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Topic: History of Andorra

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	Andorra
		Andorra's independence is traditionally ascribed to Charlemagne, who recovered the region from the Muslims in AD 803, and to his son Louis I the Pious, who granted the inhabitants a charter of liberties.
		Andorra's seven-century-old dual allegiance to two princes, one in Spain and one in France, originated in the late 13th century in a proprietary quarrel between the (Spanish) bishops of Urgel and the (French) heirs to the countship of Urgel.
		Andorra was subsequently governed jointly by representatives of the Spanish bishop of Urgel and of the French head of state, each of whom received an annual payment of a token tribute.
	www.orbilat.com /Encyclopaedia/A/Andorra.html (551 words)

	Andorra History & Andorra Culture \| iExplore.com
		Andorra is one of the oldest nations in Europe, originally established by Charlemagne as a buffer state against the Iberian muslims.
		Although the inhabitants of Andorra were not consulted, they were prepared to accept a deal that guaranteed their security and national integrity.
		In June 2000, Andorra was identified by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) – the world’s 30 largest economies – as one of 35 ’tax havens’ whose financial laws are believed to encourage large-scale tax evasion and money-laundering.
	www.iexplore.com /dmap/Andorra/History (692 words)

	Andorra History
		Andorra was part of the Roman Empire in it's heyday (the Roman Empire, not Andorra), although not mentioned in any of the secondary sources which I consulted.
		There story of Andorra properly begins with the Moor invasion of Spain, when the forces of the newly-converted Berber Ibn Ziad Tarik came across at Gibaltar (which is a corruption of Jebel Tarik, or "The Mountain of Tarik").
		In 1978 the six parishes of Andorra were expanded to seven, with the establishment of the parish of Escaldes-Engordany.
	www.medinnus.com /andorra/history.html (2108 words)

	History - Andorra - Europe
		Andorra is traditionally held to have been declared a free state by Charlemagne in the 9th century ad.
		In 1278 it came under the joint control of the Catalan bishop of Urgel and of the count of Foix of France; through the latter, French rights passed successively to the kings and chiefs of state of France.
		Andorra was admitted to the United Nations in 1993.
	www.countriesquest.com /europe/andorra/history.htm (87 words)

	Andorra
		Andorra, parliamentary principality, southwestern Europe, situated in the eastern Pyrenees Mountains, bordered on the north and east by France, and on the south and west by Spain.
		Andorra is a region of narrow valleys and mountain peaks that reach heights of more than 2700 m (about 8860 ft).
		Andorra's economy was formerly based on pastoral farming and the processing of tobacco and timber.
	www.ovayonda.biz /lodging/country/ad.html (482 words)

	History of the Principality of Andorra
		GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF THE PRINCIPALITY OF ANDORRA
		There exists a "Bill of Andorra's Foundation", kept by the archive of the Principate; this bill was issued by Charlemagne to his son "Lluís" and it is not accepted by all the historians, because it was written and given in a late period.
		The first unquestionable document regarding the history of Andorra is the "Act of Consecration and Assignment of the Cathedral of Urgell" done by the bishop in front of the Count Sunifred the first of Urgell.
	www.andorramania.com /histoire_gb.htm (3849 words)

	HISTORY Principality of Andorra Brussels belgium MERITXELL
		In the Charter granted by Charles the Bald to Sunifred in 843 the territory of Andorra was defined as a possession of the County of Urgell, and in the Act of Consecration of the Cathedral of the See of Urgell, signed in 860, it was made clear that the County was subject to the Church.
		At the beginning of the 18th century Andorra was faced with economic and institutional upheaval, mainly as a result of domestic conflicts in neighbouring Spain.
		At the end of the 18th century and during the 19th century Andorra was faced with a series of conflicts and upheavals and with social, economic and even institutional instability.
	www.andorra.be /en/2.1.htm (1923 words)

	A Concise History Of Andorra
		The six parishes of Andorra are first mentioned in records of the Church in the Acts Of Consecration of the Cathedral of Seu d'Urgell in 839.
		The inhabitants of Andorra were very hostile to the Moors, and welcomed the liberation of their country by Charlemagne.
		In 1159 Andorra became the subject of a prolonged struggle between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Urgell.
	www.grouptravels.com /andorracountryinfo/andorrahistory.htm (1105 words)

	Andorran Philatelic Study Circle - Valira Torrent magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Little has been written in detail concerning the postal history of Andorra, perhaps because the sparse correspondence originating from the four to five thousand inhabitants of former times has left virtually no material to stimulate interest and upon which a study of the subject could be based.
		Even though the attempt to absorb Andorra had failed, France made renewed efforts in the succeeding years to increase her influence in the small state, and was later able to install a telegraph service and establish a postal service between Porté and the Andorran capital.
		Andorra being separated from France by a range of mountains the passes through which are at an altitude of over 2000 metres and frequently snowbound, the mail-carriers operating between Soldeu and Porté had a dangerous and difficult task to perform.
	www.chy-an-piran.demon.co.uk /vt1-1 (3352 words)

