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Topic: History of Africa

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	EARLY HISTORY OF AFRICA
		Most of Africa did not have a written tradition of recorded history, however there are regions where a literate tradition a great antiquity exists.
		Africa is referred to as the "cradle for all humankind." Archaeological records document the development of different regional groups of people--with their own technologies and local cultural styles.
		Iron working was wide spread in West Africa by the first century A.D. Ironworking centers developed large populations organized as chiefdoms or kingdoms with hierarchical social stratification, complex division of labor, craft specialization, well-developed artistic traditions, long-distance trade, and campaigns of conquest.
	www.princetonol.com /groups/iad/lessons/middle/history1.htm (0 words)

	History Of Africa
		It is believed that the word Africa is derived from ethnonyms ‘Afer’ and ‘Afri’, while some believe that it came from Afrigii and Afridi, supposed to be derived from ‘Afira’ meaning ‘to be dusty’ in Arabic.
		West Africa was the chief trade route and many a great empires saw rise in this region such as the Mali empire, Kanem Bornu empire, Fulani empire, the Dahomey Oyo, Ashanti and Songhay empires.
		The history of Africa has many instances of slavery that was rooted in its history.
	www.thehistoryofafrica.com (0 words)

	The history of Africa as a whole (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives and does not presume to validate their accuracy or authenticity nor to release their copyright.
		The contemporary political history of Africa as a whole and pan-africanism
		The culture history of Africa as a whole
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/30 (130 words)

	EARLY HISTORY OF AFRICA
		Most of Africa did not have a written tradition of recorded history, however there are regions where a literate tradition a great antiquity exists.
		Africa is referred to as the "cradle for all humankind." Archaeological records document the development of different regional groups of people--with their own technologies and local cultural styles.
		Iron working was wide spread in West Africa by the first century A.D. Ironworking centers developed large populations organized as chiefdoms or kingdoms with hierarchical social stratification, complex division of labor, craft specialization, well-developed artistic traditions, long-distance trade, and campaigns of conquest.
	princetonol.com /groups/iad/lessons/middle/history1.htm (2798 words)

	History of Africa - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Portuguese, whose power in Africa was already waning, were not in a position to interfere with the Dutch plans, and Britain was content to seize the island of Saint Helena as her half-way house to the East.
		Africa's earliest evidence of written history was in Ancient Egypt, and the Egyptian calendar is still used as the standard for dating bronze age and iron age cultures throughout the region.
		Throughout North Africa Christianity nearly disappeared, except in Egypt where the Coptic Church remained strong partly because of the influence of Ethiopia, which was not approached by the Mulsims because of Ethiopia's history of harboring early Muslim converts from retaliation by pagan Arab tribes.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/History_of_Africa (7374 words)

	Africa - MSN Encarta
		The savannas of eastern and southern Africa are renowned for their big game animals, huge herds of herbivores, and abundant bird species.
		Africa is famous for its huge herds of savanna animals.
		The Atlantic Ocean off Africa’s west coast has two cold ocean currents—the Benguela south of the equator and the Canaries to the north—as well as several areas where cold water rises to the surface.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572628_11/Africa.html (919 words)

	Wikinfo \| History of Africa (Site not responding. Last check: )
		However, after the desertification of the Sahara, settlement in North Africa became concentrated in the valley of the Nile, where the pre-literate Nomes of Egypt laid a base for the culture of ancient Egypt, usually considered separately from the other cultures of the continent.
		The Portuguese, whose power in Africa was already waning, were not in a position to interfere with the Dutch plans, and England was content to seize the island of Saint Helena as her half-way house to the East.
		In South Africa the struggle with Napoleon caused Great Britain to take possession of the Dutch settlements at the Cape, and in 1814 Cape Colony, which had been continuously occupied by British troops since 1806, was formally ceded to the British crown.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=History_of_Africa (4402 words)

	History of Africa
		Egypt was considered part of Asia by the ancients, and first assigned to Africa by the geographer Ptolemy, who made the isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea the boundary between Asia and Africa.
		Africa was the birthplace of the genus homo, which includes a broad range of hominid species including Homo sapiens.
		The Portuguese, whose power in Africa was already waning, were not in a position to interfere with the Dutch plans, and England was content to seize the island of Saint Helena as her half-way house to the East.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/h/hi/history_of_africa.html (5723 words)

