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	Bougainville
		Bougainville is the largest of the Solomon Islands in the southwestern Pacific.
		Although Bougainville belongs to the Solomon islands group, it was politically divided from the southern islands by a British, German and United States trade-off known as the Anglo-German treaty on Samoa in 1898, in which Germany kept administration of Bougainville and the north east quarter of New Guinea.
		Bougainville was occupied in 1914 (early in WW1) by the Australian forces becoming an Australian mandate.
	ecosonics.homestead.com /Bougainville.html (2718 words)

	Bougainville Revolutionary Army - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) was formed in 1988 by Bougainvilleans seeking independence from Papua New Guinea (PNG).
		BRA leaders argue that Bougainville is ethnically part of the Solomon Islands and has not profited from the extensive mining that has occurred on the island.
		In 1997, Bill Skate of the National Congress Party was elected Prime Minister of PNG and promised that peace in Bougainville would be his highest priority.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bougainville_Revolutionary_Army (207 words)

	History of Bougainville - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bougainville is a province of Papua New Guinea.
		The 3rd Marine Division landed on the west coast of Bougainville in November 1943, and shortly afterwards, there was a large night sea battle, the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay between cruisers and destroyers of the U.S. Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy.
		A Bougainville provincial government of the same status as the other eighteen provinces of Papua New Guinea, with John Momis as Governor, was established in January 1999.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Bougainville (3148 words)

	Bougainville - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Bougainville is the largest of the Solomon Islands and a province of Papua New Guinea.
		Bougainville and the adjacent island of Buka are sometimes called the North Solomons, and are ecologically and geographically, although not politically, considered part of the Solomon Islands.
		A former surveyor with the Bougainville Mining Limited, Francis Ona started the 10-year secessionist war in November 1988 with sabotage attacks on the mine in Panguna in support of demands for compensation for environmental damage.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/b/o/u/Bougainville.html (429 words)

	Bougainville - The long struggle for freedom
		It is the biggest island lying in the north of the Solomons chain and is a mere eight kilometres from the arbitrary sea border of the independent state of the Solomon Islands.
		The people of Bougainville were never asked by the Australian colonial administration whether they wanted to continue with a "political marriage" to a people and a place they were not related to.
		The mountainous region of Bougainville was buzzing with activity which compounded the anxiety of the landowners as to what was happening to the, once upon a time, serene and undisturbed environment.
	www.eco-action.org /dt/bvstory.html (3823 words)

	History of Bougainville
		At the beginning of WW I in 1914 Bougainville was occupied by Australian and after the defeat of Germany, the German territories, collectively called New Guinea, became Mandate territories of the League of Nations and, in 1920, were placed under Australian administration.
		During WW II Bougainville was the scene of fierce fighting.
		Defeated, the PNG army left Bougainville and imposed a blockade on the island in April 1990.
	www.unpo.org /article.php?id=34 (825 words)

	History of French Polynesia - Tahiti 1
		Bougainville set up a camp at Hitiaa for the thirty or so members of his crew suffering from scurvy.
		Although Bougainville was considered to be a far more cultured man than Wallis or Cook, he was more attracted by the charms of everyday life than the prospect of analyzing the characteristics of Polynesian civilization.
		Though Bougainville may have left to Cook the honor of piercing the mystery of the Pacific, he gave men a vision of a new paradise and an endless source of dreams.
	www.tahiti1.com /en/indentity/history.htm (4607 words)

	Bougainville biography
		Bougainville went northwest through the South Pacific and by the end of March 1768 he discovered islands in the archipelago of Tuamoto, now French Polynesia.
		Bougainville then sailed west reaching what is now named Bougainville reef, just to the east of the Great Barrier reef.
		Bougainville continued on to New Britain but, because his men were by then suffering from scurvy and his ships needed refitting, he stopped at Buru in the Moluccas in September 1768.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Bougainville.html (1140 words)

	Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade: Reports: Bougainville; Chapter 2
		2.3 An outline history of Bougainville, from 1884 to 1999 is summarised in Appendix D. Causes of the conflict
		As Anthony Regan has written: In the complex political, economic and cultural situation of Bougainville, it is naive and misleading to attempt to analyse the origins of the conflict in terms of single causes.
		Bougainville became part of German New Guinea to the north while Shortlands, Choiseul and Isobel Islands became part of the British protectorate of the Solomons.
	www.aph.gov.au /house/committee/jfadt/bougainville/BV_chap2.htm (8787 words)

	A new era for Bougainville
		He was speaking during the inauguration of the Bougainville Autonomous Government and the swearing in of the 40-member cabinet at Hahela in Bougainville yesterday.
		Bougainville's independence forces never quite achieved their ultimate political goal, but a 2001 ceasefire deal came with considerable autonomy and the promise of a future referendum on full independence.
		President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville Joseph Kabui told Mr Stoker and his team of lawyers in Buka last week that he wanted the class action suit to be separate from any discussions that the team may have with the autonomous government.
	www.minesandcommunities.org /Action/press655.htm (5187 words)

	bougan
		Following the usual period of training and landing rehearsals, both Raider Battalions sailed 30 October, with the 1MAC task force for the assault on Bougainville scheduled for 1 Nov.1943.
		On 12 Jan.1944, the Raiders were withdrawn from the combat zone and embarked on naval transport.
		On 14 Jan.1944, both Raider Battalions disembarked at Tassafaronga, unaware that the Marine Raiders were passing into history.
	www.usmcraiders.com /bougan.htm (327 words)

