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	MSN Encarta - Search View - Hirohito
		Born in Tokyo, Hirohito was the eldest son of Crown Prince Yoshihito.
		Hirohito appears to have favored peace, but he did not break the deadlock between the two groups until mid-August, after the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) declared war on Japan.
		Hirohito and his advisers, fearing that Hirohito might be tried as a war criminal, tried to distance him from association with the wartime military leadership.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761555671__1/Hirohito.html (1187 words)

	MSN Encarta - Hirohito
		Hirohito (1901-1989), emperor of Japan from 1926 until his death in 1989, the last Japanese ruler to uphold the divinity of the Japanese emperor.
		Japan’s military expansion during the 1930s led to its entry into World War II in December 1941, when Japanese bombers executed a devastating surprise attack on the United States naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
		Although Hirohito was unenthusiastic about the decision to enter the war, he was pleased by the string of Japanese military and naval successes following Pearl Harbor and he developed a strong bond with General Tōjō Hideki, the wartime prime minister.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761555671 (1142 words)

	Hirohito - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Because Hirohito was in charge of the cause of Pacific War, there were attempts to put him on trial for war crimes by numerous leaders, among them President Harry S Truman, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur insisted that Hirohito remain Emperor to keep him as a symbol of continuity and cohesion of the Japanese people.
		According to the Japanese constitution of 1889, Hirohito had a divine power over his country, which was derived from the mythology of the Japanese Imperial Family who were said to be the offspring of the creator of Japan or Amaterasu.
		Regardless, for the rest of his life, Hirohito was an active figure in Japanese life, and performed many of the duties commonly associated with a figurehead head of state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hirohito (2523 words)

	Encyclopedia: Emperor Hirohito of Japan
		Hirohito was spared trial and retained the throne, but Hirohito was forced to explicitly reject (in the Ningen-sengen (人間宣言;, lit.
		According to the Japanese constitution of 1889, Hirohito had a divine power over his country, which was derived from the mythology of the Japanese Imperial Family who were the offspring of the creator of Japan or Amaterasu.
		Regardless, until his death in 1989, Hirohito was an active figure in Japanese life, and performed many of the duties we commonly associate with a figurehead head of state.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Emperor-Hirohito-of-Japan (2188 words)

	Death of the Father: Hirohito & Imperial Japan
		With the military defeat and allied occupation in 1945, Japanese imperial authority, along with Emperor Hirohito, died a
		Hirohito's physical death came forty-four years later in 1989.
		After the defeat, the Allies stripped Hirohito of power, but allowed him to retain his title as a "symbolic" Emperor.
	cidc.library.cornell.edu /DOF/japan/japan.htm (241 words)

	Japan and Emperor Hirohito to 1936
		Japan was facing increased defiance in Korea, but Japan's foremost foreign policy concern was a threat by the Chinese against Japan's position in southern Manchuria.
		Japan's army in Manchuria, the Kwantung army, was in charge of law and order in southern Manchuria, and it demanded an apology from the Chinese and a promise that such an incident would not happen again.
		Hirohito's strong move against the coup leaders brought shame on that faction in Japan's army that was wedded to the Rightist dream of spiritual reformation and restoring a pre-industrial and non-Westernized Japan.
	www.fsmitha.com /h2/ch18.htm (4566 words)

	Book Review: Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
		Hirohito joined with those in Japan who believed that Japan's holdings on Asia's mainland - mainly in Manchuria - were vital to Japan's success.
		Hirohito sought assurances that Japan would be victorious in an extended war.
		Hirohito was advised by minority opinion to seek at end to the war.
	www.fsmitha.com /review/r-hirohito.html (319 words)

	The American Experience \| MacArthur \| People & Events \| Emperor Hirohito (1901-1989)
		This is the Hirohito the world also saw in 1975, when he finally realized his dream of visiting the United States, where he met John Wayne, was received by President Ford, and acquired a Mickey Mouse watch he wore for years.
		With Hirohito's quiet manner, love of haiku and marine biology, the image of the peace-loving man who was powerless to stop his country's murderous expansion took hold.
		Hirohito's ability to thwart the militarists was certainly limited -- he was more a symbol of the state than an actual ruler -- but he was not nearly as blameless as his defenders would have it.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/macarthur/peopleevents/pandeAMEX97.html (589 words)

	TIMEasia.com \| TIME 100: Emperor Hirohito \| 8/23/99-8/30/99
		From Nogi and two Confucian tutors, Hirohito was given a heavy dose of stern dynastic duty, as the semi-divine descendant of the legendary Sun goddess Amaterasu.
		Hirohito was incensed, especially since the militarists said they were acting "in the Emperor's name." He ordered his generals to suppress the rebellion.
		And Hirohito, given his intensive indoctrination and ever-cautious advisers, was anxious to preserve the dynasty.
	www.time.com /time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990823/hirohito1.html (2444 words)

