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Topic: History of Arabian physicians

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	ANTARCTICA,
		French scientists have put radio transmitters on icebergs to plot their movement, and Australian and Saudi Arabian officials have considered the possibility of towing icebergs to arid regions for fresh water.
		It may be partly a natural phenomenon, but evidence indicates that the ozone loss is also related to the problem of the release of fluorocarbons into the atmosphere.
		Physicians have made discoveries about the behavior of viruses in a cold isolated environment.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=201163 (3131 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: History of Medicine
		The notable writers of this period are: Oreibasios (325-403), physician in ordinary to Julian the Apostate; and Aetius of Amida, a Christian physician under Justinian (597-66).
		Petrarch had blamed the physicians of his time because they knew how to construct syllogisms, but did not know how to cure; and now the place of the philosophizing practitioners was taken by the poet physicians.
		Brissot assailed the Arabian doctrine that inflammatory diseases, especially pleurisy, should be treated by bleeding on the side opposite to the seat of inflammation, and favoured the Hippocratic doctrine of bleeding as near as possible to it.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10122a.htm (17989 words)

	UNSW Embryology- Development- History of Science- The Beginnings of Modern Science - Arabian Medicine
		An Arabian savant was supposed to be equally well educated in philosophy, jurisprudence, theology, mathematics, and medicine, and to practise law, theology, and medicine with equal skill upon occasion.
		The list of eminent Arabian physicians is too long to be given here, but some of them are of such importance in their influence upon later medicine that they cannot be entirely ignored.
		Another great Arabian physician, whose work was just beginning as Honain's was drawing to a close, was Rhazes (850-923 A.D.), who during his life was no less noted as a philosopher and musician than as a physician.
	embryology.med.unsw.edu.au /History/page3.htm (2331 words)

	EGYPT,
		The History section covers Egypt from ancient times, including the Dynastic Period (3200 bc–343 bc), the Hellenistic Period (332 bc–30 bc), Roman and Byzantine Rule (30 bc–ad 638), the Caliphate and the Mamelukes (642–1517), Ottoman Domination (1517–1882), and British colonialism (1882–1952) as well as modern, independent Egypt (1952–).
		Much of the Arabian Desert occupies a plateau that rises gradually E from the Nile Valley to elevations of about 610 m (about 2000 ft) in the E and is broken along the Red Sea coast by jagged peaks as high as about 2135 m (about 7000 ft) above sea level.
		The framework for the study of the Dynastic period of Egyptian history, between the 1st Dynasty and the Ptolemaic period, relies on the Aegyptiaca of Manetho, a Ptolemaic priest of the 3d century bc, who organized the country's rulers into 30 dynasties, roughly corresponding to families.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=208289 (12155 words)

	History of the Jewish Physicians
		History of the Jewish Physicians, From the French of E. Carmoly, by John R. Dunbar, M. andc.
		Moses, son of Maimoun, or rather as he is called by the Arabians, Abou Amran Mousa ben Maimoun, Abou Amran ben Abdallah,—better known by the name of Maimonides, was born at Cordova, the 14th Nisan, 4895th year of the creation, which corresponds with 31st March, 1135, of the common era.
		He was a friend of a Christian physician of the same name as himself, but he was not like him in his firm adherence to the faith of his fathers, for influenced by mercenary motive, he apostatized from his religion and became a Mohammedan.
	www.jewish-history.com /Occident/volume2/mar1845/carmoly6.html (1232 words)

	Acton, Lectures on Modern History (1906): The Online Library of Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		By Universal History I understand that which is distinct from the combined history of all countries, which is not a rope of sand but a continuous development, not a burden on the memory but an illumination of the soul.
		History is a preceptor of prudence, not of principles.
		For History must be our deliverer not only from the undue influence of other times, but from the undue influence of our own, from the tyranny of environment and the pressure of the air we breathe.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Texts/Acton0003/LecturesOnModernHistory/0028_Bk.html (17271 words)