	Converse
		On the first of those dates, Converse sortied with her squadron and cruisers to provide cover for amphibious landings on Bougainville, and on the night of 31 Oc-tober-1 November 1943, bombarded Buka and Bpnis airfields and targets in the Shortlands.
		The next night her force intercepted a Japanese group of cruisers and destroyers heading for an attack on the transports lying at Bougainville, and opened fire in the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay.
		In a skillfully executed torpedo attack followed by a persistent chase during which Converse was struck by a torpedo which failed to explode, the squadron sank three of the enemy ships and caused heavy damage to a fourth, while emerging unscathed themselves.
	www.history.navy.mil /danfs/c13/converse-ii.htm (1036 words)

	31 Aug History: This Date
		Bougainville served a chef d'escadre with the French fleet supporting the US War of Independence (1779-1782).
		Named for Bougainville are the largest of the Solomon Islands, a strait in the New Hebrides, and a plant genus of some 14 species of shrubs, vines, and small trees in the four-o'clock family (Nyctaginaceae) native to South America.
		— Portrait of Bougainville (1790, 88x71cm) by Joseph Ducreux.
	www.safran-arts.com /42day/history/h4aug/h4aug31.html (9316 words)

	U.N. and Bougainville: A failed mission to disarm
		Bougainville could be a composite third world country: ravaged by war, pocked by ravenous mining and crippled by internal dissent.
		It’s too early to declare Bougainville a failed mission, but for such a tiny place to cause such big problems should be a lesson in the limits of the world body’s capabilities.
		Bougainville is small so it was only three stages: a truce, a disarming and a referendum.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/804761/posts (1423 words)

	Bougainville News Archive - December 1998
		Bougainville - The long struggle for freedom tells the whole story of the colonialisation, successful revolution and continuing war being waged against the life of Bougainville by western governments on behalf of corporations.
		Bougainville leaders are currently meeting to decide the framework of the government and endorse a constitution to be later ratified by a congress.
		He said the Bougainville peace process was started during the Burnham talks in New Zealand last year after nine years of bloodshed with the aim of establishing a peaceful consultation process to negotiate the issues in contention for reaching a lasting political settlement between the Government of PNG and the Bougainvilleans.
	www.eco-action.org /bougainville/oldarchive/1998-12.html (14317 words)

	Conciliation Resources: Our Work: Profiles
		Their ideas began to resonate on Bougainville and a number of similar groups continued to emerge, perhaps the most significant being Me'ekamui Onoring Pontoku (often called the Fifty Toea Movement) led by Damien Dameng in Central Bougainville, which was to become an important group in the conflict from 1988.
		The Bougainville Peace and Restoration Office (BPRO) was created in 1999 and is headed by the Minister for Bougainville Affairs, who sits on the National Executive Council and is separate from the SSN's position.
		With a history of violent tactics in the highlands of mainland PNG, the riot squads were expected to force the handover of militant landowners and ensure the resumption of mining operations.
	www.c-r.org /our-work/accord/png-bougainville/profiles.php (5399 words)

	Papua New Guinea Forum - Beautiful Bougainville by Steven Mago
		It was named after Louis Antoine de Bougainville, a French navigator, who, accompanied by naturalists and astronomers, made an historical voyage around the world (1767—69), visiting Tahiti in the Society Islands, the Samoan group, and the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu), and rediscovering the Solomon Islands Group, the largest of which was Bougainville.
		Central and South Bougainville are situated on the larger Bougainville Island, which is separated from Buka by the Buka Passage.
		Before the Bougainville secessionist uprising in 1989, North Solomons Province was a thriving province, in fact the province of PNG that enjoyed considerable prosperity due to the Bougainville Copper Mine at Panguna.
	www.pngbd.com /forum/showthread.php?t=5098 (998 words)

	PACIFIC: After the civil war: Bougainville looks ahead - 20 October 2001
		The Bougainville crisis was a rebellion against many years of colonial and neo-colonial systems and policies of government that marginalised and disempowered the people.
		The immediate causes of the Bougainville conflict of 1988-97 involve local land owner resentment of the impacts of the giant copper and gold mine at Panguna, in the mountains of central Bougainville, from 1972-89.
		The comprehensive Bougainville peace agreement offers a new paradigm shift, that liberates our people from the syndrome of dependency and powerlessness, and empowers them to become active agents of change and development and be both subject and object of development.
	www.newsweekly.com.au /articles/2001oct20_pacific.html (1597 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| World War II \| Battle of Bougainville: 37th Infantry Division's Battle for Hill 700
		The next and final Solomon island was Bougainville, and there the tactics were dramatically altered though the strategic concept remained the same.
		In early November 1943, the 3rd Marine Division and the 37th Infantry Division invaded Bougainville with an offensive-defensive mission.
		Within those six square miles, a major airfield would be built, from which American planes could range over the South Pacific as far forward as the Philippines, assuring security from the air for the convoys and task forces that would invade the Philippines in October 1944.
	www.historynet.com /magazines/world_war_2/3025746.html (1129 words)

