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Topic: Histocompatibility molecule

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	Antigen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Endogenous antigens are antigens that have been generated within the cell, as a result of normal cell metabolism, or because of viral or intracellular bacterial infection.
		The fragments are then presented on the cell surface in the complex with class I histocompatibility molecules.
		Tumor antigens are those antigens that are presented by the MHC I molecules on the surface of tumor cells.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Immunogen (578 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Histocompatibility antigens
		Histocompatibility antigens is a blood test that determines a person's major histocompatibility antigens.
		Many HLA molecules exist, but some are of special interest because they are more common in certain autoimmune diseases.
		Thus, the mere presence of this HLA molecule is not indicative of disease.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003550.htm (765 words)

	Histocompatibility Molecules
		Histocompatibility molecules are glycoproteins expressed at the surface of almost all vertebrate cells.
		Class I molecules consist of two polypeptide chains, a long one (on the left) of 346 amino acids — it is called the heavy chain — and a short one (on the right) of 99 amino acids.
		Although histocompatibility molecules were discovered because of the crucial role they play in graft rejection, clearly evolution did not give vertebrates these molecules for that function.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/H/HLA.html (1573 words)

	Class I Antigen Presentation
		Class I molecules are cell surface membrane glycoproteins that consist of three subunits: a transmembrane heavy chain (H chain), a soluble subunit termed beta2-microglobulin (beta2m), and an 8-10 amino acid peptide (Figure 1).
		Crystal structure of the soluble, extracellular portion of a class I histocompatibility molecule with the H chain depicted in green, beta2-microglobulin in yellow, and bound peptide in red.
		We have also shown that newly synthesized class I molecules bind the TAP transporter (via another protein termed tapasin), an interaction that boosts the efficiency of peptide capture by class I. The functions of tapasin and ERp57 remain enigmatic.
	biochem17.med.utoronto.ca /~david_williams/lab/antigen.html (749 words)

	Bugs in the News - MHC
		Therefore, these molecules are critically important to whether or not an individual can generate an immune response against a foreign invader, such as a protein toxin molecule, a virus, or an infectious bacterium.
		The level of histocompatibility between and among individuals is primarily dependent upon the similarity of the pattern of structures of the MHC molecules uniquely expressed by the individuals involved.
		But, the fact that histocompatibility molecules among species and individuals within a species also possess shapes that are different among them, these different shapes are responded against as if they were fragments of foreign protein being held by one of our own MHC molecules.
	people.ku.edu /~jbrown/histo.htm (1732 words)

	NOBEL MED. 96
		In a nutshell, the researchers work confirmed the requirement for the cellular immune system to recognize simultaneously both 'foreign' molecules and self molecules (major histocompatibility antigens), emphazising the role of the major histocompatibility antigens in the normal immune response and not only in conjunction with transplantation.
		The first model was based on a single recognition of 'altered self'' (when the histocompatibility antigen has been modified through association with a virus), the other on a 'dual recognition' of both foreign and self.
		Subsequent research in later years showed that the set of the T- lymphocytes that are allowed to mature and survive in an individual is determined by the ability of the cell to recognize the transplantation antigens of the individual.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SUA08/nobmed10.html (851 words)

	Physiology or Medicine 1996 - Press Release
		Zinkernagel's and Doherty's findings, which were published in Nature in 1974 (1,2), demonstrated conclusively the requirement for the cellular immune system to recognize simultaneously both 'foreign' molecules (in the present case from a virus) and self molecules (major histocompatibility antigens).
		The wide relevance of their observations concerning the specificity of the T-lymphocytes became apparent in many contexts, both in regard to the ability of the immune system to recognize microorganisms other than viruses, and in regard to the ability of the immune system to react against certain kinds of self tissue.
		To explain their findings, the two scientists subsequently devised two models; one model was based on a single recognition of 'altered self''(when the histocompatibility antigen has been modified through association with a virus), the other on a 'dual recognition' of both foreign and self.
	nobelprize.org /medicine/laureates/1996/press.html (1198 words)

	Histocompatibility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and "antigen presentation".
		Class I molecules are encoded by the BCA region while class II molecules are encoded by the D region.
		Class I molecules are composed of two polypeptide chains; one encoded by the BCA region and another (ß2-microglobulin) that is encoded elsewhere.
	www.cehs.siu.edu /fix/medmicro/mhc.htm (889 words)

	The Immunological Synapse
		T cells, the MHC molecules are class II, and the binding is aided by CD4.
		The TCR molecules are tethered by actin filaments in the cytoplasm.
		The molecules released by effector T cells (e.g., interleukins, perforin) are potent cytokines.
	home.comcast.net /~john.kimball1/BiologyPages/I/ImmSynapse.html (447 words)