	General History of Africa
		Arranged mainly by regions, developments in the history of Africa are reviewed, with a focus on the leading historical themes.
		The Mfecane and the occupation of South Africa lead the themes in Southern Africa; jihads, warfare, and trade dominate the treatment of West Africa; trade and religion are the focus for East Africa; internal development and European contacts are treated in the north.
		Among the notable events of the century were demographic and population movements in different parts of Africa, an increasing European encroachment, improvements in agricultural systems, and a tendency toward centralized power structures, which promoted the emergence of many warriors and new states.
	www.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v2/v2i4a9.htm (847 words)

	History of Africa
		If Africa's population continues to increase at its present rate, it will double by the year 2019.Many of the challenges faced by missionaries working in Africa can be traced to the history of the continent and the impact of European colonization.
		The modern European colonization of Africa was begun by the Portuguese, who established trading stations on the coast in the 15th and 16th centuries.
		The dominant religion of northern Africa is Islam, which replaced Christianity in the 7th century and spread west and south across the Sahara and into the equatorial zones.
	www.cmdeaf.org /stats/h-africa.asp (1038 words)

	African History
		History of the region since the Islamic invasions, and the social and political transformations leading to the rise of modern states in the 20th century.
		History of Africa south of the Sahara and West of the Cameroon highlands.
		Area south of Lake Chad and north of Southwest Africa and Zambia from the advent of the Iron Age to the present.
	history.wisc.edu /africa/courses/courses.htm (951 words)

	History of Africa University
		The bishops of Africa, serving on the General Board of Higher Education and Ministry, issue a call to action to the denomination to establish a university in Africa.
		A $20 million fund-raising goal is set for the Africa Initiative -to be reached by the end of 1992 (the four-year period, quadrennium, marked by the meeting of the General Conference).
		Africa University will branch out through the establishment of an Outreach Office which will explore partnerships with other national institutions in developed countries.
	www.umcsc.org /africa/historyofau.html (601 words)

	Early African history - History for Kids!
		Africa is the place where people first originated, so African history goes back further than in any other place on earth.
		At first there were not very many people in Africa, and they lived by gathering wild plants and by scavenging meat that other, stronger animals had killed.
		West Africa (now Nigeria and Cameroon) had fertile land in the zone between the Sahara desert and the rain forest, but it was small.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/africa/history/index.htm (779 words)

	UNESCO - General History of Africa: Project description
		Africa’s historical connections with the other continents receive due attention, these connections being analysed in terms of mutual exchanges and multilateral influences, bringing out, in its appropriate light, Africa’s contribution to the history of mankind.
		General History of Africa is, in particular, a history of ideas and civilizations, societies and institutions.
		For the writing of a continental history of Africa, covering the last 3 million years, using the highest canons of scholarship and involving, as it must do, scholars drawn from diverse countries, cultures, ideologies and historical traditions, is surely a complex undertaking.
	www.unesco.org /culture/africa/html_eng/projet.htm (1005 words)

	A History of Africa, Chapter 3
		In 310 Hamilcar the son of Gisgo brought 14,000 troops from Africa, set up a camp at Ecnomus (on the south coast, halfway between Acragas and Gela), and went to work recruiting allies among the native Sicilians.
		Agathocles' gamble in Africa saved eastern Sicily for the duration of his lifetime, but still the struggle between Greek and non-Greek was becoming unequal.
		Their schools did a good job of teaching writing and math, but history, philosophy and most of the sciences and arts were unknown to them.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /africa/carthage.html (9490 words)

	History of Africa
		In a single volume, History of Africa offers an illustrated and critical narrative introduction to the history of the continent from earliest times to the present.
		Beginning with the evolution of mankind itself, the book traces the history of Africa through the millennia of the ancient world to the centuries of medieval and modern Africa.
		Publisher and author claim that "History of Africa" is both a high school and college text, but plentiful (not excessive) detail makes it a challenge for all but the most advanced secondary students.
	www.xmlwriter.net /books/viewbook/History_of_Africa-0312125984.html (671 words)

	Brief History of South Africa
		The devious politics of racial separation are initiated.
		In the beginning of the 19th century, Zulu King Shaka establishes the mightiest kingdom in southern Africa.
		Democratic elections open the way for a better future.
	www.southafrica-travel.net /history/eh_menu.htm (143 words)

	History of Nations - Africa
		The name Africa, which is of Phoenician origin, was at first given by the Romans to the territory about the city of Carthage.
		In their turn the Arabs adopted the name; then the writers of the Middle Ages; finally it has come to include the entire continent.
		The date indicated is the date of the last update.
	www.historyofnations.net /africa (67 words)

