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Topic: History of Burundi

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	History of Burundi
		In the 16th century, Burundi was a kingdom characterized by a hierarchical political authority and tributary economic exchange.
		Burundi's first Hutu president, Melchior Ndadaye, of the Hutu-dominated FRODEBU Party, was elected in 1993.
		In November 1995, the presidents of Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zaire announced a regional initiative for a negotiated peace in Burundi facilitated by former Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere.
	www.historyofnations.net /africa/burundi.html (976 words)

	Burundi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The current President of Burundi is Pierre Nkurunziza, a former rebel leader of the Hutu National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy who was elected unopposed as the new President of Burundi by the parliament on 19 August 2005.
		The farthest headstream of the Nile is in Burundi.
		Burundi is the poorest country in the world, in terms of GDP per capita: US$106 as of 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Burundi (1471 words)

	AllRefer.com - Burundi : History, Burundi (Burundian Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		In 1890, Burundi (along with Rwanda) became part of German East Africa, but the Germans began to govern the area only in 1897.
		During World War I, Belgian forces occupied (1916) Burundi, and in 1919 it became part of the Belgian League of Nations mandate of Ruanda-Urundi (which in 1946 became a UN trust territory).
		Burundi was convulsed by ethnic violence in which thousands of Hutus and Tutsis died, and many fled the country.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/Burundi-history.html (842 words)

	Travel in Bujumbura Burundi History
		Origins and history of Burundi population are not known.
		Despite the cultural, territorial and administrative unity of the Burundi people, their recent history has been characterised by tribal wars between Hutu and Tutsi, the height of which was reached in 1993.
		Burundi’s eight year civil war has resulted in the death of at least 200,000 people, and the country now faces one of the most acute problem of population displacement in Africa today.
	www.africatravelling.net /burundi/bujumbura/bujumbura_history.htm (1157 words)

	Burundi - History and Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Elections were held in Burundi in 1961 in which, contrary to the wishes of the administration, Uprona triumphed, securing 80% of the vote and 58 of the 64 seats in the legislature.
		Rwagasore's murder not only deprived Burundi of its ablest leader, but destroyed the nascent ethnic cohesion he had struggled so hard to achieve, at a time when pogroms against Tutsis in Rwanda were polarising and poisoning ethnic relations between the two communities throughout the region.
		Buyoya's coup was condemned by the international community, and in August 1996 Burundi's neighbours (except for Zaire) imposed sanctions in a bid to force a return to democratic government, and the opening of talks with rebel groups.
	www.iss.co.za /AF/profiles/Burundi/Politics.html (3501 words)

	Esther Kamatari - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Burundi's post-independence history has been dominated by tensions between the Hutu majority and the Tutsi minority.
		The civil war of the 1990s in Burundi and conflicts with neighbouring countries and the plight of thousands of child-victims of war led her to become involved with the Association of the People of Burundi in France.
		A peace brokered by South Africa has made elections possible in Burundi, and Esther Kamatari and her Abahuza party, which means "bringing people together," will run on the platform of restoration of the monarchy.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Esther_Kamatari (268 words)

	BURUNDI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Burundi is a small landlocked nation in the Great Lakes region of Africa.
		Burundi existed as an independent kingdom from the sixteenth century.
		After several years of civil war and interethnic violence Burundi a cease-fire is currently standing, mostly due to the international presence in the country.
	www.yotor.org /wiki/en/bu/Burundi.htm (193 words)

	History of BURUNDI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The highlands of Rwanda and Burundi, east of Lake Kivu, are the last part of Africa to be reached by Europeans in the colonial expansion of the late 19th century.
		The worst blot on Burundi's record is the ethnic slaughter unleashed upon the Hutu community in April and May 1972, in response to an attempted uprising.
		The incumbent president, Pierre Buyoya, is expected to win Burundi's first multiparty presidential election in June 1993, but he is defeated by Melchior Ndadaye, leader of the main opposition party.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad25 (1643 words)

	raceandhistory.com - Burundi History
		Rwanda is to be a republic led by Bahutus, while Burundi is to retain a ceremonial head of state called the mwami, and is dominated by Batutsis.
		On August 17 the foreign minister of Burundi wires the Secretaries General of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the UN, informing them that the relationship between Rwanda and Burundi is "very tense." On September 8 the two governments exchange protests concerning alleged border violations.
		On March 28 Amnesty International announces that Burundi is "poised on the brink of another cycle of horrific slaughter." In March 31 President Ntibantunganya and Prime Minister Nduwayo sign an agreement to pursue stability, protect lives, and encourage the return of about two million refugees living in camps in neighboring countries.
	www.raceandhistory.com /historicalviews/burundi.htm (1931 words)

