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Topic: Historical states of Italy

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	Encyclopedia topic: Papal States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, "States of the Church") was one of the historical states of Italy (additional info and facts about historical states of Italy) before its unity under the crown of Savoy (additional info and facts about crown of Savoy).
		The Pope had become the largest landowner in Italy (A republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD), a privilege that brought with it certain political issues and pressures.
		The last time the Papal States were lost and restored was in 1848, after which the Papal States were restored with the intervention of the French (The Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France) and Austrian (A native or inhabitant of Austria) governments.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pa/papal_states.htm (1283 words)

	Papal States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, "States of the Church") was one of the major historical states of Italy before the boot-shaped peninsula was unified under the Piedmontese crown of Savoy (later a republic).
		The Papal States were restored in June of 1800, and Pope Pius VII returned, but the French again invaded in 1808, and this time the remainder of the States of the Church were annexed to France, forming the départements of Tibre and Trasimène.
		The opportunity to eliminate the last vestige of the Papal States came at the beginning of September 1870, when, in the aftermath of France's disastrous defeat at the Battle of Sedan, the French garrison in Rome was withdrawn to defend France against the Prussians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Papal_States (2275 words)

	Encyclopedia: Historical states of Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, "States of the Church") is one of the historical states of Italy before its unity under the crown of Savoy and comprised those territories over which the Pope was the ruler in a civil as well as a spiritual sense before 1870.
		This historical background is surprisingly volatile; while one might assume that political stability and economic security are prerequisites for intellectual and cultural experimentation, some of the most radical and far-reaching cultural work in the Renaissance was done in the periods of greatest insecurity.
		Little was done to stop the growth of these autonomous states; Italy had through most of the late middle ages been fought over by the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor; each of these was so intent on the other that both permitted the growth of powerful autonomous regions to further their own aims.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Historical-states-of-Italy (315 words)

	Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The flag of the Kingdom of Italy was a rectangular version of the flag of the Italian Republic, with Napoleon's emblem on the green field.
		The Kingdom of Italy was born on 17 March 1805.
		Northen Italy in 1810, with the Kingdom of Italy, the French Empire (Piedmont, Parma and Tuscany), the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sardinia
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29 (397 words)

	Encyclopedia: History of Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Modern Italy became a nation-state belatedly â” on March 17, 1861, when most of the states of the peninsula were united under king Victor Emmanuel II of the Savoy dynasty, which ruled over Piedmont.
		Italy was a charter member of NATO and the European Union, and hence joined the growing political and economic unification of Western Europe, including the introduction of the Euro in 1999.
		Southern Italy, often referred to in Italian as the Mezzogiorno (a term first used in 19th century in comparison with French Midi) encompasses six of the countrys 20 autonomous regions: Basilicata Campania Calabria Molise Puglia Sicily (although Sicily is classified by the official Italian census organization, ISTAT, as Insular...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-Italy (2033 words)

	List of extinct states - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These states were subsumed by either the Qin or those states that were defeated by Qin.
		Those idigenous states that existed in the fifteenth century were largely destroyed by the combined impact of European military forces and diseases after the voyages of Christopher Columbus brought knowledge of the Americas to the European public.
		The Kingdom of Hawaii was unified in 1810 under Kamehameha I, and was recognized by the United States as an independent nation from 1826 until January 17, 1893.
	www.wikipedia.com /wiki/Extinct_countries,_empires,_etc. (3250 words)

	Cispadane Republic - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Northen Italy in 1797, with the Cispadane Republic
		On 16 October 1796, a congress was held in Modena, formed by representatives from the provinces of Modena, Bologna, Ferrara and Reggio Emilia.
		The congress was unofficially organized by Napoleon, whose French army had swept through northern Italy earlier in the year, and needed to settle the situation in Italy and gather new troops for an offensive against Austria.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Cispadane_Republic (198 words)

	Foreign Countries' Policies and Programs
		Although corn has historically been for food use, the rapid growth in the poultry sector in recent years has resulted in a significant diversion of corn for feed use.
		Italy is one of the leading importers of U.S. dry beans, accounting for roughly 5 percent of total U.S. dry bean exports.
		While per capita annual bean consumption in Italy is currently only three kilos, Italian consumers are still influenced by historical regional consumption patterns from the beginning of the century, when bean consumption was at least 40 kilos.
	www.fas.usda.gov /grain/circular/1998/98-08/dtricks.htm (3098 words)

	© POL.it: LETTER FROM STATES - NOVEMBER 2002
		Although a definitive conceptualization of historical trauma has to be reached yet, a working definition from the writing of Native American scholars views historical trauma as the psychological, physical, social and cultural aftermath of the process of colonialism and post colonialism to which Indigenous people have been subjected.
		Although this entity definitely broadens the scope of the traumatic experience, it does not engulf an analysis of the historical context in which trauma originates and therefore is not sufficient to fully explain the psychic damage deriving from the colonial and postcolonial experience in Indigenous populations (4).
		A historical existential dimension, whose most salient characteristic is a sense of "not belonging", estrangement from the relationship with Indigenous cycle of life, definable in traditional sociological terms as Anomie (4).
	www.priory.com /ital/fromstates2e.htm (4066 words)

