /Lunarsmall2.htm (649 words)

	Hipparchus Lunar Crater \| Ahmad Crater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
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	dspp.info /hipparchus-lunar-crater.htm (529 words)

	Ptolemaeus Region
		The highlands area is littered with craters and the remains of craters almost obliterated by Imbrian sculpture and, at the margin, by mare formation.
		Ptolemaeus is therefore the largest and oldest crater in the Lunar Snowman, consisting of the progressively younger craters Alphonsus and Arzachel to the south.
		The ninety degrees of this older crater's rim is all that remains of it.
	jeff.medkeff.com /astro/lunar/r_ptolemaeus/index.htm (2342 words)

	Picture Of A Volcanic Crater \| Impact Crater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In their desire to be a part of the e-commerce revolution crater to you lyrics retailers develop more experience in providing services and goods A major strategic advantage that online kilimanjaro crater camp sellers have over brick and mortar stores www pokemon crater emporiums is the reduced costs of doing business.
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		Our crater lake park maps website is brand new so we have not yet managed to generate lots of data, but what we have done so far is researched the very best bellinsgauzen crater sites on the net.
	dspp.info /picture-of-a-volcanic-crater.htm (408 words)

	Lunardrawings - Page: 3 of 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This is the crater Copernicus again, this time in the last rays of the setting sun with most of the crater in deep shadow.
		This is a drawing of the crater Eudoxus (top) and the broken ramparts of Alexander (the group of brillantly lit semi-circular mountains).
		The crater Maginus (top) still filled with a pool of lunar night and the odd squarish shaped crater Orontius (middle of the drawing) is overlapped by the crater Huggins which is in turn overlapped by the crater Nasireddin.
	richhhandy.tripod.com /lunardrawings_003.htm (326 words)

	Hitchhiker's Guide to Rukl Chart 45
		The small triple crater comprised of Vogel, Vogel B, and an unnamed crater adjoining Vogel to the south, may serve as a landmark.
		I located a sunrise ray while observing the crater row Halley, Hind, Hipparchus C, and Hipparchus L. The ray was located to the southeast of the crater Hind and originated from an unnamed crater or depression at latitude 9.5 deg.
		The walls of Hipparchus are ruined in such a way that they appear like the knuckles of a giant fist, with smooth peaks and wide valleys in the wall.
	www.shallowsky.com /moon/rukl45.html (877 words)

	Where No Man Has Gone Before, Ch10-3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		He directed Lee Scherer to prepare a thorough briefing on the scientific objectives of lunar exploration and suggested that the Group for Lunar Exploration Planning propose a sequence of missions that would accomplish those objectives.
		Hipparchus had only about half as much good landing area as the average Apollo 11 site and Fra Mauro was worse.
		Donald Wise of the Lunar Exploration Office discussed the types of information the scientists hoped to get from the lunar exploration program: the ages of lunar materials, their chemical composition, clues to the processes that have created lunar landforms, the interior structure of the moon, and the rate of flow of heat from its interior.
	lunar.arc.nasa.gov /archives/documents/SP4214/ch10-3.html (1792 words)

	Lunar Images with Maksutov-Cassegrain
		Crater Cassini at center with the lone summit of Piton brilliantly lit by the rising sun.
		Crater pits caused by the creation of Copernicus, out of image at upper right, can be seen to right.
		Craters Watt, Steinheil and Janssen, upper right, along with the Rheita Valley are clearly visible along the morning terminator.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/canterbury/222/maksutov.htm (522 words)

	Lunar Soil - Daily news on the Earth's Moon (New)
		Today's Lunar Picture of the Day depicts one of the first efforts to depict the history of the lunar landscape.
		Today's Lunar Picture of the Day concentrates around one of my favorite observing areas on the Moon, the crater Hipparchus.
		Lunar Soil is edited by Fred Kiesche and Joost Schuur, powered by Movable Type and hosted by Verve.
	www.lunarsoil.com /archives/week_2006_02_05.php (682 words)

	Hipparchus (lunar crater) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hipparchus crater, in the middle of the image.
		Hipparchus is where the Moon rocket lands in Tintin's On a marché sur la Lune (Explorers on the Moon).
		By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater mid-point that is closest to Hipparchus crater.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hipparchus_(lunar_crater) (373 words)

