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	Amsterdam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands, it is neither the capital of the province in which it is located, North Holland (which is Haarlem), nor the seat of government (which is The Hague).
		Amsterdam's International Institute of Social History is one of the world's largest documentary and research institutions concerning social history, and especially the history of the labour movement.
		Amsterdam's Hortus Botanicus, founded in the early 1600s, is one of the oldest botanical gardens in the world, with many old and rare specimens, amongst which the coffee plant that served as the parent for the entire coffee culture in Central and South America.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amsterdam (1398 words)

	History of Amsterdam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Amsterdam's merchants financed expeditions to the four corners of the world and they acquired the overseas possessions which formed the seeds of the later Dutch colonies.
		Amsterdam was the most important point for the transshipment of goods in Europe and it was the leading financial centre of the world (A position later taken over by London).
		During the Napoleonic wars Amsterdam's fortunes reached their lowest point; however, with the establishment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815, things slowly began to improve.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Amsterdam (1377 words)

	Amsterdam - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Amsterdam Noord is separated from the rest of Amsterdam by the IJ waterway.
		Amsterdam's International Institute of Social History is one of the world's largest documentary and research institutions concerning social history, and especially the history of the labor movement.
		Amsterdam's zoo is called Artis, a contraction of the Latin motto of the Zoo, "Natura Artis Magistra", meaning "Nature is the mother (or teacher) of art".
	open-encyclopedia.com /Amsterdam (3021 words)

	Amsterdam Heritage - History
		Amsterdam developed round a dam in the Amstel river at the end of the 12th century.
		Nevertheless, Amsterdam managed to consolidate its prosperity during the period 1672-1795 in spite of the predicament the Republic found itself in.
		During the period 1795-1813 Amsterdam suffered badly from the economic recession, a state of affairs reflected by the stagnation of the demographic development.
	www.bmz.amsterdam.nl /adam/uk/intro/gesch.html (515 words)

	AllRefer.com - Amsterdam, city, Netherlands : History (Benelux Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Amsterdam was chartered c.1300 and in 1369 joined the Hanseatic League.
		Amsterdam reached its apex as an intellectual and artistic center in the 17th cent., when, because of its tolerant government, it became a center of liberal thought and book printing.
		The constitution of 1814 made it the capital of the Netherlands; the sovereigns are usually sworn in at Amsterdam and reside in a palace outside the city.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/AmsterdNeth-history.html (344 words)

	British School of Amsterdam - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Amsterdam became the most important port in the world and an international centre for banking.
		Amsterdam accommodated its expansion with the cobweb of canals that gives the city its distinctive and elegant shape today.
		After all, Amsterdam is the proud owner of one of the most important intact historical city centres of the world.
	www.britams.nl /holland_and_amsterdam_history.htm (277 words)

	A brief history of Amsterdam, amsterdam history, history of amsterdam, amsterdam history in English
		Amsterdam is neither the seat of government nor the residence of the queen, but it is nevertheless the capital and cultural center of the Netherlands.
		Because the city was surrounded by water, however, land near the center of Amsterdam was—as it remains today—at a premium, and this led to the design of narrow, deep, and increasingly tall houses.
		Amsterdam acquired a larger merchant fleet and expanded its cargo trade, and the Dutch became the "carriers" of Europe, with a fleet that was larger than those of England, Scotland, and France combined.
	www.ernieinamsterdam.com /historybrief.html (995 words)

	Best of Amsterdam Groepsuitjes
		Amsterdam’s history begins with a small settlement, and as is to be expected, a constant struggle against water.
		Amsterdam was occupied by Alva in 1567, and between 1572 and 1578 the city was occupied by rebels (
		The role Amsterdam played in international politics was key for the city’s development in many respects, both in terms of the economy and for the political governance of the city.
	www.bestofamsterdam.info /cityinfo.htm (2001 words)

	Learn about Amsterdam's rich history
		The Dutch reclaimed Amsterdam and inaugurated a new monarch, William of Orange, in 1815.
		Today Amsterdam is a bustling village city with a multi-cultural population.
		Amsterdam is recognized for it’s liberal views, vibrant nightlife, unique merchant shops, and world-class museums.
	www.internationalcircuit.com /amsterdam-netherlands/history.html (400 words)

	History Amsterdam and Holland
		Amsterdam, thus, didn't become political center of the union, but since political influence in the Union equaled the financial contribution a city was prepared to donate, Amsterdam could be certain to have its interests taken care of.
		Because Amsterdam still was a major port for shifting goods from the Baltic, the city was forced to ally with Denmark in a war against Sweden and Norway.
		With Amsterdam in the lead, Dutch society was subject to many strong shifts in thought, role models, behavioral patterns etc. This, and the aftermath of the roaring Summer of 1968, lead to strong co-partnership through facets of Dutch society, industry, universities, schooling etc. Holland was quickly becoming nation of negotiators.
	home.tiscali.nl /~sparhawk/history.htm (4099 words)