	Andorra (06/05)
		As co-princes of Andorra, the President of France and the Bishop of Seu d’Urgell maintain supreme authority in approval of all international treaties with France and Spain, as well as all those, which deal with internal security, defense, Andorran territory, diplomatic representation, and judicial or penal cooperation.
		Despite promising new changes, it is likely that Andorra will, at least for the short term, continue to confront a number of difficult issues arising from the large influx of foreign residents and the need to develop modern social and political institutions.
		In June 2004 Andorra signed a series of accords with the EU in the fields of economic, social, and cultural cooperation.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3164.htm#history (2675 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		HISTORY Andorra is the last independent survivor of the March states, a number of buffer states created by Charlemagne to keep the Muslim Moors from advancing into Christian France.
		As co-princes of Andorra, the President of France and the Bishop of Seo de Urgel maintain supreme authority in approval of all international treaties with France and Spain, as well as all those which deal with internal security, defense, Andorran territory, diplomatic representation, and judicial or penal cooperation.
		Andorra is a full member of the United Nations (UN), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Customs Cooperation Council (CCC), Telecommunications International Union, Universal Copyright Convention, Meteorological Organization Convention, the 1941 Automotive Convention, International Red Cross, European Council, FUTFI SAT, and the World Tourism Organization.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/eur/andorra9512.html (2639 words)

	Lonely Planet's Guide to Andorra
		The earliest known document concerning Andorra is an order in 843 from Charlemagne's grandson, Charles II, granting the Valls d'Andorra (Valleys of Andorra) to Sunifred, Count of Urgell, from the nearby Spanish town of La Seu d'Urgell.
		These agreements, under which the bishop and count agreed to share sovereignty, form the basis of Andorra's government to this day and are among the oldest such documents still in force.
		Andorra's modern role as a centre for duty-free shopping grew out of the business of smuggling of French goods to Spain during the Spanish Civil War and Spanish goods to France during WWII.
	webcenter.travel.aol.com /travel/lonely_planet/europe/andorra/history.html (471 words)

	Andorra: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Some historians believe that the original settlers of the Andorra valley are related to the Basque peoples of northern Spain, and that the name is therefore derived from the Basque language (Euskera).
		This union was consolidated in 1159, in an agreement where the Bishop of Urgell was granted sovereignty over Andorra and the territory was donated as a feud to the House of Caboet with shared rule of the Principality.
		The first article defines Andorra as an independent state in law, democracy and society, with a political regime described as âinstitutionalised parliamentary co-principality,â as befitting tradition, with the co-princes - the Bishop of Urgell and the President of the French Republic - as Heads of State, in a joint and indivisible manner.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=196 (919 words)

	TrobAndorra. History of Andorre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The first unquestionable document regarding the history of Andorre is the "Act of Consecration and Assignment of the Cathedral of Urgell" done by the bishop in front of the Count Sunifred the first of Urgell.
		This definite re-establishment of the "co-sovereignty" marked a new period in the history of Andorre.
		In 1978, the parish "Escaldes-Engordany" segregates from "Andorra la Vella", and became the seventh civil parish of the Principate.
	www.trobandorra.com /hisang.html (3819 words)

	History of Andorra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Andorra is the last independent survivor of the March states, a number of buffer states created by Charlemagne to keep the Muslim Moors from advancing into Christian France.
		In 1278, the conflict was resolved by the signing of a pareage, a feudal institution recognizing the principle of equality of rights shared by two rulers.
		This pareage provided that Andorra's sovereignty would be shared between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Seu d'Urgell of Spain.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/andorra.html (424 words)

	Introduce Andorra Constitution, History, People (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The earliest document known that mentions Andorra is the act of consecration of the cathedral of Santa Maria of Urgell in 839, which mentions the parishes (administrative and territorial divisions) of Andorra as the fief of the Counts of Urgell.
		With its historical and political development, Andorra continues to be a co-principality, with the bishop of Urgell and the president of the French Republic as the co-princes by personal title and in absolute equality.
		The most important document in the country of Andorra is the Carta de Fundacio d'Andorra, a charter for the country written by Charlemange, and given to his son, Louis the Pious, establishing Andorra's independence.
	www.andorranet.org (2406 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - On Andorra
		The Constitutional Co-Principality of Andorra is a tiny country with a tiny population with no taxes.
		Andorra, interestingly enough, is the only Catalan nation in the world.
		I am referring to the fact that Andorra is the only Catalan-speaking nation in the world.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/ww2/A889022 (349 words)

