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Topic: History of Catalonia

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	ipedia.com: Catalonia Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Catalonia (Catalan: Catalunya, Spanish: Cataluña, French: Catalogne) is a region and Spanish autonomous region (Comunidad autónoma) in the north-east of the Spanish state.
		Catalonia constitutes the original nucleus and the most important and extensive territory of Catalan language and culture, but the norm in Catalonia is Catalan-Castilian bilingualism, and this is one of the first things the visitor notices upon entering the territory.
		The Spanish autonomous comunity of Catalonia borders on Valencia to the south, Aragon to the west, France and Andorra to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east and southeast.
	fav.ipedia.com /catalonia.html (1304 words)

	Catalonia
		Catalonia (Catalan: Catalunya, Spanish: Catalu?a, French: Catalogne) is the core region of the area where Catalan is spoken, delimited by the Spanish autonomous region (comunitat aut?noma) of the same name in the north-east of Spain.
		The term Catalonia is, however, sometimes used by Catalans to refer to the whole Catalan-speaking area.
		The Spanish autonomous region of Catalonia limits with Valencia to the south, Aragon to the west, France and Andorra to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east and southeast.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ca/Catalonia.html (456 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Catalonia saw a prosperous period at the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th.
		Along with Asturias, Catalonia in general and Barcelona in particular was a center of radical labor agitation, marked by numerous general strikes, assassinations (especially in the late 1910s), and the rise of the anarchist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ("National Confederation of Labour" or "CNT").
		As in the rest of Spain, the Franco era (1939—1975) in Catalonia saw the annulment of democratic liberties, the prohibition and persecution of parties, the rise of thoroughgoing censorship, and the banning of all leftist institutions.
	www.catalunyacafe.eu (5135 words)

	AllRefer.com - Catalonia : History, Spain & Portugal (Spanish And Portuguese Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		The history of medieval Catalonia is that of the counts of Barcelona, who emerged (9th cent.) as the chief lords in the Spanish March founded by Charlemagne.
		Catalonia failed in its rebellion (1461–72) against John II of AragOn, and after the union (1479) of AragOn and Castile, Catalonia declined.
		Catalonia elected its first parliament as an autonomous region in 1980, and in the mid-1990s the Catalan nationalist coalition became a force in national politics.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Cataloni-history.html (449 words)

	Country Information, a world portal on countries, politics and governments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia borders on Valencia to the south, Aragon to the west, France and Andorra to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east and southeast.
		Catalonia\'s second statute of autonomy, which was adopted by the Spanish government on December 22, 1979 officially recognized Catalonia as a nationality.
		Catalan, regarded as the native language of Catalonia, is one of the three official languages of the region as established in the Catalan Statute of Autonomy [2].
	www.countryiworld.com /wiki-Catalonia (2149 words)

	Euromosaic - Catalan in Catalonia (Spain)
		Catalonia's history began around the year 800 AD with the conquest by Charlemagne of the southern Pyrenean area which had been occupied by the Saracens.
		Following the demand from the Parliaments of the Balearic Islands (1987) and Catalonia (1988) for Catalan to be recognised as an official language of the institutions of the European Community, the European Parliament approved, on 11 December 1990, the "Resolution on the situation of languages in the Community and on the Catalan language".
		The culture and history of Catalonia, as well as the history of the language, are taught at all levels of compulsory education.
	www.uoc.edu /in3/euromosaic/web/document/catala/an/i1/i1.html (5547 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Catalonia
		Thus Catalonia is bounded on the north by France (the ancient province of Roussillon) and the little independent republic of Andorra, on the west by Aragon, on the south-west by Valencia, and on the east by the Mediterranean.
		Catalonia was the first region of Spain to rise against the Napoleonic tyranny, and overthrew the French in 1808.
		The principality of Catalonia forms the ecclesiastical province of Tarragona, the archiepiscopal see of which is, according to tradition, one of the most ancient in Spain, dating from the first century of Christianity.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03428a.htm (1659 words)

	Catalonia - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		Catalonia (Catalan: Catalunya, Spanish: Cataluña, Aranese: Catalonha, French: Catalogne) is an Autonomous Community of Spain, in the north-east corner of the country.
		Catalonia constitutes the original nucleus and the most important and extensive territory where Catalan is spoken.
		Catalan is one of the two official languages of Catalonia, as laid down in the Catalan Statute of Autonomy http://www10.gencat.net/gencat/AppJava/cat/generalitat/estatut/index.jsp; the other is Castilian (Spanish), which is the majority language of Spain and official in all of Spain as laid down by the 1978 Spanish Constitution.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=6822 (3285 words)

	History. Catalonia. Generalitat of Catalonia
		This settlement of the Iron Age was located in a small isthmus where nowadays you find the town of Sant Martí d'Empúries.
		Catalonia is a Mediterranean country located on the northwestern triangle of the Iberian Peninsula.
		Historically, its location has turned it into a land of peace where various peoples and cultures have come together.
	www.gencat.net /catalunya/eng/historia.htm (67 words)

	Brief history of Catalonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It was the first time I had ever been in a town where the working class was in the saddle.Practically every building of any size had been seized by the workers and was draped with red flags or the red and fl of the Anarchists.
		Catalonia, perhaps along with the Ukraine, is unique in having experienced a successful, albeit ultimately defeated, anarchist revolution.
		And there is a lot more history of revolutionary struggle in the Spanish State.
	www.j25.org /j25/history.htm (479 words)

	World History Compass, European History
		I normanni nel Sud (History of the Normans in Italy)
		An interactive cartographic history of the relationship between hydrological and hydraulic systems and their impact on the urban development of Rome, Italy from 753 BC to the present day.
		History of the Jewish-Turkic Khazar Kingdom of medieval Russia.
	www.worldhistorycompass.com /europe.htm (2611 words)