	Bougainville
		After New Georgia, the next major operation was an invasion of the island of Bougainville, which was approached by landings at Mono and Stirling in the Treasury Islands on October 25-27, 1943.
		A Marine division landed on the west coast of Bougainville at Empress Augusta Bay on November 1, 1943.
		Allied planes neutralized enemy airfields in the northern part of the island, and the Allied command made use of its naval and air superiority to contain the Japanese garrison on Bougainville and cut its supply line to Rabaul by occupying the Green Islands (February 14, 1944).
	www.worldwar2history.info /Bougainville (279 words)

	History of Falkland Islands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Captain Strong sailed through between the two principal islands in 1690, landed upon one of them, and called the passage Falkland Sound, and from this the group afterwards took its English name.
		In 1764, the French explorer De Bougainville took possession of the islands on behalf of his country, and established a colony at Port Louis on Berkeley Sound.
		Meanwhile in 1765 Commodore Byron had taken possession on the part of England on the ground of prior discovery, and had formed a settlement at Port Egmont on the small island of Saunders.
	www.historyofnations.net /southamerica/falklandislands.html (641 words)

	[No title]
		Bougainville is situated in the Solomon Sea between Papua New Guinea (PNG) and the Solomon islands.
		Bougainville was named after the French navigator Louis Antoine de Bougainville.
		It was only in 1899, when, by agreement between Germany and Britain, Bougainville was separated from the other Solomon Islands, against the wishes of the Bougainvillean people.
	www.michie.net /png_faqs/05122100_4.shtml (1741 words)

	History of 82nd Cml Mortar Bn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Bougainville justified and solidified General MacArthur's strategy of bypassing and neutralizing the enemy to let them "wither on the vine." Fortunately, he and Admiral Halsey thought alike.
		The Bougainville operation had ended several months previously and the battalion was engaged in training on that island, when the announcement was made, about 1 November, that it had been alerted for the M-1 Operation.
		The history and glory of Clark, after its recapture and eventual loss to nature by the eruption in 1991 of Mt. Penituba, can be found at the website “Clark Air Base”.
	www.4point2.org /hist-82-p2.htm (13667 words)

	Bougainville
		Bougainville was subjected to a six-year trade blockade by Papua New Guinea following the island's secession from PNG in the early 90's.
		Earthbeat visits the island of Bougainville where magic, traditional foods and medicines have undergone a resurgence as a result of the years of war with Papua New Guinea.
		The history of Bougainville is a bloody one.
	www.rainforestinfo.org.au /wrr42/bgnvlle.htm (2223 words)

	Pacific Empire » Blog Archive » Resource wars, Part 2: Bougainville
		Phil, Luke and Jordan are libertarians, Vic Uni students and flatmates based in Wellington, New Zealand.
		The Bougainville conflict superficially falls into the “resource war” paradigm of Collier and Ross.
		Bougainville is unquestionably economically worse off than it would be if they had not rebelled, given the level of investment it provided and the hardship inflicted by the Papuan government.
	pacificempire.org.nz /?p=55 (961 words)

	U.S. Marine Raiders - Official Web Site Pacific Marine Raiders WWII
		The scheduled D-day for Bougainville was 1 November 1943.
		Defenses were negligible there, and Bougainville's difficult terrain would prevent any rapid reaction from enemy ground forces located elsewhere on the island.
		There were occasional engagements with small enemy patrols, but the greatest resistance during this period came from the terrain, which consisted largely of swampland and dense jungle once one moved beyond the beach.
	www.usmarineraiders.org /bougainville.htm (1738 words)

	A Brief History
		Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, French explorer, named the islands the Navigator Islands in 1768, after encountering Samoans in ocean-going canoes.
		Unfortunately I have been unable to find any details pertaining to the travellers, the reason for their visit or the places and people they were visiting in Samoa.
		This was a particularly unsettled period in Samoan history coinciding with disputes between Germany, Britain and the US about control of Samoa, and a long running civil war that revolved around who should be the King of Samoa.
	www.samoa.co.uk /history.html (757 words)

	european history eighteenth century - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library
		The Rise of the European Economy: An Economic History of Continental Europe from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century
		History in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries...the wider, universal view of history, stressing its social and moral...civilization.
		The Eighteenth Century Literature...writing of history and biography...the general European nationalist...the cult of history and concerned...Twentieth Century: A Variety...Croatias 20th-century literary...Barac, A History of Yugoslav...
	www.questia.com /search/european-history-eighteenth-century (1543 words)

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