	Italian Wars - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		They soon proved unpopular in Italy, and the League of Venice was formed against them, Charles being defeated at the Battle of Fornovo, but escaping to France.
		His cousin and successor Louis XII of France invaded Italy in 1499 and managed to hold the north of the country, agreeing to partition Naples with Ferdinand II of Aragon.
		Louis was driven from Italy at the Battle of Novara in 1513, and it was left to his successor Francis I to reassert French interests.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Italian_Wars (528 words)

	Historical Documents - United States Immigration Act of 1790
		The immigrant in the United States is a story as old as the country itself, woven into the very mythic fabric of how this nation has defined itself since the landing of the first pilgrims.
		In 1978, the United States government set a single annual world quota of 290,000, and this ceiling was raised again in 1990 to 700,000.
		And the children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered as natural born citizens: Provided, that the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States:.
	www.historicaldocuments.com /ImmigrationActof1790.htm (2190 words)

	Ravi Bhavnani: Adaptive Agents, Political Institutions and Civic Traditions in Modern Italy
		Historical shocks that lowered the civicness of the republic's inhabitants by 30% were introduced at t=1,000, t=3,000, t=5,000, and t=7,000.
		Sabetti (1996) suggests that the origins of civic culture in Italy are older than medieval times and that there is likely to have been more fluctuation in the civicness of regions than is suggested by the logic of path dependence, or by Putnam's application of this logic.
		Third, the analysis of historical shocks in the communal republics suggests that societies with high levels of civicness which experience shocks late in their development are less likely to recover to pre-shock level of civicness.
	jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk /6/4/1.html (7376 words)

	Italy (Country Profiles from National Geographic MapMachine) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Italy consists of a mountainous peninsula in southern Europe extending into the Mediterranean Sea and includes the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and about 70 other smaller islands.
		Although decades of struggle unified Italy in 1871, two Italys exist today: the prosperous, industrialized north and the less developed agricultural south, known as the Mezzogiorno (land of the midday sun).
		Italy's economic strength is in the processing and manufacturing of goods, primarily in small and medium size family-owned firms.
	plasma.nationalgeographic.com /mapmachine/profiles/it.html (365 words)

	David A. Hollinger \| Amalgamation and Hypodescent: The Question of Ethnoracial Mixture in the History of the United ...
		The foreign-born population of the United States between 1860 and 1930 ranged between 11.6 percent and 14.7 percent, and a much larger percentage than that of white inhabitants throughout those seventy years were, of course, the children or grandchildren of immigrants.
		A third condition helps make the United States a setting in which our question is importantly engaged: the presence of Indians, or at least the presence of those indigenous people who were left after the slaughters and disease-caused deaths that accompanied the occupation of their land by Europeans.
		Moreover, the bulk of the Latino and Asian-American population of the United States today are either immigrants or the children of immigrants, not the descendants of families who were directly affected by the miscegenation laws of state governments within the United States.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/108.5/hollinger.html (12132 words)

	Backgrounds to the Italian Renaissance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		At the beginning of the high middle ages, wealth in Italy consisted almost entirely of land and was concentrated in the hands of the nobility.
		The states were small and numerous and out of this tension grew a sophisticated and devious kind of diplomacy.
		It isn't entirely an exaggeration to conclude that the growth of the Papal States in the High Renaissance was one of the direct causes of the European Reformation.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/REN/BACK.HTM (2870 words)

	Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kingdom was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy, in 1866.
		The Congress of Vienna combined the territories of Lombardy (ruled by Austria in 1713-96) and Venetia (under Austrian rule since 1797) under the Austrian Habsburg dynasty.
		Francis Joseph ruled over the Kingdom until the annexation of Venetia to the Kingdom of Italy, in 1866 (Lombardy had already been annexed in 1859, after the Second Italian Independence War).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lombardy-Venetia (231 words)

	Duke - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Like the margraves, they were responsible for the military defence of an important region, and had strong arguments for retaining the Crown's tax incomes of their duchy to found their military force.
		In early Medieval Italy, the Dukes of Benevento and of Spoleto were independent territorial magnates in duchies originally created by the Lombards.
		Although since the unification of Italy in the 1870, there have no longer been any sovereign duchies— Luxembourg is a grand duchy— sovereign dukes of Parma and Modena in Italy, and of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Anhalt, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, and Saxe-Altenburg in Germany survived Napoleon's reorganization.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Duke (1253 words)

