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Topic: History of Algeria since 1962

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	History of Algeria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since the 5th century BC, the indigenous peoples of northern Africa (identified by the Romans as Berbers) were pushed back from the coast by successive waves of Phoenician, Roman, Vandal, Byzantine, Arab, Turkish, and, finally, French invaders.
		Algeria became the privateering city-state par excellence, and two privateer brothers were instrumental in extending Ottoman influence in Algeria.
		Algeria and surrounding areas, collectively known as the Barbary States, were responsible for piracy in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the enslaving of Christians, actions which brought them into the First and Second Barbary War with the United States of America.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Algeria (3900 words)

	History of Algeria since 1962 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, underlying opposition to the Political Bureau and to the absence of alternative candidates was manifested in an 18 percent abstention rate nationwide that rose to 36 percent of the electorate in Algiers.
		The creation of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria was formally proclaimed at the opening session of the National Assembly on September 25, 1962.
		Algeria's leaders were stunned in December 1991 when FIS candidates won absolute majorities in 188 of 430 electoral districts, far ahead of the FLN's fifteen seats.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Algeria_since_1962 (3895 words)

	History of Algeria
		Since the 5th century BC, the indigenous tribes of northern Africa (identified by the Romans as Berbers) have been pushed back from the coast by successive waves of Phoenician, Roman, Vandal, Byzantine, Arab, Turkish, and, finally, French invaders.
		The greatest cultural impact came from the Arab invasions of the 8th and 11th centuries A.D., which brought Islam and the Arabic language.
		Algeria is planning for a new round of legislative elections in Spring 2002.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/al/Algeria___History.html (1193 words)

	Algeria - Background
		Algeria is bordered by Morocco to the west and Tunisia to the east.
		Algeria has a relatively young and rapidly growing population: 60 percent of Algerians are under 20 years of age.
		Since its independence, in 1962, Algeria had a flourishing agricultural sector, but by 1990, it employed only 26 percent of the labour force.
	www.uneca.org /aisi/nici/country_profiles/Algeria/algerab.htm (689 words)

	CHARLES BRAY's Algeri Journal
		Algeria is a huge country, the second largest in Africa [only Sudan is bigger] and the 11th largest in the world.
		Antar Zouabri, who had led the GIA since 1996, was killed late on Friday along with two colleagues in a gunfight at a house in his hometown of Boufarik, south of Algiers, the Algerian Government said in a statement.
		It was the bloodiest attack on troops in Algeria since the start of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan on 6 November.
	www.greatestcities.com /users/cbray5003/Africa/Algeria (4110 words)

	Algeria (08/06)
		Since the 5th century B.C., the native peoples of northern Africa (first identified by the Greeks as "Berbers") were pushed back from the coast by successive waves of Phoenician, Roman, Vandal, Byzantine, Arab, Turkish, and, finally, French invaders.
		Algeria has the seventh-largest reserves of natural gas in the world (2.7% of proven world total) and is the second-largest gas exporter; it ranks 14th for oil reserves.
		In 2001, Algeria concluded an Association Agreement with the European Union, which was ratified in 2005 by both Algeria and the EU and took effect in September of that same year.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/8005.htm (5838 words)

	History ofAlgeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Algeria's modern borders were created by the French, whose colonization began in 1830.
		Algeria became caught in a cycle of violence, which became increasingly random and indiscriminate.
		Algeria has more than 30 daily newspapers published in French and Arabic, with a total publication run of more than 1.5 million copies.
	www.historyofnations.net /africa/algeria.html (1799 words)

	Algeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Algeria's north is fairly fertile with agricultural land between forested mountains.
		Desert dominates large parts of Algeria's vast territory, and Algeria is among the countries filling most of the world's largest desert, Sahara.
		Algeria has been through a troublesome decade, involving civil unrest, terrorism against the population from both the government and from militant Islamists.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/algeria.htm (201 words)

	Algeria
		Algeria was part of the Kingdom of Numidia.
		France imported grain and olive oil from Algeria since the 18th century.
		Algeria was officially declared independent in July 5th, 1962.
	www.geocities.com /algeriaza/Algeria.html (650 words)

	History Of Algeria
		When Christianity became the official religion of the Roman empire, the Berber tribes (who are located in the mountain areas of Algeria), unlike their coastal brethren refused to adhere to the Christian faith and continued to resist the roman occupation until the invasion of the Vandals.
		429 AD But their occupation of Algeria was limited only to the coastal areas, while the mountain areas remained resistant to the foreign occupation.
		Algeria remained basically Ottoman politically until its occupation by the French.
	www.nawajee.com /AlgeriaStuff/HistoryOfAlgeria.html (992 words)

	Algeria Independence France 1954-1962
		In 1958-59 the French army had won military control in Algeria and was the closest it would be to victory.
		On July 1, 1962, some 6 million of a total Algerian electorate of 6.5 million cast their ballots in the referendum on independence.
		The FLN estimated in 1962 that nearly eight years of revolution had cost 300,000 dead from war-related causes.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/alpha/algeria1954.htm (1545 words)