	History of Africa and the Middle East
		Courses on West African history, Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa, comparative slavery, and the social history of alcohol.
		Teaches courses on colonial and modern Africa, the history of Southern Africa, and Christianity and protest.
		Interested in social and cultural history of the Middle East and Southeastern Europe in the early modern era.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~sjsmith/faculty/by_area/africa_and_the_middle_east.htm (369 words)

	South African Military History Society - Title page
		The SA Military History Society is a non-profit society of enthusiasts dedicated to the study, recording and dissemination of military aspects of South Africa's history.
		Send email to the S.A.Military History Society (scribe@samilitaryhistory.org)
		Lecturers Wanted: Experts who would wish to present lectures to the monthly meetings of the Society in Johannesburg, Durban, Cape Town or the Eastern Cape
	samilitaryhistory.org (0 words)

	Africa’s History - Planning a Trip
		It’s all around us in the airplanes we fly, in the way we live, in the landscape that surrounds us, and in who we are.
		And Africa’s book is a long and complex one.
		PBS looks at the continent’s recent history, with “Africa in the 1990s.”
	www.ecotravellogue.com /planning-a-trip/africas-history.html (303 words)

	The Story of Africa\| BBC World Service
		The majority of them went to the Americas, although many were taken to the Middle East and North Africa.
		Slavery had been practised all over the world for thousands of years, but never before had so many people from one continent been transported to another against their will.
		Large scale slave trading in Africa ceased towards the end of the 19th century, but its legacy of suffering continues today.
	www.bbc.co.uk /worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section9.shtml (215 words)

	The Tectonic History of Africa
		The tectonic and geological history of Africa has provided both of these conditions in the Rift Valleys of East Africa, where many of the earliest fossil remains of humans and their tools have been discovered.
		The two rifts have now effectively separated Africa from Arabia, although the two were once part of the same landmass, the Afro-Arabian craton.
		It has been suggested that the rifting was caused by Africa being displaced 200 kilometers south and west of its original position.
	id-archserve.ucsb.edu /Anth3/Courseware/OlduvaiForm/3_Tectonic_History_Africa.html (848 words)

	Colonial History of Africa
		Dutch in South Africa, Portuguese language heritage in Africa, European forts in Ghana, Madagascar, Chronology of Portuguese possessions in Africa, Chronology of Dutch Possessions in Africa, the Dutch in Mauritius, bibliographies.
		History of pirates in the Indian Ocean (with bibliography).
		Covers history, politics, and religion in Usukuma, the colonial influence on Sukuma chiefs, a history and tour of the Sukuma Museum.
	www.empereur.com /Africa/history/hiscolonial.html (4746 words)

	History of Africa
		It is only in recent years historians have started to put together the true history of the old continent where humans first walked.
		Contrary to the belief of many people Africa has a history going back to a long time before the arrival of white people.
		Only a few tribes started to write down their history (One of them, the Foumban dynasty of Cameroon, developed a unique written alphabet to do so.) Most sources to the early Africa are written down by Europeans obviously with a risk of an unbalanced view of the events.
	www.crawfurd.dk /africa/history.htm (527 words)

	History of Africa the true story
		The British settlers of 1820 were not permitted to own slaves, and slavery at the Cape was formally abolished on 1 December 1834, although the former slaves were obliged to work for their ex-owners for a further period of four years.
		Apartheid led to the immorality act, population registration, segregation, Bantu Education, the homeland system, fl resistance, the freedom charter, treason trials, defiance campaigns, the Sharpeville massacre and finally Liberation in 1994 when the first democratic elections was held.
		The San tribe: A way of life perfected: The descendants of those who lived more than 20000 years ago in what is now South Africa and who are believed to be the original human inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa is known as the San people.
	www.rebirth.co.za /history_of_africa.htm (872 words)

	Internet African History Sourcebook
		Africa is both the most clearly defined of continents - in its geography - and the hardest to pin down in historical terms.
		Map of North Africa in which figures the Atlas Mountains, the king of Mali (Mansa Musa), the king of Organa, the king of Nubia, the king of Bablyon, and the Red Sea.
		An Orthodox mission society based in South Africa, whose aim is to encourage Orthodox Christians to participate in the global mission of the Church.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/africa/africasbook.html (4332 words)

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