	Chapter 9: Major Histocompatibility Complex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Class II The primary immunological function of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules is to bind and "present" antigenic peptides on the surfaces of cells for recognition (binding) by the antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) of lymphocytes.
		The multi-peptide-binding property of MHC molecules represents the antithesis of most biological receptor/ligand systems where structural specificity in the binding reaction is usually much more narrowly defined.
		Although MHC molecules appear to be somewhat indiscriminant in their peptide-binding properties, this is not entirely the case.
	www.whfreeman.com /immunology/CH09/kuby09.htm (539 words)

	Cnx99A -
		To assess the involvement of oligosaccharide-protein interactions in complexes of calnexin and newly synthesized glycoproteins, alpha 1-antitrypsin or the heavy chain of the class I histocompatibility molecule were purified as complexes with calnexin and digested with endoglycosidase H. Abstract-174081.
		The molecular chaperone calnexin facilitates folding and assembly of class I histocompatibility molecules.
		Calnexin, a membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum, is generally thought to function as a molecular chaperone, based on indirect or correlative evidence.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gi/68853.html (481 words)

	Patent 6,355,238
		In a preferred embodiment, the antigen presenting cells are T cells which have been treated to enhance expression of the major histocompatibility complex class I molecules and the antigens are peptides.
		A preferred method for enhancing expression of the major histocompatibility complex molecules is by subjecting the preparation containing the antigen presenting cells to room temperature.
		In one embodiment, treatment of the antigen presenting cells to enhance expression of the major histocompatibility complex molecules comprises irradiating the antigen presenting cells in the presence of a photoactivatable agent.
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents/Yr2002/Mar2002/031202/6355238_Immune031202.htm (796 words)

	An immunodominant epitope of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp160 recognized by class I major ...
		Because cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) may be important for preventing direct cell-to-cell transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the agent responsible for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, we have begun to investigate the epitope specificity and immune response (Ir) gene control of anti-HIV CTL responses in experimental animals.
		Mice were infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the HIV gp160 envelope gene, and the primed lymphocytes were restimulated in vitro with a transfected histocompatible cell line expressing the same gene.
		The facts that CTL responses were detected in the context of only one of four class I MHC molecules tested and that the response was limited predominantly to a single epitope indicate that the CTL repertoire elicited by the HIV envelope protein in association with murine class I MHC molecules may be very limited.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1988/aug/M8880013.html (596 words)

	atp molecule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		ATP is the molecule the muscle cells burn during muscle contraction.
		In the computer-graphic representation of an ATP molecule, the three phosphate groups are shown in...
		The end result is that one molecule of glycogen produces 38 molecules of ATP, each ATP molecule trapping 7300 calories, resulting in a net gain of 277,400 calories of energy available for muscular...
	www.tenniswa.com /atpmolecule (1004 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		One of the major goals of Dr. Brodsky's laboratory is to define intracellular events that contribute to antigen presentation by both class I and class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
		Initially these studies focused on mapping intracellular transport pathways for both these molecules and establishing what aspects of their transport are critical for antigen presentation, under normal circumstances.
		In addition, they are analyzing the effects on class II MHC molecule function of bacteria that live in the endocytic pathway and a genetic disease that alters lysosome morphology.
	itsa.ucsf.edu /~micro/Faculty/Brodsky.htm (472 words)

	PDB Molecule of the Month: Major Histocompatibility Complex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		But if there is a virus multiplying inside the cell, many of the MHC molecules carry unusual peptides from viral proteins, and the immune system kills the cell.
		This portion of the molecule, however, is too flexible for study by x-ray crystallography and was removed for the analysis.
		This is how the protein got its name: the term histocompatibility refers to the difficulty of finding compatible grafts between a donor and a patient.
	www.rcsb.org /pdb/molecules/pdb62_1.html (526 words)

	Development and Use of Multimeric Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules -- Greten and Schneck 9 (2): 216 -- ...
		Therefore, the avidity of these complexes is increased, inducing a stable binding of multimeric molecules to the TCR.
		A soluble divalent class I major histocompatibility complex molecule inhibits alloreactive T cells at nanomolar concentrations.
		Tetrameric HLA class I-minor histocompatibility antigen peptide complexes demonstrate minor histocompatibility antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in patients with graft-versus-host disease.
	cdli.asm.org /cgi/content/full/9/2/216 (3759 words)

	Interpretation of Biphasic Dissociation Kinetics for Isomeric Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex-Peptide ...
		Evidence for a conformational change in a class II major histocompatibility complex molecule occurring in the same pH range where antigen binding is enhanced.
		Stable peptide binding to MHC class II molecule is rapid and is determined by a receptive conformation shaped by prior association with low affinity peptides.
		Complexes generated by the binding of free peptides to class II MHC molecules are antigenically diverse compared with those generated by intracellular processing.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/77/5/2451 (5217 words)