	Ethnicity and Burundi’s Refugees
		Burundi provides a good example of this: Hutu are believed to be farmers, and the Tutsi are believed to be rulers and cattle-herders.
		Repeatedly in the history of Burundi and Burundian refugees (as well as others), the kaleidescope on these two issues has shifted, as the saliency of one ethnic identity or the other thickens and thins.
		Modern ethnic typologies in both Burundi and Rwanda typically focus on primordial stories defining Hutu and Tutsi as a dichotomy, with an occasional nod to the one percent of the population that is “aboriginal” Twa.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v7/v7i1a5.htm (3424 words)

	ipedia.com: History of Burundi Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		This is the history of Burundi (See also the history of Africa and history of present-day nations and states).
		In 1923, the League of Nations mandated to Belgium the territory of Ruanda-Urundi, encompassing modern-day Rwanda and Burundi.
		Burundi's first Hutu president, Melchior Ndadaye, of the Hutu-dominated FRODEBU Party, was elected in 1993.
	www.ipedia.com /history_of_burundi.html (796 words)

	CHARLES BRAY's Burund Journal
		War famine, disease, misery, massacres and waves of refugees have characterized the history of Burundi.
		As in neighboring Rwanda, Burundi has suffered from the terrible problems of a border that cuts across ethnic enmities, leaving opposing groups of people unable to come to terms with living together in peace and harmony.
		Burundi's three previous Hutu presidents were all overthrown by the military.
	www.greatestcities.com /users/cbray5003/Africa/Burundi (1248 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Assessment for Hutus in Burundi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The condition of Hutus in Burundi remains tenuous due to continued violence and Tutsi fears that a Hutu-dominated government will lead to the type of large-scale genocide that occurred in neighboring Rwanda.
		The postcolonial history of Burundi, much like neighboring Rwanda, has been shaped by the relationship between its majority Hutu and minority Tutsi populations.
		Contemporary analysis of the condition of Hutus in Burundi begins in 1993 when for the first time in its history, a Hutu--Melchior Ndadaye--was elected president, only to be assassinated four months later.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=51601 (726 words)

	Burundi History & Burundi Culture \| iExplore.com
		Burundi has economic cooperation agreements with Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo through the Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries and is a member of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and of the International Coffee Organization.
		As one of the poorest countries in the world, with an annual per capita income of just US$100, Burundi remains heavily dependent on foreign aid, principally from France, Germany, Belgium (these three are also its major sources of imports), the EU and the World Bank.
		Burundi’s major export markets are the countries of the CFA Franc zone, which take approximately one-third of the total, followed by Belgium-Luxembourg, the USA, UK, France and The Netherlands.
	www.africa.com /dmap/Burundi/History (856 words)

	Burundi (12/05)
		A joint session of the parliament elected Pierre Nkurunziza as President of Burundi on August 19, 2005 in a vote of 151 to 9 with one abstention, establishing the post-transition government.
		Burundi is heavily dependent on bilateral and multilateral aid, with external debt totaling $1.2 billion in 2003.
		Burundi is a member of various international and regional organizations, including the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the African Union, and the African Development Bank, and became a member of COMESA, the free-tariff zone of eastern and southern Africa, in 2004.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2821.htm (3094 words)

	Search Results for "Burundi"
		Burundi 1961 The Union pour le Progres National (UPRONA), founded in 1958 by Ganwa Rwagasore, son of Mwami Mwambutsa IV, won the elections held prior to independence....
		Burundi (boo-ROOHN-dee) Nation in Central Africa, bordered by Rwanda on the north, Democratic Republic of Congo on the west, and Tanzania on the east and south.
		...on Congo (Kinshasa) in the west, on Uganda in the north, on Tanzania in the east, and on Burundi in the south.
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Burundi (265 words)

