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Topic: Historical temperature record

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Satellite temperature measurements

Temperature record of the past 1000 years

Global cooling

Heat island

Global warming

Global warming controversy

Attribution of recent climate change

Climate change

IPCC

Global warming and agriculture

Little Ice Age

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	Historical temperature record: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Historical temperature record (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The historical temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans throughout history, and in particular since 1850.
		There are important concerns about the historical temperature record, which essentially divide into the fraction of the globe covered; and the effect of changing thermometer designs and observing practice and effects of changing land-use around the observing stations.
		Secondary evidence for temperature changes can be obtained by observing things that are predicted to be affected by temperature changes, such as variations in the snow cover and ice extent, global average sea level, precipitation, cloud cover, El Niño and extreme weather events.
	www.encyclopedian.com /hi/Historical-temperature-record.html (950 words)

	Instrumental temperature record - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The instrumental temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans since the invention of thermomenters.
		There are important concerns about possible uncertainties in the instrumental temperature record, including the fraction of the globe covered, the effects of changing thermometer designs and observing practice, and the effects of changing land-use around the observing stations.
		Secondary evidence for temperature changes can be obtained by observing things that are predicted to be affected by temperature changes, such as variations in the snow cover and ice extent [5], sea level rise, precipitation [6], cloud cover [7], El Niño and extreme weather events [8].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Historical_temperature_record (578 words)

	TRENDS: TEMPERATURE
		One of the fundamental arguments used in deriving this temperature record is that the deuterium content distribution is well documented over East Antarctica and over a large range of temperatures (-20° to -55° C); thus, there is a linear relationship between the average annual surface temperature and the snow deuterium content.
		Extending the Vostok ice-core record of palaeoclimate to the penultimate glacial period.
		Historical isotopic temperature record from the Vostok ice core.
	cdiac.esd.ornl.gov /trends/temp/vostok/jouz_tem.htm (1133 words)

	Predicting Climate Change
		The temperature record is analogous to the heart's signal in an electrocardiogram; in both cases, even the most regular of patterns is punctuated by irregular fluctuations.
		One cycle of the earth's surface temperature is related to the change in the solar input induced by the earth's orbital precession.
		The graph suggests a direct, or linear, relationship between the average atmospheric temperature and the amount of CO in the atmosphere—that is, temperature rises as CO concentrations rise.
	www.ornl.gov /ORNLReview/rev28_2/text/cli.htm (3501 words)

	Dynamic Spatial Modeling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Mean monthly temperature values are used to calculate the potential evapotranspiration in each cell, and the actual evapotranspiration depends on the degree of saturation of the soil.
		A 20-year (1973-1992) historical temperature record from Barstow, California and a 20-year precipitation record from the Goldstone Echo gauge on Fort Irwin were used to simulate temperature and precipitation.
		Temperatures are not recorded on Fort Irwin, but the NOAA station in Barstow, approximately 10 miles east of Ft.
	blizzard.gis.uiuc.edu /dsm_tort_climate.htm (1307 words)

	Historical temperature record
		Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic factors is an important question: see anthropogenic climate change.
		The fluctuation in the surface temperature record is generally acknowledged, although the causes remain controversial and some researchers dispute the accuracy of the readings (refs?); others question why the US and Europe show much less of a warming trend than non-industrialized countries (presumably conveniently forgetting about the marine record).
		Secondary evidence for temperature changes can be obtained by observing things that are predicted to be affected by temperature changes, such as variations in the snow cover and ice extent [1], sea level rise, precipitation [1], cloud cover [1], El Niño; and extreme weather events [1].
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/historical_temperature_record (1164 words)

	Earth's atmosphere - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		troposphere: from the surface to 7 km to 17 km, depending on latitude and weather factors, temperature decreasing with height.
		thermosphere: from 80–85 km to 640+ km, temperature increasing with height.
		The average temperature of the atmosphere at the surface of earth is 14 °C. Pressure
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /earth%27s_atmosphere.htm (1201 words)

	The Surface Temperature Record
		The pronounced different phases in the surface temperature record over the past century, and its highly regional character are incompatible with theoretical explanations based on steady global change, such as the proposed effects of the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
		The records of annual global surface temperature anomalies and their regional distribution are not explicable by a theory of steady almost uniform global temperature increase, such as the supposed effects of increases in greenhouse gases.
		The differences between the surface temperature record since 1978 and that recorded by the MSU satellites in the lower troposphere must therefore be largely due to local heating which is highly regional, and is particularly evident in cold climates.
	www.john-daly.com /graytemp/surftemp.htm (4431 words)