	Algerian History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Algeria is an ancient country with a history that extends back several thousand years to the time of the Phoenicians.
		In the mid-1950s, a guerilla effort arose to oust the French led by the FLN (Front de Liberation Nationale) and in 1962, independence was declared.
		Times have been turbulent for Algeria since independence, including close relations with the Soviet Union and a struggle between fundamentalist Islamists and the military.
	www.nationbynation.com /Algeria/History1.html (240 words)

	The Eisenhower Institute, Washington, D.C. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The French history in Algeria is a deep and muddy well of experience, representing great hopes and great disappointments, as well as much bloodshed and suffering, that American policy makers should reflect upon.
		Algeria was known as the Regency of Algiers, and was governed by an oppressive Turkish administration loosely attached to the Ottoman Empire.
		The thousands of harkis left behind in Algeria met a variety of gruesome fates reserved for traitors: they were forced to drink gasoline before being set on fire, or made to swallow their battle French ribbons and medals.
	www.eisenhowerinstitute.org /commentary/Kiser-FrenchLessons.htm (5914 words)

	Algérie Algéie Country Information - Location, Map, Area, Capital, Population, Religion, Language
		Location: Algeria is situated in northwest Africa, bordered to the north by the Mediterranean Sea, to the east by Tunisia and Libya, to the south by Niger and Mali, and to the west by Mauritania and Morocco.
		Membership: Algeria is a member of the UN, OAU, the Arab League, Union of the Arab Maghreb, OPEC and Organization of the Islamic Conference.
		The chief monetary unit of Algeria is the dinar (54.75 dinars equal U.S.$1; 1996).
	www.arab.de /arabinfo/algeria.htm (320 words)

	Amazon.com: A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962: Books: Alistair Horne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The bleeding sore that was French Algeria led to the collapse of the Fourth Republic and almost led, on three separate occasions, to a right-wing military takeover of all metropolitan France.
		Algeria was left to wallow in a bloody tyranny of extra-judicial killings that continues, on and off, even to the present day.
		Extremists who adopt suicide bombings of civilian targets as (in their view) a legitimate tactic of war, are not fighting for anything worth fighting for, and, in being able to rationalise such tactics, also adopt the mentality that prevents them from lifting the resultant society out of violence and poverty.
	www.amazon.com /Savage-War-Peace-Algeria-1954-1962/dp/0140101918 (2940 words)

	Algeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The flag of the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria is constituted by a green and white rectangle embossed by a red star and a red crescent.
		The green must be a composition of equal yellow and blue having, according to the diagram of contrasts of Rood, a wavelength of 5.411 and the position 600 on the normal spectre.
		From 1958 to 1962 it was the flag of the Provisional Government in exile, but was retained when independence was achieved in 1962 and has remained unchanged ever since.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/dz.html (714 words)

	Algeria - Photos, Maps, Videos, Flags, Facts, More -- National Geographic
		Algeria, in northwest Africa on the Mediterranean coast, is the second largest country in Africa after Sudan.
		Since antiquity Algeria has enticed settlers—Phoenicians, Romans, Arabs, Turks—and, in the 19th century, French farmers.
		Since 1991 Algerian politics has been dominated by violence between the military and Islamic militants.
	www3.nationalgeographic.com /places/countries/country_algeria.html (415 words)

	Algeria: the women speak, by Wendy Kristianasen
		Algeria’s society was torn apart in 1992 when those in power cancelled an electoral process that the Islamist Front Islamique de Salut seemed likely to win; this triggered a violent civil war in which 200,000 people died, and provoked the rise of shadowy, extremist militias such as the Groupes Islamistes Armées.
		At the rundown office of SOS Disparus in downtown Algiers, funded by Dutour and presided over by her mother, Fatima Yous, the corridor was packed with veiled women (two in fl robes and niqabs), there to report or follow up family cases: the security forces or the police are thought to have abducted 8,000 people.
		That is unsurprising since Algeria’s women were crucial to the war of independence against the French, then in the violence of the 1990s.
	mondediplo.com /2006/04/07algeria (3029 words)

	Algeria: History
		Although the official French policy in Algeria was to encourage the Muslims to adapt to European ways as preparation for full citizenship, very little was done to implement this policy, and there was virtually no mixing between the European and Muslim populations.
		A constituent assembly chosen in late 1962 established a strong presidential government, and in Sept., 1963, Ben Bella was elected president.
		Algeria gave strong vocal support to the Arabs in the Arab-Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973 and also contributed soldiers and matériel.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0856564.html (2652 words)

	Algeria - Country Profile - Algerie - Al Jaza'ir - Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, Algiers, Maghreb
		Algeria is Africa's second largest country, covering an area of nearly 2.5 million square miles.
		In the beginning of the 16th century the region was placed under protection of the ottoman Sultan of Istanbul, followed by reigns of ottoman beys, pachas, and aghas, brought to an end with the beginning of the French colonization in 1830.
		The French occupation condemned Algeria's population to economic, social and political inferiority and caused an armed resistance lasting for decades.
	www.nationsonline.org /oneworld/algeria.htm (1093 words)