	Moon Society: Lunar Study and Observing Certificate
		Crater Copernicus: (2) (3) Excellent example of a complex crater from the Copernican Period.
		Crater Hortensius: [domes to the north] Excellent example of a simple crater.
		Crater Tycho:(2) One of the youngest complex craters on the Moon.
	www.moonsociety.org /certificate/certificate.html (3150 words)

	Historical Perspectives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A lunar crater is named for him; a peak in its center is the brightest formation on the Moon.
		Although it is often difficult to determine which findings in the book are those of Ptolemy and which are those of Hipparchus, Ptolemy did extend some of the work of Hipparchus through his own observations, apparently using somewhat similar instruments.
		For example, whereas Hipparchus had compiled a star catalog (the first of its kind) containing 850 stars, Ptolemy expanded the number in his own catalog to 1,022 stars.
	www.draco.scsu.edu /historical.html (1478 words)

	Hipparchus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The outburst of a new star in 134 BC is stated by Pliny to have prompted the preparation of his catalogue of 1080 stars, substantially embodied in Ptolemy's Algamest.
		Hipparchus founded trigonometry, and compiled the first table of chords.
		Lunar Crater Hipparchus (5.5° S, 4.8° E, 150km dia, 3.3km depth)
	www.nndb.com /people/842/000103533 (176 words)

	LPOD lunar photo of the day » 2006 » February
		The shadow filled crater at upper right is 30 km wide Horrocks but the rest of the frame is the floor of Hipparchus.
		You have probably never before seen so much detail in Hipparchus unless you saw this image from the 24” cassegrain reflector in Ludiver, France when it first appeared in the fall of 2003.
		This image reveals subtle depressions, buried craters and a delicate rille, all covered by a veneer of material, possibly fluidized ejecta from the formation of the Imbrium impact basin.
	www.lpod.org /?m=20060204 (236 words)

	East Valley Astronomy Club - EVAC Lunar Observing Program
		This program is for everyone: deep sky observers waiting for dark skies, amateurs living in heavily light-polluted urban areas, the young, the old, the experienced observer, the novice...
		The craters are segregated according to their best viewing opportunity.
		One of the youngest of all lunar craters
	www.eastvalleyastronomy.org /lunar.html (684 words)

	Lunar Sunrise/Sunset Crater Rays
		These events occur when the sun, at a low lunar altitude, projects a ray or spike of light, through a broken wall feature of a crater.
		Although many of these events may be visible on the surface of the moon, these are a listing of the more common ray events which have been reported in astronomical magazines, publications, or from observers who may have detected a ray for the first time, and reported it.
		All the predictions are generated using Harry Jamieson's "lunar toolkit" program, which he distributes through the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO).
	www.lunar-occultations.com /rlo/rays/rays.htm (449 words)

	LPOD - Lunar Photo of the Day - January 31, 2004
		The earliest drawings of the Moon were of the entire body.
		The comparison of Hooke's drawing of the 150 km wide crater Hipparchus with a modern photo taken with a 61" telescope (Consolidated Lunar Atlas sheet E10) shows that Hooke correctly drew many details including two mountainous ridges at the bottom left.
		Hooke also shows a shadowed arc on the left side of Hipparchus that represents part of a ghost crater and various small hills.
	www.lpod.org /archive/archive/2004/01/LPOD-2004-01-31.htm (194 words)

	Zoom Astronomy Glossary: A
		A crater on Mars about 5 degrees south of the equator and on what is defined as Mars' prime meridian (zero-degrees longitude) is call Airy.
		Apollo 11's LEM or LM (Lunar Excursion Module or Lunar Module, dubbed the Eagle) separated from the orbiter and landed on the moon on July 20, 1969, with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin.
		A lunar crater was named for Aristarchus (pictured above); it is located on the NW edge of the Oceanus Procellarum.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/astronomy/glossary (4918 words)

	hipparchus_(astronomer) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Hipparchus could confirm his computations by comparing eclipses from his own time (presumably 27 January 141 BC and 26 November 139 BC according to 1980), with eclipses from Babylonian records 345 years earlier (Almagest IV.2; 2001).
		2002 and taking account of the change in the length of the day (see Î”T) we estimate that the error in the assumed length of the synodic month was less than 0.2 s in the 4th century BC and less than 0.1 s in Hipparchus' time.
		B.E. Schaefer (2005): "The Epoch of the Constellations on the Farnese Atlas and their Origin in Hipparchus's Lost Catalogue." Journal for the History of Astronomy 36, 1-29.
	www.macboost.com /wiki/?title=Hipparchus_(astronomer) (5868 words)

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