	Urban heat island - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scientists compiling the historical temperature record are aware of the UHI effect, but they vary as to how significant they think it is. Some scientists (see Peterson, below) have published peer reviewed papers indicating that the effect of the UHI has been overestimated, and that it does not affect the record at all.
		The explanation for the night-time maximum is that the principal cause of UHI is blocking of "sky view" during cooling: surfaces lose heat at night principally by radiation to the (comparitavely cold) sky, and this is blocked by the buildings in an urban area.
		Because some parts of some cities may be several degrees hotter than their surroundings, a difference double or triple the warming observed over the historical temperature record, there is a risk that the effects of urban sprawl might be misinterpreted as an increase in global temperature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Urban_heat_island_effect (2472 words)

	Another new paper disputes surface temperature record (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Historical climate data that had previously been thought to exhibit a slight warming trend has come under fire in another newly published scientific srticle (see story in the last issue on the McKitrick and Michaels paper).
		This finding is evident despite the fact that the dataset had been previously adjusted for a variety of temperature discrepancies, ranging from missing temperature data to the transition from mercurial to electronic sensing equipment.
		Continuing, "Stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted with latitude, latitude squared, longitude, longitude squared, and elevation aspotential independent variables in explaining spatial variance in the temperature change values." They found all of the independent variables to be highly significant with regards to the temperature increase, meaning that some bias must exist within the dataset.
	www.globalwarming.org /article.php?uid=679 (244 words)

	Instrumental temperature record (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The data for the record come from thermometer measurements from land stations and ships [2] (http://www.met-office.gov.uk/research/hadleycentre/pubs/talks/sld011.html), which independently show much the same warming since 1860.
		There are important concerns about possible biases in the instrumental temperature record, including the fraction of the globe covered, the effects of changing thermometer designs and observing practice, and the effects of changing land-use around the observing stations.
		Secondary evidence for temperature changes can be obtained by observing things that are predicted to be affected by temperature changes, such as variations in the snow cover and ice extent [5] (http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/062.htm), sea level rise, precipitation [6] (http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/077.htm), cloud cover [7] (http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/082.htm), El Niño and extreme weather events [8] (http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/089.htm).
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Historical_temperature_record (680 words)

	TEMPERATURE RECORD OF THE PAST 1000 YEARS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It is also possible to use historical data - times of grape harvests; seaice-free periods in harbours; diary entires of frost or heatwaves - to produce indications of when it was warm or cold in particular regions.
		These records are harder to calibrate, are often only available sparesely through time, and may only be available from "civilised" regions, and are unlikely to come with good error estimates.
		One possibility is that the fluctuations recorded in the historical records are regional rather than hemispheric in scale.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/TEMPERATURE+RECORD+OF+THE+PAST+1000+YEARS (631 words)

	Historical Isotopic Temperature Record from the Vostok Ice Core (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Glacial-interglacial temperature records were derived from the 2083-m ice core from Vostok, Antarctica, obtained during a series of drillings in th early 1970s and 1980.
		Temperature records were derived from isotopes of oxygen-18 and deuterium in snowfall.
		The 420-kyr Vostok temperature record in this dataset was reconstructed from the continuous deuterium profile measured along the core.
	gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov /records/GCMD_CDIAC_VOSTOK_TEMPS_TRENDS.html (660 words)

	Boston University Press Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Kaufmann and Stern examined the northern and southern hemispheres' historical temperature record from 1865 to 1994.
		Temperature in the northern hemisphere, he adds, where most human activity takes place, is in a statistical-but not physical-sense, dependent on temperature in the southern hemisphere.
		In the northern hemisphere, this "greenhouse signal" is partly obscured by the reflective sulphate aerosols in the lower atmosphere.
	www.lib.rpi.edu /~sternd/pr.html (665 words)

	Earth's atmosphere - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation and reducing temperature extremes between day and night.
		The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude; the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies between the different atmospheric layers:
		With the appearance of an ozone layer (a compound of three oxygen atoms) lifeforms were better protected from ultraviolet radiation.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Earth%27s_atmosphere (969 words)

	IPCC Releases Political Summary; A Rift in the IPCC "Consensus"?; Teamsters Oppose the Kyoto Protocol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The summary claims that the earth’s temperature could rise much faster than previously thought and that last century was the warmest in the past thousand years.
		The hockey stick represents a radical departure from the well-established historical temperature record, which has been derived from several proxies, including the written historical record, ice core samples, and tree ring data, among others.
		Those records show that the earth was much warmer during the Medieval Warm Period that spanned much of the first half of the millennium.
	www.globalwarming.org /article.php?uid=258 (1075 words)

