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Topic: Historical kana usage

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	Kana - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Kana is traditionally said to have been invented by the Buddhist priest Kūkai in the 9th century.
		Historical kana usage (歴史的仮名遣, rekishiteki kanazukai, also called 旧仮名遣, kyū kanazukai, ancient usage of kana or 正仮名遣, sei kanazukai, correct usage of kana) refers to a system of spelling with kana that does not accord with modern Japanese pronunciation (現代仮名遣, gendai kanazukai).
		Historical kana were widely used until after World War II, but the modern system was adopted by Cabinet order in 1946.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Kana (1167 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Kana is a general term for the syllabic Japanese scripts hiragana (ã²ãããª) and katakana (ã«ã¿ã«ã) as well as the old system known as manyogana.
		In addition, kana were borrowed into the Taiwanese language to indicate the pronunciation of Chinese characters like furigana during the Japanese colonial period of Taiwan.
		Kana are the basis for collation in Japanese.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=kana (648 words)

	8.1. sci.lang.japan FAQ: What are the differences between kana writing and real pronunciation? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Prior to this, Japanese spelling (in kana) was quite irregular.
		This meant for instance that several old kana writings were mapped onto one new one.
		There are four different pronunciations of the kana "n" depending on the sound that comes after it.
	www.csse.monash.edu.au /~jwb/afaq/kanavpron.html (954 words)

	Simplified Spelling Society : Japanese writing system. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In principle, historically correct kana spellings such as those noted above were taken as the basis for historical systems of kana usage, though some spellings (a small proportion) that were proposed were in fact incorrect in terms of the historical principle.
		A good example of this is the syllable ō which in historical kana spelling was written differently in each case, depending on whether it meant 'parrot', 'concave', 'respond', 'press', 'ruler', or 'old man'.
		In 1946, in the new political and social climate after the War, the historical kana usage was replaced by a simpler, pronunciation-orientated type of kana spelling at the same time as the TK kanji reforms came in.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j19/japanese.php (2136 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Pre-World War II official documents mix katakana and kanji in the same way that hiragana and kanji are mixed in modern Japanese texts, that is, katakana were used for okurigana and particles such as wa or o.
		Katakana are sometimes used instead of hiragana as furigana to give the pronunciation of a word written in Roman characters, or for a foreign word, which is written as kanji for the meaning, but intended to be pronounced as the original.
		Unique to Ainu language katakana usage, the consonant that comes at the end of a syllable is represented by a small version of a katakana that corresponds to that final consonant and with an arbitrary vowel.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=katakana (1410 words)

	Yi or ye kana - Sljfaq
		Although there are spaces in the usual kana table where it seems that there would be a "ye" or "yi" kana, there has never been any hiragana or katakana for either "ye" or "yi".
		There were originally kana in the man'yōgana system for "ye", 江, and a kana, "ei" 曵 that may also have been "ye".
		The kokugakusha of the Edo period investigated the spelling of the late Nara/early Heian period, and it came to be reinstated as rekishiteki kanadukai (`historical kana usage') and is what was taught--until about 1950--in Japanese schools.
	www.sljfaq.org /w/Yi_or_ye_kana (238 words)

	Kana and pronunciation differences - Sljfaq
		For instance, kanadukai, meaning `kana usage' from kana and tsukai, did not change its spelling.
		In the chōon (lengthened vowels) of Chinese-derived words such as kōshin (renewal), the u kana is actually pronounced as a continuation of the "ko", so in fact it's an "o".
		There are at least two ways each to read the kana ki, ku, shi, su, chi, tsu, hi, and fu, because the vowels may or may not be devoiced.
	www.sljfaq.org /w/Kana_and_pronunciation_differences (946 words)

	Vehicule Usage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Fowler's Modern English Usage - A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, often referred to simply as Fowler's Modern English Usage, or Fowler, is a style guide to British English usage, authored by Henry W. Fowler.
		Usage analysis - Usage analysis is any technique for understanding the usage statistics of something, for example the web statistics of a website.
		Historical kana usage - Historical kana usage refers to an older system of spelling Japanese in kana (the Japanese syllabary) that does not accord with modern Japanese pronunciation, in contrast to, modern kana usage, which represents the modern pronunciation.
	graphicscard.vvvvvv3.com /vehiculeusage.html (142 words)

	Stalking the Wild Onji:
		This paper investigates the historic usage of onji as a linguistic term in Japan and presents an argument for its removal from usage, as currently construed, by the international haiku community.
		For simplicity's sake, and the benefit of a readership possibly unfamiliar with the kana alphabets, the digraphic kana are being included here under the appellation "single kana characters," though they are actually composed of two kana characters, which produce a single "combined" character.
		We can use -ji when we count up the kana in Japanese poetry, as in: "The first line of this haiku has 5-ji." Ji is not generally used to express the total number of kana in a poem.
	www.ahapoetry.com /wildonji.htm (7210 words)