	Specialty Laboratories ::: we help doctors help patients
		The proteins encoded by MHC class I genes are composed of a glycoprotein heavy chain complexed with b2-microglobulin.
		Products of class II genes are glycoprotein a /b heterodimers; expression of these molecules on the cell surface is highly restricted to macrophages, dendritic cells and activated T cells.
		As unclear is the explanation of the highly stable persistence in the MHC of a number of non-immune class I genes with low polymorphism side-by-side with highly polymorphic immune genes; differential stimulation of the relevant cell populations might be important.
	www.specialtylabs.com /books/display.asp?id=809 (1376 words)

	Antigen - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Usually, an antigen is a protein or a polysaccharide, but it can be any type of molecule, even small molecules if coupled to a large carrier.
		Depending on the antigen presented and the histocompatibility molecule used, several types of immune cells can leap into action.
		The fragments are then presented by class II histocompatibility molecules and attract phagocytic cells like macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as B lymphocytes (also called B cells) which can produce antibodies against this specific antigen.
	www.free-definition.com /Antigen.html (378 words)

	The Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Contains Two Epitopes Presented by the Mamu-A*01 Class I ...
		The E:T ratio was 40:1 in a 4-h assay.
		Peptides binding to the Mamu-A01 class I MHC molecule* are typically 9 or 10 amino acids in length and are anchored by a proline
		Characterization of the peptide binding motif of a rhesus MHC class I molecule (Mamu-A*01) that binds an immunodominant CTL epitope from simian immunodeficiency virus.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/73/10/8035 (2753 words)

	Oxford Theoretical Essay B
		At the time of the first edition it was known that for BB rats and the related strain of DR (Diabetes Resistant BB rats that lack the lymphopenia gene) diabetes was dependent upon RT-U. Of interest was the infection of the DR strain with Kilham rat virus induced diabetes.
		Overall, diabetogenic clones recognize peptides presented by classic MHC molecules, and can be deleted within the thymus by their cognate peptide.
		The major determinants are alleles of the major histocompatibility complex and in particular class II HLA alleles.
	www.uchsc.edu /misc/diabetes/oxessb.html (1685 words)

	Antigen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Antigens are presented by a cell to its environment via a histocompatibility molecule.
		The fragments are then presented by class II histocompatibility molecules and attract phagocytic cellss like macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as B lymphocytes (also called B cells) which can produce antibodies against this specific antigen.
		Endogenous antigens are antigens that have been generated within the cell, e.g., by a virus, and are degraded into fragments.
	www.theezine.net /a/antigen.html (322 words)

	Medical Microbiology and Immunology - University of Alberta
		One way in which the immune system deals with intracellular pathogens is through cytotoxic cells that recognize and destroy the infected cells.
		For the well-known cytotoxic T cell, the specificity of this cytolysis is controlled at the level of activation; T cell receptors bind the complex of peptides from the pathogen with major histocompatibility molecules expressed by infected cells.
		Expression of major histocompatibility molecules can be lost in the course of viral infection or tumor progression rendering the abnormal cells susceptible to natural killer cell-mediated lysis.
	www.ualberta.ca /~mmi/faculty/dburshtyn/dburshtyn.html (405 words)

	MHC Immune Puzzle Solved
		Cambridge, MA (Nov. 14 1996) The long-awaited description of the three-dimensional structure of the complex between the human T-cell receptor and the antigenic peptide as linked to a major histocompatibility complex molecule should provide new understanding of how specific immunity is achieved and regulated.
		These infected cells are 'flagged" with a combination of the foreign protein and an MHC molecule and bound to a TCR.
		The research indicates that the antigenic peptide produced by degradation of the invading virus within the cell is held within the MHC binding cleft almost like a hot-dog is held in a bun.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SUA08/mhc11.html (459 words)

	Chemical Features of Peptide Selection by the Class II Histocompatibility Molecules -- Unanue 154 (3): 651 -- American ...
		The MHC molecules are peptide-binding molecules that rescue
		Two sets of class II MHC molecules can be distinguished by their migration in SDS-PAGE when the molecules are not boiled (NB).
		molecules from non-obese diabetic mice are poor peptide binders.
	ajp.amjpathol.org /cgi/content/full/154/3/651 (6669 words)

	Mapping of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A Functional Binding Sites and Presentation by Monoclonal Antibodies and Fusion ...
		MHC class II molecules, 80 specific anti-SEA MAbs were generated.
		Three-dimensional structure of a human class II histocompatibility molecule complexed with superantigen.
		Structural basis for differential binding of staphylococcal enterotoxin A and toxic-shock syndrome toxin 1 to class II major histocompatibility molecules.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/4/1894 (4924 words)

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