	USGCRP Seminar: Reconstruction of the Earth's Temperature Record for the Last Six Centuries: Are the Earth's Glaciers ...
		By using modern statistical techniques to match the widespread instrumental record of the 20th century to natural archives or "proxy" climate indicators such as tree-ring, coral, and ice-core records, combined with the suite of long historical climate records, global patterns of annual temperature have been reconstructed several centuries back in time, with relatively small uncertainties.
		This trend is not, however, as dramatic as that seen in hemispheric temperatures, and the evidence is more tentative given the larger uncertainties inherent in reconstructing this phenomenon.
		The results of this analysis suggests that the significant temperature variations in past centuries likely have their origins in natural climate forcingÐÐvariations in the brightness of the Sun in particular.
	www.usgcrp.gov /usgcrp/seminars/980714FO.html (2152 words)

	One hundred seventeen year coastal temperature record reveals warming trends
		Daily water temperature measurements were collected by the Branch of Fish Culture of the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries at Great harbor, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, beginning in January 1886 and continuing for 33 years until 1919.
		The record shows that a warming trend in the late 1940s was reversed by a cooling during the 1960s.
		The scientists also found that while the mean annual water temperature only exceeded 11?C five times during the 50-year period between 1886 and 1948, it surpassed this temperature 26 times in the 30-year period between 1970 and 2000.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-08/uori-ohs082404.php (538 words)

	atmospheric temperature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The most plausible explanation for the temperature increases are rising concentrations of greenhouse gases and a number of natural changes including variations in energy released by the sun and climatic variability.
		Australian mean temperature for 1998 was 22.5°C, 0.7°C higher than the average for the 1961 to 1990 reference period.
		These increases and their nature – with minimum temperatures rising more than maxima – are in keeping with scientists’ descriptions of likely changes associated with rising concentrations of greenhouse gases.
	www.dar.csiro.au /publications/Holper_1999a.htm (1421 words)

	Global warming controversy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Past climate behavior is in historical temperature record, temperature record of the past 1000 years, and satellite temperature record.
		In other words, just because temperatures have generally been rising since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, that doesn't necessarily mean that the Industrial Revolution has caused the change in temperature (see post hoc, ergo propter hoc argument).
		Another argument from the global warming skeptics, is that records of temperature change are wrong because temperature monitoring stations are located in urban areas and as such the measurements they take are distorted by the heat of the city (from cars, house heating etc).
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/G/Global-warming-controversy.htm (3281 words)

	New Antarctic Ice Core Data
		This is probably due to the ability of the oceans to function as a heat sink, and thereby delay the increase in atmospheric temperatures.
		They typically cite evidence indicating that overall global temperatures have not changed as much as polar temperatures, where the ice cores were taken, and that increases of only 2-3C should be anticipated.
		The latest data show that the amplitude of sub-polar temperature changes has been in the range of 8-12C, which is not all that different from the 10-12C found at the poles.
	www.daviesand.com /Choices/Precautionary_Planning/New_Data (1398 words)

	The Global Surface Air Temperature Record Must Be Wrong
		One way suggested by Balling is to compare the satellite record with the surface air temperature record over the portion of the earth that is known to possess the highest quality surface air temperature data.
		We thus conclude with him that if equally good surface air temperature records were available for the rest of the earth, they too would match up equally beautifully with the corresponding satellite record … and show no warming.
		Finally, we have the radiosonde or weather balloon record of temperature in the same part of the atmosphere that is monitored by satellite.
	mitosyfraudes.8k.com /INGLES/TempWrong.html (936 words)

	Climate change
		Within the last 1000 years, there are two extensive periods where temperatures were relatively warmer (the Medieval Warm Period) or cooler (the Little Ice Age).
		The 100 kyr ice age cycles are controlled by orbital forcing - variations in the seasonal and geographical distribution of insolation; and in the total insolation.
		The rapid temperature changes seen in ice cores during the last glacial were probably caused by events associated with the Laurentide ice sheet and thus count as "internal variability".
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/climate_change_1 (1065 words)

	The United Nations' Global Warming Slapshot
		Those records show that the earth was much warmer during the Medieval Warm Period, from around 1000 to 1300.
		The twentieth century was cooler than the Medieval Warm Period, and the warming that has occurred could easily be explained by a natural emergence from the Little Ice Age (1300—1850), an episode that also mysteriously disappears in the IPCC’s new tree-ring data.
		Indeed, the amount of warming claimed for the twentieth century is smaller than the margin of error in the IPCC’s temperature data.
	www.cei.org /gencon/005,01990.cfm (830 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		There is also disagreement on the historical temperature record.
		Recent actual temperature records indicate rising temperatures during the 20th Century until 1945, then a thirty year period of cooling until warming again since 1976.
		However, the US National Academy of Sciences, both in its 2002 report to President George W. Bush, and in its latest publications, has strongly endorsed evidence of an average global temperature increase in the 20th century and stated that human activity is heavily implicated in causing this increase.
	www.askmytutor.co.uk /g/gl/global_warming_controversy.html (1421 words)

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