	Why War? Keywords: Burundi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Union's viability hinge on its ability to resolve the conflicts in Congo, Burundi, and Rwanda quickly and persuade Mugabe, Khadafy, and others to step aside...
		Burundi is a small landlocked nation of eastern Africa.
		Between 1993 and 1999, ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi factions in Burundi created hundreds of thousands of refugees and left at least 250,000 dead.
	www.why-war.com /encyclopedia/places/Burundi (220 words)

	Untitled Document
		The first kingdom in Burundi was founded in the early 16th century, after Batutsi, said to be descendants of Nilo-Hamitic shepard people, gained power over the agricultural Bahutu, and established a feudal system.
		The current state of Burundi, which encompasses a hilly 27,830 square kilometers of land and water (slightly smaller than Maryland, United States), houses 6,223,897 Burundians.
		Burundi is still comprised primarily of the Hutu (85%) and the Tutsi (14%).
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~serzeszu/statehistory.htm (650 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Assessment for Tutsis in Burundi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Although the Tutsis in Burundi currently control the government and military, they may be at future risk as Buyoya gave up his power to a Hutu leader, Domitien Ndayizeye, on April 30, 2003, upholding the peace treaty of 2000.
		Because majoritarian democracy in Burundi will mean the end of all Tutsi control, both sides will focus on some form of power-sharing if democracy is to take root.
		Burundi’s economic health depends heavily on the coffee crop, which accounts for 80% of foreign exchange earnings.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=51602 (639 words)

	ReliefWeb » Document Preview » Factfile on Burundi
		Inter-ethnic massacres have occurred periodically throughout Burundi's post-colonial history, notably in 1972 when around 200,000 Hutus were killed, and again in 1988 when between 5,000 and 50,000 were killed.
		When Burundi's people go to the polls on February 28 on a new constitution, most politicians and the main former rebel group hope for a 'yes' to begin a series of polls to enshrine a peaceful democracy.
		Burundi is among the poorest countries in sub-Saharan Africa, according to the World Bank.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/SKAR-69XJ6H?OpenDocument (818 words)

	Burundi Flag, Burundi History, Culture of Burundi, Economy of Burundi, Flag of Burundi
		The chief ethnic groups of Burundi are the Hutu and the Tutsi, who initially comprised 85 percent and 14 percent of the population, respectively.
		Burundi's labor force numbers 3.8 million people, of which 15 percent are engaged in agriculture, 22 percent in industry, and 59 percent in services.
		The flag of Burundi is divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels, at the top and bottom and green panels along the hoist side and the outer side.
	www.mapsofworld.com /country-profile/burundi1.html (550 words)

	USAID: Burundi
		Burundi's political parties were unable to reach consensus on a post-transitional constitutional framework for power-sharing in time to hold democratic elections by October 31, 2004.
		The history of Burundi has been characterized by access to power through military coups; therefore, support to the disarmament, demobilization, reinsertion, and reintegration process and to security sector reform is critical to prevent destabilization.
		Burundi is one of the poorest countries in the world, ranking 173 out of 177 on the 2004 United Nations Development Program's Human Development Index.
	www.usaid.gov /policy/budget/cbj2006/afr/bi.html (1310 words)

	History (from Burundi) -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		According to one set of traditions, Ntare Rushatsi, the founder of the original dynasty, came from Rwanda in the 17th century; a more reliable source suggests that Ntare must have come from Buha, in the southeast, and laid the foundation of the original kingdom in the neighbouring Nkoma region.
		Burundi is a landlocked republic of central Africa.
		History is a science—a branch of knowledge that uses specific methods and tools to achieve its goals.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-93633 (944 words)

	Burundi - General Information : Any Travels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Burundi is located right in the heart of Africa, squashed between the East African giant Tanzania in the east and the biggest country of Africa, Congo in the west.
		However, Burundi has great touristic potential and if you are looking for a place away from the other tourists, this is one.
		What is certain, though, is that on the arrival of the first white explorers and missionaries, Burundi was an old united Kingdom, and its borders remained almost the same, unlike other African countries in which borders were artificially set by colonisation.
	www.anytravels.com /index.php?e=170&type=03 (505 words)

	Burundi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Burundi is a boiling pot of ethnic tension and economic depression.
		Burundi gained independence from Belgium in 1962 and has been governed since then by a succession of minority Tutsi governments.
		Burundi's economy is predominantly agricultural with roughly 90% of the population dependent on subsistence agriculture.
	www.childcareministries.org /4burundi.htm (792 words)

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