	History of essential oils
		In the history of mankind it seems that the Egyptians were the first people to extensively make use of aromatherapy and aromatic herbs and included their use in religion, cosmetics as well as medicinal purposes.
		During this time it was the monks housed in their monasteries which tended after the sick and kept herbal medicinal wisdom alive, yet folk medicine as practiced by illiterate village herbalist normally lead to persecution of such people as witches.
		Dr Edward Bach was a consulting physician and trained as a pathologist and bacteriologist but became disenchanted by orthodox medicine and developed his system of treating disorders - where the disease is not as such looked at, but the personality suffering the problem.
	www.essentialoils.co.za /history-essential-oils.htm (839 words)

	The Dental HiWay: History: Historical Overview
		Aesculapius--later regarded as a god but probably an actual person, a Greek physician, who lived between 1300 and 1200 BC-- is credited by many with the concept of extracting diseased teeth.
		Mouthwashes and dentifrice powders were applied by the Arabians using a "toothbrush," a small polishing stick that was beaten and softened at one end.
		Two popular books, Natural History of Human Teeth (1771) and Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Teeth (1778), were written by English physiologist John Hunter, surgeon general to the British army.
	www.sadanet.co.za /dhw/history/overview.html (895 words)

	An Outline of The History of Herbalism An Overview and Literature Resource List - Christopher Hobbs L.Ac., A.H.G. - ...
		In the history of herbalism, women prepared food and healing potions--women generally practiced herbalism on a day to day basis, as well as took care of the ills of other members of the family or tribal unit(2).
		However, throughout history, men compiled the remedies and wrote them down, which is why nearly all the herbals are by men.
		He was supposedly a physician in Nero's army and thus traveled far and wide gathering, using and studying plants and recording the folk uses of many herbs as well.
	www.healthy.net /LIBRARY/Articles/Hobbs/HISTORYO.HTM (1888 words)

	UNSW Embryology- Development- History of Science- 18th Century Anatomy and Physiology Pt.1
		Celebrated as a physician, he was proficient in various fields, being equally famed in his own time as poet, botanist, and statesman, and dividing his attention between art and science.
		He was a theoretical rather than a practical physician, yet he is credited with being the first physician to use the watch in counting the pulse.
		William Hunter (1718-1783) must always be remembered as one of the greatest physicians and anatomists of the eighteenth century, and particularly as the first great teacher of anatomy in England; but his fame has been somewhat overshadowed by that of his younger brother John.
	embryology.med.unsw.edu.au /history/page4.htm (5305 words)

	International Congress and Symposium Series Number 134
		These physicians not only determined the required dose in each drug precisely but also were able to fix the length of time which the anaesthesia was to last with great precision.
		Arabian medicine and its influence on the Middle Ages, 1st Ed.
		A history and the scope of anaesthetic practice.
	www.muslimtents.com /historyofmedicine/anesthesia1.htm (1410 words)

	Middle East Institute: The George Camp Keiser Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The history of the Prophet, his deeds and sayings, were at first memorized by his companions and passed on as oral record.
		For this reason the history of the Islamic community is considered to have been formally born on the night of the hejira, the night of migration, when the Prophet departed Mecca for Madina.
		The history of Islam in Spain is the history of one of the most brilliant Islamic civilizations the world has known, the "Golden Caliphate" of the Umayyads.
	www.mideasti.org /indepth/islam/beginning.html (3905 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Baldwin (1913) Volume II, Chapter 5
		It illustrates the extension of the method by means of external stimulation of the senses and experiments upon them, whereby "experimental psychology" came in to enlarge the scope of physiological psychology, understood in the narrower sense.
		Researches in physiological psychology go back to the Arabian physicians, to Alhacen especially, and its body of results includes observations and discoveries made by many; but its establishment as a well-defined and well-controlled method of research is one of the notable achievements of the late nineteenth century.[4]
		The science is freed front the leading-strings of biology on the one hand, and from its service to sociology on the other; and stands in its true place between the sciences of life and those of society.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /Baldwin/History/chap2-5.htm (7732 words)

	The History of Essential oils
		Anciently, the Arabian people began to study the chemistry of the aromatic properties that resulted in a refined development of distillation.
		According to the translation of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and Chinese manuscripts, priests and physicians were using extracted oils from plants for healing thousands of years before Christ.
		They were very much into fumigating and diffusing oils in their temples and political buildings as well as bathing in hot tubs scented with oils followed by a fragrant massage with their favorite oils.
	www.americanaromatherapy.com /The_History_of_Essential_Oils.html (829 words)