	Brandweer - Fire Fighting History of Amsterdam
		Amsterdam came into being on the banks of the river Amstel, in which a dam was built.
		The small town of Amsterdam became involved in or subject to the methods of warfare in those ages, which meant that the town must have been burnt down several times.
		The Amsterdam fire chief Johannes Meier was one of the initiators and presidents.
	www.brandweer.nl /cms/show?id=497802 (2079 words)

	History of Amsterdam - formation of the city during centuries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The history of the city Amsterdam, in 1275 first time the name was published in a document, count Floris V awarded the city a toll-privilege.
		In the early years Amsterdam was a combination of three small settlements, during the years the settlements were connected by expansion.
		These settlements formed the city of Amsterdam, during this period called Aemstelledam, count Floris the fifth of Holland granted a toll privilege.
	www.komvos-e.com /Amsterdam_history_b.asp (290 words)

	Amsterdam Heritage
		The city of Amsterdam enjoys great fame for being the proud owner of one of the most important intact historical city centres in the world.
		The distinctive Amsterdam cityscape is dominated by canal houses, most of them built as residences for wealthy citizens.
		Amsterdam Heritage includes an introduction to the history of Amsterdam as well as an outline of the topographical development of the city.
	www.bmz.amsterdam.nl /adam/index_e.html (278 words)

	Amsterdam.City.nu - History
		Amsterdam is in the beautiful country of Holland, the principal language is Dutch, however, almost everyone speaks a second or third language (English or German usually).
		Amsterdam has become one of the richest cities in the world, it had a 'Golden Age' between 1580 and 1720 mainly due to the sale of flowers(very important to the wealthy of that time), spices, silk and porcelain.
		As a city, Amsterdam grew, and is consequently populated by several nationalties.
	www.city.nu /info/amsterdam/592-0-History.html (456 words)

	Amsterdam - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
		A major port, Amsterdam is also the seat of one of the world's chief stock exchanges, a center of the diamond-cutting industry, and one of the great commercial, intellectual, and artistic capitals of Europe.
		Amsterdam is connected with the North Sea by the North Sea Canal (opened in 1876), which can accommodate large oceangoing vessels, and by the older North Holland Canal (opened 1824).
		Amsterdam is a major road and rail hub and is served by nearby Schiphol airport.
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?word=AmsterdNeth (794 words)

	History of Amsterdam - occupation french germans, industrial revolution trading (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Amsterdam to be the most important port of the world and an international center for banking with the Dutch Guilder as leading currency.
		During the hard winter of ’44-’45 the city was isolated from the liberated part of the Netherlands by the allies, the population suffered again and thousands died.
		Amsterdam is still important trade center for diamonds.Some major developments after the war, the harbor was expanded a new channel, the Amsterdam-Rhine was opened and the creation of a new district; the Bijlmermeer.
	www.komvos-e.com /Amsterdam_history_d.asp (267 words)

	Amsterdam.info » History of Amsterdam
		Amsterdam, the greatest planned city of northern Europe, has always been a well-known name in world history.
		In the 17th century Amsterdam was the centre of world economy, and nowadays the city is known for its tolerant character.
		Amsterdam was founded as a fishing village around the thirteenth century.
	www.amsterdam.info /basics/history (631 words)

	Amsterdam -> History on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A2000 and the Municipality of Amsterdam Agree on the Large Scale Introduction of Digital Decoders.
		Amsterdam, Olanda: la madre di Marpessa nel suo bar.
		Amsterdam, Olanda: il bar della madre di Marpessa.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/AmsterdNeth_History.asp (596 words)

	History Info - Amsterdam Free Library - Amsterdam, NY
		The Amsterdam Free Library stands at the comer of Church Street and Rt.
		And so, the name was changed to the Amsterdam Free Library, a lot was purchased, and the building erected.
		A local history collection is on display in glass cases on the main floor, and there are many other very old local and regional books and references in the basement as well.
	www.amsterdamfreelibrary.com /history.htm (556 words)

	ChuckIII's College Resources - European_History - The History Of amsterdam - Free Term Papers, Book Reports, Essays, ...
		The city of Amsterdam is of great importance to the Netherlands, as it is the country´s nominal capital (the political centre is Den Haag).
		Amsterdam´s commercial rise was a direct result of its fortunate position along the country´s main waterways.
		Amsterdam had accepted the Anabaptists prior to this, but when the civic rule was openly challenged, severe punishment was given.
	www.chuckiii.com /Reports/European_History/The_History_Of_amsterdam.shtml (3222 words)