	A New Realm Media Production I Visions of Tuscany I VILLAGE FESTIVAL I MONTE SAN SAVINO
		Italy was not then a nation but a territory warred over by powerful foreign neighbors and her own city-states.
		Since its origins the history of the castle was strongly tied to that of the biggest feudal family of the Casentino Valley, that made Poppi the centre of their great fiefdom and lived in this castle for almost four hundred years: the counts of the Guidi family.
		Sansepolcro is situated in an area of Italy populated first by the Etruscans, then by the Romans.
	www.ciaodarling.com /italy/toscana/villagefestival/default.htm (845 words)

	Ships of the World: An Historical Encyclopedia - - United States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In exchange for a government subsidy, he built into the ship a number of special features, including greater speed than needed for service as a passenger ship and two engine rooms so that she could operate normally in the event that one engine was torpedoed.
		By far the most extraordinary aspect of the new liner was her incredible speed, but although she boasted the most powerful machinery of any passenger ship, the abundant use of aluminum in her construction kept her weight to a minimum.
		On November 7, 1969, United States sailed from New York for what was to have been a routine overhaul in Newport News, but in the face of escalating costs and declining revenues, her return to service was canceled and she was laid up at Newport News.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/ships/html/sh_095200_unitedstates.htm (877 words)

	French Culture - Historical Champagne and Wine Trivia
		Grape vines are planted in all of Italy's 20 provinces.
		That is why the country, which is 25 percent smaller than the state of California, produces one-fifth of all the wine made in the world.
		There were more wineries in the United States before Prohibition than there were a dozen years ago (more than 700 in 1920 vs. about 600 in 1988).
	mr_sedivy.tripod.com /adv_eur30.html (600 words)

	United States boys clothes -- historical background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		No examination of historical boys' clothing styles in America would be complete wihout an examination of slavery which was a legal institution until 1863-65.
		Italy had signed a treaty with Germany and Austria Hungary, decided not to honor it and later entered the War.
		The Soviet Union, while not a member of the Axis, was until the German invasion in June 1941, a virtual ally of the Germans-seizing territory from neigboring states and occupying the Baltic states.
	histclo.hispeed.com /country/us/hist/us-hist.html (3710 words)

	ITALIAN
		One portrait of Carano in native dress in Italy and one with the Germantown Band of Philadelphia.
		Vincent Russoniello was born in St. Andrea de Conza, Avellino, Italy and immigrated to the United States in 1905.
		Scandella was born in Italy and was educated as a physician.
	www.balchinstitute.org /manuscript_guide/html/italian.html (3334 words)

	Info and facts on 'Historical states of Italy' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Info and facts on 'Historical states of Italy'
		State of the Church (additional info and facts about State of the Church)
		Kingdom of Italy (additional info and facts about Kingdom of Italy) (1805 - 1814)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/hi/historical_states_of_italy.htm (760 words)

	Italian Wars on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Renaissance Italy was split into numerous rival states, most of which sought foreign alliances to increase their individual power.
		The wars began when, in 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and seized (1495) Naples without effort, only to be forced to retreat by a coalition of Spain, the Holy Roman emperor, the pope, Venice, and Milan.
		Complete Spanish supremacy in Italy was obtained by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559), which gave the Two Sicilies and Milan to Philip II.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/I/ItalianW1.asp (1079 words)

	\| The Black Death: End of a Paradigm \| The American Historical Review, 107.3 \| The History Cooperative
		Further, while political conflict may have increased among the new regional states of Italy from the Black Death to the Peace of Lodi (1454), internecine war between the great families in Florence declined; "the tenor of life" became less, not more, violent.
		In contrast to the highly contagious summer plague of the later Middle Ages, the warm weather bubonic plague of the twentieth century, despite its virulence, is "one of the least infectious of all epidemics" because of the complexity of its transmission, its reliance on rats and fleas.
		Instead, later movements such as the Bianchi in Italy were organized top-down and were known for their orderliness, and Jews could accompany gentiles in civic processions to hasten the end of plagues.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/107.3/ah0302000703.html (8720 words)

	Antique Atlas Italy
		This covers the central region of Italy, from Florence to Rome, with original outline colour distinguishing the regions, which are named in the side panels, along with the title cartouche, coats of arms, also scale-bar and signature cartouches.
		A general map of Italy, including also Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia, with original outline colour distinguishing the various kingdoms and states at the time of publication.
		Here the southern states of Italy, including also Sicily by means of an inset map, are shown in original outline colour.
	www.antique-atlas.co.uk /italy.html (3287 words)

	Explore Italy-Travel to Venice, Florence, Portofino, Sardinia, Milan, Sicily ,Tuscany, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Our agency was founded by Dr. Maria Rosaria Di Lucente Bhacca-Elder, a citizen of Italy who resides in the U.S. Maria grew up in Abruzzi, the region located on the Adriatic east of Rome.
		With locations in both the United States and Italy, we have a intimate perspective about travel to Italy.
		Over the past thirteen years, Accent has built its reputation on its skill and attention to detail along with hundreds of contacts in Italy that have proven to be of enormous benefit to our clients.
	www.explore-italy.com (238 words)

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