	9.1. Alternative sci.lang.japan FAQ: kanavpron
		For example the kanas for `we' (ゑ) and `wi' (ゐ) are no longer used in modern Japanese because these sounds have disappeared.
		The particles pronounced as on the left are written in kanas as on the right.
		Kana does not show the accent of the words.
	mirrors.nihongo.org /www.hayamasa.demon.co.uk/afaq/kanavpron.html (893 words)

	International JFL Cafe. Japanese language writing system.
		The Kunrei-shiki system has a better correspondance with kana, making it easier for the Japanese themselves to learn; it is officially sanctioned by the Ministry of Education, but rarely used outside Japan.
		These borrowings were historically written using the same kanji used to write the original words, but it's not a hard-and-fast rule that katakana is never used to write Mandarin, Cantonese, and Korean loanwords.
		In modern usage, these early loanwords are most commonly written in katakana, but the kanji readings are still well-known.
	www.internationaleflcafe.com /japanese-language-writing-system.htm (1530 words)

	kana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Historical kana usage (歴史的仮名遣) refers to a system of spelling with kana that does not accord with modern Japanese pronunciation.
		Historical kana usage actually represents the way these words were pronounced during the Heian era, when the spellings were formalized, but because of the pronunciation differences between modern Japanese and the language of 1,000 years past, there are a great number of peculiarities about historical spelling to the modern eye.
		Who will punish the responsible of kana’s genocide in south Lebanon in which babies, children, women and elders were horribly killed in 1996 and 2006?Only...
	www.33beat.com /kana.html (1000 words)

	Kana Email
		Kana is a general term for two types of syllabic Japanese script: hiragana (ひらがな;) and katakana (カタカナ).These were developed as an alternative and adjunct to ideograph based characters of Chinese origin, or Kanji (漢字;).
		Furigana is used most widely in children's books; however, literatureaimed for young children with little knowledge of kanji may dispense with it altogether and use hiragana combined with spacesinstead.
		Kūkai certainly brought the Siddham scripthome on his return from China in 806 ; his interest inthe sacred aspects of speech and writing led him to the conclusion that Japanese would be better represented by a phonetic alphabet than by the kanji which had been usedup to thhttp:/.
	www.lottery-news.net /dust34307-kana_email.html (594 words)

	Hiragana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Hiragana and katakana are both Kana systems, in which each symbol represents one mora.
		This has not always been the case: a previous system of spelling, now referred to as Historical kana usage had many spelling rules; the exceptions in modern usage are the legacy of that system.
		This method is used to add the diacritics to kana that are not normally used with them, for example applying the dakuten to a pure vowel or the handakuten to a kana not in the h-group.
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/hi/Hiragana.htm (1074 words)

	Introduction to Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan: Reading Between the Lines
		Needless to say, a considerable amount of background information is needed in order to understand the details of the key historical episode that serves as the focus of this study: this is covered in the second and third sections of chapter 1.
		Organizations devoted to the exclusive use of kana or rōmaji have been politically marginalized, but manage to survive; the inefficiencies of the script remain and take their social and economic toll despite improvements in technology, including the proliferation of computers (Unger 1987).
		The historically accumulated heuristics underlying the conventional rules that prescribe how and when such replacements should be made are neither a part of the Japanese language nor a necessary part of the knowledge that enables literate Japanese to read and write.
	www.pinyin.info /readings/texts/unger2_introduction.html (6484 words)

	Kana
		Kana Ueda - Ueda Kana (æ¤ç”°ä½³å¥ Ueda Kana) is a seiyu who was born on June 9, 1980 in Osaka.
		Kana Imoto 'Kana Im to' (Japanese: ; translated as Kana - Little Sister is only sold in a 19th century Scandinavian paintings, rendering the ancient, white-whiskered faces of the Civil War.
		Suffolk DA probes claims that police in Ocean Beach beat tourists; lawyer for two men says cops have "storm trooper's mentality" The Suffolk district attorney's office is investigating alleged brutality and other questionable activities in the police department of Ocean Beach, a small community on Fire Island, attorneys and village officials confirmed.
	edu.tmadata.com /Kana.html (709 words)

	International JFL Cafe. Japanese language hiragana.
		Hiragana (平仮名;, literally "smooth kana") are a Japanese syllabary, one of four Japanese writing systems (the others are katakana, kanji and rōmaji).
		This is not generally used in formal writing, but is occasionally used with loanwords in katakana in an attempt to approximate more closly the source word's pronunciation.
		This has not always been the case: a previous system of spelling, now referred to as historical kana usage had many arbitrary spelling rules; the exceptions in modern usage are the legacy of that system.
	internationaleflcafe.com /japanese-language-hiragana.htm (1061 words)