	History of Amsterdam ( short version) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The three crosses are the crux of the Amsterdam Coat of Arms.
		In 1489 the tiny trading city of Amsterdam was given the right to adorn its simple coat of
		Amsterdam had given Maximilian of Austria, the ruler granted the city this right.
	www.exploring.nu /Amsterdam-Sign.htm (350 words)

	Amsterdam Travel Information \| Lonely Planet Destination Guide
		History, art, a head of beer and a roll-your-own.
		Amsterdam is one of the world's best hangouts, a canny blend of old and new: radical squatter art installations hang off 17th-century eaves; BMWs give way to bicycles; and triple-strength monk-made beer is drunk in gleaming, minimalist cafes.
		The old crooked houses, the cobbled streets, the tree-lined canals and the generous parks all contribute to the atmosphere.
	www.lonelyplanet.com /destinations/europe/amsterdam/history.htm (289 words)

	Amsterdam History - History of Amsterdam Holland
		In the 17th century the famous crescent shape of the Amsterdam city centre was designed.
		The people of the City of Amsterdam are ecstatic to have their buildings returned to normal.
		They take pride in the beautiful historical buildings that once lined their streets and now they will be once again.
	www.amsterdamcitytourist.com /amsterdam-history.html (301 words)

	history, Amsterdam city (state capital), Pictures
		Amsterdam, chartered as a city in 1300, became a member of the Hanseatic League in 1369.
		The city held this position until the late 18th century, when trade declined as a result of the silting of the Zuider Zee and the British blockade before and during the Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815).
		During World War II (1939-1945), Amsterdam was occupied by the German army for five years.
	www.greatestcities.com /Europe/Netherlands/Amsterdam_city_state_capital/history.html (208 words)

	New Amsterdam
		It is said that in 1643 no less than eighteen languages were spoken in New Amsterdam -- and the great city into which it has grown has never since lost its cosmopolitan character.
		After a session of but four days he dissolved the assembly, and for ten years (1653-1663) there was no meeting of the representatives of the people.
		Source: "History of the United States of America," by Henry William Elson, The MacMillan Company, New York, 1904.
	www.usahistory.info /colonies/New-Amsterdam.html (1709 words)

	amsterdam now! » basic » history
		In the thirteenth century, Amsterdam grew at the mouth of the Amstel river.
		Initially Amsterdam was a small fishing village, but after it was granted toll-free access to all Dutch rivers, it rapidly grew into a trading centre.
		Millions of visitors visit the Dutch capital every year and Amsterdam is still known for its nightlife and the many concerts, festivals and events that are held.
	www.amsterdam.nu /basic/history (608 words)

	Colonial History - New Amsterdam (New York City)
		The settlement of New Amsterdam followed the explorations of Henry Hudson for the Dutch (approx.
		This work, part of the Facts on File series of Almanacs of American Life, is a true almanac of the colonies, with chapter on population, economy, architecture, etc., it even includes a chronology of the discovery through colonial period.
		A Brief Outline of the History of New Netherland - part of a colonial currency exhibit, this site is devoted to the history of the Dutch colony and its trade.
	www.facstaff.bucknell.edu /goldcoop/newamsterdam.html (974 words)

	Amsterdam Hotel and Travel, Amsterdam Netherlands Hotel and Travel Information, Amsterdam Netherlands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Amsterdam Netherlands Hotel and Travel Guide - When you travel to Amsterdam, you will be in awe of all the attractions the city has to offer, including some of the best world-class museums.
		Once you have absorbed the beauty of the art in Amsterdam, you could choose to take a romantic trip down the city‘s winding canals.
		When you are ready to pay for these items and events, Amsterdam uses euros, which come in denominations of EUR500, EUR200, EUR100, EUR50, EUR20, EUR10 and EUR5.
	www.amsterdamhotelandtravel.com (499 words)

	Amsterdam, city, Netherlands: History
		Amsterdam was chartered c.1300 and in 1369 joined the
		and a large influx of refugees from many nations (in particular of Flemish merchants, Jewish diamond cutters and merchants, and French Huguenots), contributed to the rapid growth of Amsterdam after the late 16th cent.
		The city was captured by the French in 1795 and became the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which was ruled by Louis
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0856605.html (224 words)

	Bikes of Amsterdam and the history of Amsterdam bikes
		Bicycle appeared in times of Amsterdam’s extension, by the end of the 19th century and for the first time was considered to be a luxury.
		Till 1930 approximately bike owners could leave their transport unkept in the street, but then in 1930 a great recession broke out and hundreds of the unemployed hunted for bicycles unkept to sell them on one of Amsterdam numerous markets thereafter.
		In nowadays Amsterrdam there are so many bikes in the streets of Amsterdam that some people consider them to be communal property.
	medievalamsterdam.com /Bikes.html (244 words)

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