	Algeria: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com
		Nearly four times the size of Texas, Algeria is bordered on the west by Morocco and Western Sahara and on the east by Tunisia and Libya.
		In 1962, French president Charles de Gaulle began the peace negotiations, and on July 5, 1962, Algeria was proclaimed independent.
		Algeria: Economy - Economy About one fourth of Algeria's workers are engaged in farming, but agriculture contributes...
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107272.html (906 words)

	Louis Proyect, "Looking Back at the Battle of Algiers"
		Challenged by terrorist tactics and guerrilla warfare in Iraq, the Pentagon recently held a screening of "The Battle of Algiers," the film that in the late 1960's was required viewing and something of a teaching tool for radicalized Americans and revolutionary wannabes opposing the Vietnam War.
		On September 6, 1960, the day of their trial, a Declaration on the Right to Insubordination in the War in Algeria was circulated by 121 French intellectuals.
		By contrast, General Paris de Bollardiere asked to be relieved of his command in Algeria in 1957 because of his opposition to torture.
	mrzine.monthlyreview.org /proyect120805.html (5223 words)

	The Country & People of Algeria
		AD, Algeria was conquered by the Vandals (430—31), the Byzantine Empire (6th cent.), and finally, in the late 7th and early 8th cent., by the Arabs, whose introduction of Islam profoundly altered the character of the area.
		France invaded Algeria in 1830 and declared it a colony in 1848.
		Since independence, Algeria has been a prominent nonaligned state and a champion of the movements against white minority rule in Africa.
	www.hejleh.com /countries/algeria.html (2741 words)

	Amazon.com: France and the Algerian War, 1954-1962: Books: M. Alexander (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		While it is not and does not set out to be, an overall history, different contributors throw instructive light on significant aspects of the conflict.
		This book does not whitewash the atrocities committed by both sides; rather it shifts the focus to the conflict itself, a perspective assisted by the French republic's belated official admission in 1999 that what happened in Algeria was indeed a war.
		But, farfrom being "a war with no name" the fighting in Algeria was on a massive scale involving some two million French soldiers.
	www.amazon.com /France-Algerian-War-1954-1962-Alexander/dp/0714652970 (839 words)

	GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Africa - Algeria - Historical Highlights
		Chief among Berber demands is recognition of Tamazight (Berber) as a national language, restitution for death of Kabylies killed or wounded in demonstrations, and greater control over their own regional affairs.
		In October 2001, the Tamazight language was recognized as a national language but continues to be a matter of contention since it is still not an 'official language.'
		In the five years since Bouteflika was first elected, the security situation in Algeria has improved markedly.
	www.geographyiq.com /countries/ag/Algeria_history_summary.htm (1465 words)

	J. E. Talbott
		History 4C, Western Civilization, 1715 to the Present
		History 123P, Proseminar in the History of Europe, 1815-Present
		Modern Europe -- The history of war in a social and cultural context; modern European history, with an emphasis on France.
	www.history.ucsb.edu /faculty/talbott.htm (165 words)

	Algeria's Bloody Years
		ALGERIA'S BLOODY YEARS chronicles the country's struggle for peace, stability and democracy since independence from France.
		The documentary combines recent and archival interviews, newsreel footage, and recently filmed footage from Algeria to trace the origins of the violence that has left as many as 200,000 dead since 1988.
		The film provides an excellent overview of recent events and asks tough questions about their causes, and humanizes a conflict that was all too often reported deep inside the newspaper with little more than "score cards" of the numbers killed.
	www.frif.com /new2003/alg.html (384 words)

	US-Algeria Business Council - News
		The Bank of Algeria is the national bank of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria.
		Created in December 1962, the Bank of Algeria sets the operational guidelines and norms for all banks operating in Algeria including accounting standards, reserve requirements, and the usage of funds.
		The Ministry of Energy and Mines of Algeria develops the legislative, regulatory and institutional mechanisms intended to attract investment and further develop foreign investments, both direct and through partnerships, in the hydrocarbon, energy and mining sectors, including activities such as those downstream of hydrocarbons and the production of renewable energies.
	www.us-algeria.org /links.html (1514 words)

	Algerian Crisis - Crise Algerienne - Islamism in Algeria - terrorism, Algeria-- Front Islamique du salut - FIS - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Algeria : neither among the living nor the dead : state-sponsored disappearances in Algeria.
		Algeria : report of Eminent Panel, July-August 1998 : Report of the panel appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to gather information on the situation in Algeria in order to provide the international community with greater clarity on that situation.
		Algeria; politics and government; Islam and politics; history; 1958-1999.
	www.library.cornell.edu /colldev/mideast/algeria.htm (12471 words)

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