	Emperor Hirohito
		This was done since Emperor Hirohito had an estimated fortune in excess of $100 billion in a Swiss bank account, which cannot be accessed by anyone other than the Emperor in power.
		While Hirohito’s reign was marked with a massive amount of military conflict, the Emperor expressed great interest in the marine sciences.
		Hirohito was also the last of the Japanese emperors to be considered a god, and also one of the first modern emperors of Japan.
	www.angelfire.com /ia/totalwar/Hirohito.html (491 words)

	Hirohito and Making of Modern Japan
		Although Bix faults the Roosevelt administration for unwisely narrowing Japan's diplomatic choices, his exhaustive research (together with that of a new generation of Japanese historians) permits him to document Hirohito's direct, hands-on involvement in virtually every stage of the many decisions that produced the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941.
		At the same time, Hirohito clung irrationally and foolishly to the hope that somehow the Soviet Union might be persuaded to help Japan achieve a negotiated settlement that would maintain the position of the emperor.
		Bix is not unsympathetic to the difficulties facing an individual he describes variously as nervous, troubled and lonely--someone brought up from childhood to think of himself as responsible to a long line of divine ancestors, to think of his people as mere children and to think of the Japanese as a spiritually superior race.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /gvpt/alperovitz/BIXREVIEW.htm (1387 words)

	DOF: Hirohito/Japan-Media Sources
		Before the defeat of Japan by Allied forces in 1945, Hirohito, as commander of the Japanese armed forces, was frequently pictured in military uniform atop his white horse.
		Hirohito was spared execution for his war crimes, because the Allies felt that as a purely symbolic Emperor, he could be useful to them in carrying out their plans for post-war Japan.
		Under MacArthur's tutelage, Hirohito announced that he was not a god, but merely a normal man. Japan was given a new constitution written for them by the Americans and still in use today.
	cidc.library.cornell.edu /DOF/Media_Credits/hjmedia.htm (859 words)

	Emperor Hirohito
		In 1915 Hirohito was tutored by Kimmochi Saionju, the former prime minister of Japan.
		Under the constitution of Japan the Emperor could not act except on the advice of his ministers and the chiefs of staff.
		Hirohito reluctantly supported the war against China (1931-32) and the invasion of Manchuria in 1937.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWhirohito.htm (2080 words)

	Hirohito
		World War II In the immediate aftermath of the war, many believed that the Showa Emperor was an evil mastermind behind the war while others claimed that he was simply a powerless figurehead.
		Hirohito was deeply concerned by the decision to place "war preparations first and diplomatic negotiations second" and announced his intention to break with centuries-old protocol and, at the Imperial Conference on the following day, directly question the chiefs of the Army and Navy general staffs — a quite unprecedented action.
		Hirohito was spared trial and retained the throne, but Hirohito was forced to explicitly reject the traditional claim that the Emperor of Japan was divine; a descendant of the Sun Goddess.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/hirohito (2064 words)

	Hirohito -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Hirohito was born at the Aoyama Palace and was educated at the Peers' School and at the Crown Prince's Institute.
		The first part of this period, from Hirohito's enthronement in 1926 to the end of World War II in 1945, is known as the early Showa period.
		Tradition says that Hirohito was the 124th direct descendant of the fabled first emperor, Jimmu, and therefore a member of the oldest...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9040558?tocId=9040558 (668 words)

	Obituary: Tenno Shôwa - Hirohito (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Yet the institution, the oldest of its kind on the globe, lies at the center of Japan's national psyche, characterizing both the country's flexibility and its resistance to the shock of the new.
		Hirohito's reticence made it difficult to determine whether he was guilty of complicity in, or mere compliance with, the expansionism that characterized Japan during his first two decades as Emperor.
		Hirohito's greatest pleasure was the study of marine biology, which he enthusiastically conducted in a laboratory built for him on his palace grounds.
	vikingphoenix.com /public/rongstad/bio-obit/obithito.htm (1394 words)

	Hirohito : Hirohito of Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Hirohito (裕仁), the Showa Emperor (昭和天皇;), (April 29, 1901 - January 7, 1989) reigned over Japan from 1926 to 1989.
		The first part of Hirohito's reign as divine sovereign (between 1926 and 1945) took place against a background of increasing military power within the government, through both legal and extralegal means.
		The Army had held veto power over the formation of cabinets since 1900, and between 1921 and 1944 there were no less than 64 incidents of right-wing political violence, most notably the assasination of moderate Prime Minister Tsuyoshi Inukai in 1932.
	www.eurofreehost.com /hi/Hirohito_of_Japan.html (309 words)