	Shahid. Byzantinism and Arabism
		Thus the fifth century is the golden period in the history of the Arab image, unlike the fourth and the sixth, during which it was tarnished mainly by sharp friction with the central government on doctrinal grounds.
		This is the most plausible explanation for their ineffectiveness in the defense of the limes Arabic around A.D. Finally, the law of generation and decay which governed the rise and fall of Arab polities before the rise of Islam caught up with them.
		Few readers of the medieval literary works that this type of love inspired realize that they are owed to an Arabian tribe which in the fifth century defended the southern approaches to the limes orientalis of Byzantium as a tribe of the outer shield.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/shahid.html (4682 words)

	Nimrod Hurvitz \| From Scholarly Circles to Mass Movements: The Formation of Legal Communities in Islamic Societies \| ...
		But it is not long before the clever visitors persuade their host to buy some, and even to join in the singing and drinking.
		Not surprisingly, in the sources that describe this era, palace life epitomized and symbolized luxury, and was therefore the antithesis of the ascetic worldview.
		The two were part of an educated milieu that served the rulers as bureaucrats and courtiers, identified with their political agendas, and embraced the courtly cultural paradigm that the Hanbalis adamantly opposed.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/108.4/hurvitz.html (11739 words)

	DIABETES MELLITUS IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA
		In multivariate analyses, positive family history of diabetes, low educational status, waist girth, plasma cholesterol, and (in women) post-menopausal status, were independently associated with diabetes.
		Profound changes in the way of life of the Arabian Peninsula during the last 30 years have been associated with the emergence of diabetes.
		In the extreme heat of the Arabian Peninsula, it is easier to achieve high levels of energy expenditure by cycling than by walking, but cycling by men and women is not at present culturally acceptable.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /annals/202/99-260.htm (1363 words)

	Islamset - East Meets West: A Panorama Arabian Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Among the most distinguished physicians at Jundi-Shapur were the Bukht Yishu's, a dynasty of doctors whose members were summoned to Baghdad at least from time to time, where they served as the personal physicians to the Abbasid Khalifs.
		Besides a number of surgeons and physicians, some of whom were specialists, there were attendants of both sexes, a large administrative staff, a dispensary, store-rooms, a mosque, a library and facilities for lecturing".
		Here is one of his case histories in which he relates his initial confusion, how he arrived at the correct diagnosis, and, retrospectively, some sort of self-criticism.
	www.islamset.com /heritage/Arabian/Eastmeets.html (2442 words)

	HistoryMole: Medicine (0001-2001)
		1478 CE Girolamo (Gerolamo) Fracastoro (Latin: Hieronymus Fracastorius) (1478-1553), Italian physician, scholar and poet was born in Verona.
		1654 CE Samuel Stockhausen, a physician in Goslar in the Harz Mountains of Germany, identified the ailment of Huttenkatze as stemming from lead poisoning in the local mining towns.
		Eberhard Gockel, the city physician, was able to trace the cause to a wine sweetener that used a white oxide of lead.
	www.historymole.com /cgi-bin/main/results.pl?type=theme&theme=Medicine (2182 words)

	History of Aromatherapy
		In reality, the history of aromatherapy is inexorably linked to the development of aromatic medicine, which in the early days was itself combined with religion, mysticism and magic.
		The earliest known Greek physician was Asclepius who practiced around 1200 BC combining the use of herbs and surgery with previously unrivalled skill.
		Due to his phenomenal success he quickly rose to become the personal physician to the Roman Emperor, Marcus Aurelius, and since Rome was a thriving academic center during the lifetime of Galen it was the ideal place for him to conduct further research.
	www.quinessence.com /history_of_aromatherapy.htm (1542 words)