	4.1.2. sci.lang.japan FAQ: Is there a kana symbol for ye or yi? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		There were originally kana in the man'yougana system (see 4.3.11.
		The distinction between e and ye was lost by the time of the development of hiragana and katakana; many people think the ye pronunciation won out (and that is the one used in southern dialects, to a large degree), to change to e during the Edo period.
		The kokugakusha of the Edo period investigated the spelling of the late Nara/early Heian period and it came to be reinstated as
	www.csse.monash.edu.au /~jwb/afaq/yeyi.html (270 words)

	Outline of the Japanese Writing System
		The first four categories are based on the character formation process; the last two are based on usage.
		The kana endings attached to a kanji base or stem are called 送り仮名 okurigana.
		A running Japanese text consists of a mixture of kanji and kana, with the latter normally outnumbering the former.
	www.kanji.org /kanji/japanese/writing/outline.htm (4704 words)

	Japan Sessions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This presentation will consider the significance of nikki in the tenth century, how authors of kanbun and kana diaries defined their works, and whether nikki can be seen as a shared cultural construct for writers of the Heian period.
		I will briefly examine the historical usage of the term nikki in kanbun sources such as the Ruijû fusenshô (Collection of Imperial and Ministerial Edicts, 737–1093) and in kana texts such as the famous opening to the Tosa nikki (The Tosa Diary, ca.
		By examining how nikki have been defined within works that have traditionally been read as either historical or literary texts, I hope to show what diaries signified for writers and readers of the Heian period and why such works are important as resources for understanding the literary and socio-political climate of tenth-century Japan.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/2005abst/Japan/j-109.htm (1188 words)

	Kana
		Historical kana usage (歴史的仮名遣 rekishiteki kanazukai) refers to a system of spelling with kana that does not accord with modern Japanese pronunciation.
		Firstly, there are two more kana in historical usage, ゐ/ヰ (wi) and ゑ/ヱ (we).
		This is similar to the situation that the great vowel shift caused in English spelling.
	www.keywordmage.net /ka/kana.html (861 words)

	Kana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		:''For other meanings of Kana, see Kana (disambiguation).'' Kana is a general term for two types of syllabic Japanese script: hiragana (&12402;&12425;&12364;&12394;) and katakana (&12459;&12479;&12459;&12490;).
		These were developed as an alternative and adjunct to ideograph based characters of Chinese origin, or Kanji (&28450;&23383;).
		The pronunciations of medial h-row kana does not extend to compound words, thus, &12395;&12411;&12435; was pronounced nihon not nion (but note that There are a small number of counterexamples, e.g., &12354;&12402;&12427; "duck", pronounced ahiru rather than airu or &12405;&12376;&12399;&12425; (&12405;&12386;&12399;&12425;?) pronounced Fujiwara, despite being a compound of Fuji (wisteria) + hara (field).
	kana.iqnaut.net (1175 words)

	Colon Usage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Similar to an enema, it involves the introduction of discrete amounts of water, sometimes infused with minerals or other materials, into the colon using medically approved class II colon hydrotherapy devices with sanitary, disposable speculums or gravity-fed enema-like systems inserted into the rectum.
		Bosch covers each phase of the software product line lifecycle, including development, usage, offshore software development company india and evolution of software assets, showing how to manage interdependencies, offshore software development company india and cope with new requirements that were not part of the original design.
		Web Mining - Web mining and web usage mining is the application of data mining techniques to discover usage patterns from the Web in order to better understand and serve the needs of Web-based applications.
	graphicscard.vvvvvv3.com /colonusage.html (977 words)

	Asian and Asian American Studies - Course Descriptions (text-only)
		Recurrent themes in literature will be situated in their historical and sociopolitical context using printed and media materials.
		After a brief historical background, the main focus of the course will be on the socialistic transformation of the economy (1949-1978).
		Historical and critical study of the philosophical thought of China and Japan.
	www.csulb.edu /depts/as/text-only/text-courses-upper.html (3908 words)

	The Price of Tradition
		Experiments comparing kana and kanji have produced some evidence that it is easier to learn to recognize symbols when they are identified with whole words rather than with meaningless subword syllables, and also that graphic complexity does not in itself make symbols harder to learn (Steinberg et al.
		At its most moderate, the historical rationalization for kanji holds that Japanese esthetic sensibilities, intellectual perspectives, and national characteristics are so wedded to the age-old use of Chinese characters that, without them, Japanese culture as we know it would be threatened.
		Historical continuity does not preclude change, and for this reason alone, we ought to be suspicious of any claims of a direct, psychological connection between script and culture.
	people.cohums.ohio-state.edu /unger26/Fallacy3.htm (12596 words)

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