	History of Andorra: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A bishop is an ordained member of the christian clergy who holds a specific position of authority in any of a number of christian churches....
		Boris skossyreff (born 1898) was a russian adventurer who briefly seized power in the european nation of andorra during the early 1930s....
		Andorra la Vella[For more info, EHandler: no quick summary.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/hi/history_of_andorra.htm (1503 words)

	Andorra (05/00)
		In July 1997, the Andorran Government passed a law on universities and shortly afterward, the University of Andorra was established.
		Andorra's young democracy is in the process of redefining its political party system.
		Andorra's GDP for 1998 was $1.2 billion, with tourism as its principal component.
	www.state.gov /outofdate/bgn/a/16002.htm (2198 words)

	The museums in Andorra
		The original was one of the oldest in Andorra and was lost in the fire of 1972.
		Sindic General for Andorra and promoter of the Nova Reforma (New Reform) of 1866, he was one of the owners of the Andorran forges, an important industry until the end of the 19th century when it was displaced by the new furnaces.
		Andorra is unusual in being a border state: this postal zone was first managed by the Spanish Post Office as part of the province Lerida, then issued her own stamps, produced by the national factories of Spain and France, for posting abroad, since transmission of letters and packets inside the country is free.
	www.hola-andorra.com /arinsal/english/museumsgb.html (2804 words)

	Education World® - History : By Region : Europe : Andorra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)*
		Andorra Encyclopedia Britannica Resource traces the origins of the small principality back to Charlemagne, and details its historical affinity with the region of Catalonia.
		Andorra History Time Line Follow this descriptive timeline that highlights the major and significant events and turning points in the history of Andorra.
		Andorra Primary Documents Make use of this directory of links for primary historical documents related to Andorra, including constitutional and legal materials.
	db.education-world.com /perl/browse?cat_id=7162 (99 words)

	Andorra Travel Tips - Andorra Travel Guide - VirtualTourist.com
		The first appearance of the name of Andorra is found in the grant of 843 A.D. made by Charles the Bald to his faithful count Sunifred of Urgell of the valley of Andorra situated in the county of Urgell.
		The Pariatges are among the basic documents in the history of Andorra because they established the undivided co-lordship between the bishop of Urgell and the count of Foix.
		Andorra is divided into three valleys forming a Y-shape, holding the Northern and Eastern Valira rivers which join up to form the Great Valira and separated by mountain crests of a considerable height.
	www.virtualtourist.com /travel/Europe/Andorra/General_Tips-Andorra-R-6.html (777 words)

	Andorra - History
		Andorra is the last independent survivor of the so-called Marca Hispanica -- several buffer states created by Charlemagne to keep the Muslim Moors from advancing into Christian France.
		In 1933, serious political and social unrest led to the seizure of power by Russian adventurer Boris Skossyreff, who declared himself King Boris I and proceeded to declare war on the Bishop of Urgell.
		Skossyreff was arrested, and the French military occupied Andorra; the French forces dismissed the local government and gave control to the Viguiers, delegates of the princes.
	www.andora-knowledge.com /History-3.html (345 words)

	Andorra - First and second Paréages
		A 'paréage' is a lay and ecclesiastical agreement between two feudal lords regarding their legal claims on a territory.
		With the Paréage, the system of co-principality in Andorra was established, ratified in 1993 by the signing of the Constitution of Andorra.
		These documents have marked the history of Andorra vis-à-vis the neighbouring States, France and Spain, as regards political, legal and social relations.
	portal.unesco.org /ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=2299&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (104 words)

	History of Europe
		At the turn of the century, nations within the European Union had created a free trade zone and eliminated most travel barriers across their borders.
		There has been disagreement as member states wrangle over how much voting power each will have in EU, taxes, and the standards to which new member states must be held before they are admitted.
		History of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/h/hi/history_of_europe.html (2851 words)

	Andorra 1806-1866 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Andorra's current flag was introduced in 1866 by adding a blue field to the yellow and red flag of Foix.
		By doing so, both France and Spain were represented with two colors in Andorra's flag (red and blue for France and red and yellow for Spain).
		The only source I know mentioning the adoption date as 1806 is Pedersen 1971, who says the colours were those of the Counts of Foix, in agreement with Herzog and Hannes 1990.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/ad_his.html (200 words)

	Andorra (01/05)
		Andorrans are a minority in their own country; Spanish, French, and Portuguese residents make up 65.2% of the population.
		A Tripartite Commission -made up of representatives of the Co-princes, the General Council, and the Executive Council-was formed in 1990 and finalized the draft constitution in April 1991.
		Andorra’s national income in 2002 was approximately $2.3 billion, with tourism as its principal component.
	www.state.gov /outofdate/bgn/a/47118.htm (2150 words)

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