	Decontextualization of Hirohito: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Hirohito's presence in "Hiroshima" is consistent with the historical master-narratives reflecting both Japanese and American coherent cultural understanding of the wartime history.
		To Hirohito, therefore, the Japanese surrender to the Allied Nations was similar to the situation around the period of the three-nation interference.
		Considering the dominant position of Japan and the United States in the postwar management, the image of Hirohito as a pacifist presented in "Hiroshima" explicates how the polysemy is suppressed in reading of cultural artifacts.
	www.utexas.edu /coc/journalism/Js363/hiroshima.htm (7484 words)

	DOF: Hirohito/Japan-Visiting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		After the defeat Hirohito had claimed he was not a god, but a mortal, a mere man. He changed out of his military uniform and into civilian clothing, and replaced his stern, unsmiling, god-like image with that of a humble, smiling grandfather figure.
		He and his wife Nagako set off on a unprecedented tour to visit the Japanese people in cities and villages, to meet them face to face, to shake their hands.
		After the initial shock of hearing Hirohito claim he was not a god, many Japanese cheerfully accepted his new image and continued to venerate him, formally bowing to him as they had always done.
	cidc.library.cornell.edu /Dof/japan/captioned/visiting.htm (193 words)

	Hirohito
		Emperor Hirohito, whose rule spanned more than half of the twentieth century (1926-89) and who witnessed Japan's military imperialism and post World War II economic expansion during his rule, was a good testimony to modern Japanese history: both its opportunities and its dilemmas.
		One of the consequences of the death of Meiji was Hirohito was made crown prince and given the ranks of second lieutenant in the army and ensign in the navy at the age of 11!
		Hirohito's trip to Europe, planned by the "left wing" genro and cabinet members, was to initiate him into popular politics and let him witness how European monarchs dealt with it.
	www.indiana.edu /~hisdcl/h207_2002/bix1.htm (1058 words)

	Royalty.nu - The History of Japan - Japanese Royalty
		Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan by Herbert P. Bix argues that contrary to popular belief, Hirohito was no mere figurehead but played an active part in governing Japan during World War II.
		Hirohito and War by Peter Wetzler is about imperial tradition and military decision making in prewar Japan.
		War and Responsibility in Japan: The Role of the Emperor and the War Occupation Debates by Kiyohiko Toyama.
	www.royalty.nu /Asia/Japan (2152 words)

	Japan's Surrender, 1945 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		As As the war against Japan entered its fourth year in January 1945, U.S. naval forces began to close in on Japan's outer island defenses.
		The decision to surrender was broadcast to the nation by the emperor--an unprecedented ev ent in itself--on August 15 while further rescripts were issued to the armed forces ordering them to lay down their arms.
		The formal surrender took place on Sep. 2 as Japan came under the occupation of American forces and the administrative fiat of Genera l MacArthur.
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /~jobrien/reference/ob101.html (935 words)

	BBC's 'ugly' portrayal of Hirohito angers Japan
		The BBC has come under attack in Japan for "a malicious, prejudiced and ugly" portrayal of Emperor Hirohito in a forthcoming edition of Timewatch.
		The magazine expresses astonishment at the script, citing Japanese historians who dispute the implication that Hirohito was an active war leader who escaped justice, rather than a powerless figurehead.
		Hirohito remains beyond criticism in Japan amid a widespread refusal to accept that he bears at least some moral responsibility for wartime suffering.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2005-02/18/content_417478.htm (276 words)

	Showa period
		The early part of Hirohito's reign was characterized by a period of Japanese Imperialism.
		Following the surrender of Japan in the Second World War, the Occupation of Japan occurred until 1952.
		After the Treaty of San Francisco was enacted, Japan was free and has been in a period of relative peace ever since.
	www.fastload.org /sh/Showa_period.html (112 words)

	Alsos
		This book is a biographical account of the events, environment, and influences that led Emperor Hirohito of Japan to surrender to the Allied forces and put an end to World War II.
		In addition to describing the life of that civilized man of peace in an era of war and conquest, the author attempts to trace the path of Japan, the Japanese people, and the government from the turn of the century.
		He also delves deeply into Hirohito’s family background and the contributions of his ancestors to Japanese society.
	alsos.wlu.edu /information.asp?id2=350 (89 words)

	Emperor Hirohito Of Japan - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		To many, Emperor Hirohito of Japan is remembered as a helpless figurehead during Japan's wars with China and the U.S. According to the received wisdom, he knew nothing of the plan to bomb Pearl Harbor and had no power to stop atrocities like the Rape of Nanking.
		The Death of an Emperor: Japan at the Crossroads
		Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /emperor_hirohito_of_japan.htm (103 words)

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