	Man and Pain: Eternal Partners
		For pain control, Egyptian and Assyrian physicians often performed surgical operations after compressing the carotid artery to produce unconsciousness from anoxia of the brain.
		Although its earliest expressions in childhood are spontaneous and not goal-oriented, later on pain can establish itself as "a fundamental method of asking for help." If the physician directs his attention to whether the pain is real or unreal, he may miss the motive for the patient's signal.
		Gamsa (1994) stated that it is now generally recognized that "psychological factors play an important role" in chronic pain and that the study of pain as a medical discipline is a modern concept.
	www.fauchard.org /publications/history/journal/49_3_nov01/history04.html (4270 words)

	Desert Storm: The build-up
		Battalion aid stations provide patients with a physician's skills and clinical judgement in a safer environment with sufflcient time to accomplish a more complete examination.
		The next step up the ladder was a medical battalion surgical support company or a casualty receiving and treatment ship where patients were treated by teams of physicians and nurses supported by a staff of medical technicians with more complete medical facilities including a basic laboratory, holding wards, a pharmacy and greater surgical capacity.
		Eventually, over 21,000 naval reservists were called to join active-duty units in and around the Arabian Peninsula, and fill critical gaps in military support positions in the United States and overseas.
	www.history.navy.mil /wars/dstorm/ds2.htm (2898 words)

	islam-usa.com
		In the 9th and 10th century, the Court- Physician was in the protocol ahead of the Chief-Justice.
		It is said, rightly or wrongly, that the history of a nation is the sum total of the history of a few of its individuals.
		In the history of mankind, there are persons whose importance is revealed with the flight of time and their truth glows with the passage of centuries; Ibn-El-Nafis is one of those.
	www.islam-usa.com /im3.html (10372 words)

	History
		Whether from Morocco, Egypt, or Iraq, Arabs are able to identify today with a multi-faceted musical heritage that originated in antiquity, but that gained sophistication and momentum during the height of the Islamic Empire between the eighth and the thirteenth centuries.
		Islam from the Arabian Peninsula towards the middle of the seventh century until the present century, Arab music has been shaped by five principal processes, some purely intellectual and cultural, others political.
		The Arabic language was enriched and expanded by a wealth of treatises and commentaries on music written by prominent philosophers, scientists, and physicians.
	www.classicalarabicmusic.com /history.htm (2708 words)

	Ancient Chinese Dynasties: Tang Dynasty: Culture and Religion
		History of China : Tang Dynasty : Culture and Religion
		Known today as Islam, it was brought to China by the very many Moslems who came to trade with the empire from the Dashi (Arabian) countries.
		He studied the practices of previous leading physicians and collected folk remedies.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/tang/culture-religion.htm (2452 words)

	E.G. Browne: ARABIAN MEDICINE
		ARABIAN MEDICINE, which we now add to the Classics of Medicine Library, relates the "remarkable fact of history" referred to by Dr. Rahman.
		Although Browne never practiced medicine, he had an abiding interest in the subject, and he was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1911.
		We are pleased to present this classic on a topic of perennial and current interest in the history of medicine.
	www14.inetba.com /gryphon/item152947.ctlg (169 words)

	Tree of Hippocrates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		He swayed the opinion of physicians and public alike, on all points in the field of medicine never before known and was the propounder of the theory of opposites---"Contrara contrariis curantur" (opposites are cured by opposites)---in the prescribing of medicine.
		The founder of Osteopathy, Dr. Andrew Still, was a physician from Missouri, who first set about searching for a new approach to disease after being forced to watch three of his sons die from meningitis, knowing that all his medical knowledge and that of the medical world was powerless to help him.
		Edward Howell, physician and researcher, discovered that all food in its fresh, raw, state, contains its own enzymes, which are able to digest the raw food and deliver its nutrients.
	www.galaxymall.com /retail/galaxynutrients/history.html (5005 words)

	De Witt Clinton - His Private Canal Journal (Part 1) - 1810
		This place is known in history as the scene of a terrible massacre.
		Fort Stanwix is celebrated in the history of the Revolutionary War, for a regular siege which it stood.
		And as this and the battle of Oriskany are talked of all over the country, and are not embodied at large in history, I shall give an account of them, before they are lost in the memory of tradition.
	www.history.rochester.edu /canal/bib/campbell/Chap06.html (16429 words)

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