	From Gibraltar To Catalonia - History Forum
		Their fight with the English allies were the fight for the laws, constitutions and independence of Catalonia, and the fight against the Castilian imposition and its effort to destroy any Catalan identity.
		The treaty between the Queen of England and the Generalitat of Catalonia was clear: the Catalan independence as a free nation, safe from Borbonic yoke, and the defeat of the French and Spanish imperial purposes.
		The don't teach Catalan History (Catalans were one of the most powerful nations in the Mediterranian in XIVth century).
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=2122 (1732 words)

	History of Catalan identity, history of Catalonia
		Catalonia's great territorial expansion took place during the reign of King Jaime I (1208-1276)who extended Catalan sovereignty to Valencia and Majorca.
		Shortly afterwards Catalonia developed a true maritime empire in the Mediterranean which came to include Naples, Sicily, Sardinia and the Greek counties of Athens and Neopatria.
		Following the dynastic union of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, Catalonia continued to exist as a state until the reign of King Philip V. The War of the Spanish Succession ended with the defeat of Valencia in 1707, of Catalonia in 1714, and of the last of the islands in 1715.
	www.barcelona.com /barcelona_city_guide/references_marks/traditions/catalan_identity (331 words)

	Catalonia: History
		Increased autonomy for Catalonia and recognition of the region as a “nation” within Spain was approved in 2006.
		Language, identity, and the scriptorial landscape in Quebec and Catalonia*.
		Charity and Welfare: Hospitals and the Poor in Medieval Catalonia.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0857208.html (439 words)

	Catalonia - History, geography, politics and more information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		One good example of Catalonia's high level of autonomy is its own police force Mossos d'Esquadra, who are currently in the process of taking over most of the role within Catalonia of the Guardia Civil and Policía Nacional, which are under the authority of the Spanish national government.
		Catalan is one of the two official languages of Catalonia, as laid down in the Catalan Statute of Autonomy, the other is Castilian (Spanish), which is the majority language of Spain and official in all of Spain as laid down by the 1978 Spanish Constitution.
		CO2 emissions in Catalonia have increased by 40% since 1992 and 60% of the country's electricity comes from aging nuclear power stations (a figure exceeded in Europe only by France and Lithuania).
	www.spanishholidaysguide.com /articles/article_40.asp (3195 words)

	Odontocat: History of Catalonia < The Second Modern Generalitat, Reestablished Between 1977 and 1980 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In Catalonia the elections were won by the parties which included the reestablishment of the Generalitat and the return of their exiled President in their electoral programmes.
		A year later, on 18 December 1979, he also sanctioned the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia which had been approved first by the Spanish Cortes and subsequently by a referendum of the people of Catalonia held in October 1979.
		According to its preamble, this Statute “is the expression of the collective identity of Catalonia and defines its institutions and relations with the State within a framework of free solidarity with the other nationalities and regions”.
	www.odontocat.com /angles/history9.htm (375 words)

	Marshall University - Department of History
		Her research concentrates on the twentieth century social history of Catalonia, on small commerce, and on gender and consumerism.
		She is presently involved in electronic course delivery and is beginning a project on the legal aspects of childhood in the 18th century southern colonies.
		KAT WILLIAMS (Ph.D., Kentucky) is an assistant professor of American history specializing in women’s history and the history of sexuality.
	www.marshall.edu /history/faculty.htm (970 words)

	Brief History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The emperor Charlemagne established in Catalonia the Spanish Mark for the defence of the Empire and it was at this time that the special features of this region made their appearance.
		However, the union was one of the reasons why Catalonia gradually abandoned its trans Pyrenean policies and moved towards the orther peoples of the Iberain peninsula.
		The subsequent history of Catalonia is, therefore, linked to that of Aragong and, since the time of the union of Aragon and Castile, to the history of Spain.
	www.sispain.org /english/politics/autonomo/cataloni/cathis.html (335 words)

	Catalonia - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
		Catalonia failed in its rebellion (1461-72) against John II of Aragón, and after the union (1479) of Aragón and Castile
		In the Thirty Years War (1618-48), Catalonia rose against Philip IV, and in the War of the Spanish Succession it sided with Archduke Charles against Philip V, who in reprisal deprived it of its privileges.
		In the civil war of 1936-39, Loyalist Catalonia sided with the Republic and suffered heavily for its opposition to Franco.
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?word=Cataloni (600 words)

	SPAIN: Catalonia
		Catalonia has become a leading topic of our exchange, and the opinions about it are varied.
		He was essentially an archivist and professor of history; I have a copy of his two-volume history of Catalonia.
		I am out of my depth in all these details of medieval history, but this book throws light on the social-intellectual-religious history of the Franco period.
	www.stanford.edu /group/wais/Spain/spain_1catalonia72802.html (755 words)

	Iberian Peninsula: Language, Literature and History
		The concept of literature has been broadened, too, to include significant interest in history, film, women's studies, and cultural studies Moreover, the program is one of the few in the nation that offers a specialization in Romance philology.
		There is currently no specific faculty or graduate focus on Iberian history, but it is of interest to those working in medieval, early modern and modern Europe, and in Latin American history, as well as in Spanish literature.
		Collections in the history of Spain are not as relatively strong as they were earlier in this century, but the importance of the literature program and medieval studies and the library's traditional strengths in late medieval and early modern material have ensured that works on medieval, Hapsburg, and Bourbon Spain have been selected consistently.
	www.library.upenn.edu /collections/policies/iberian.html (852 words)

	History of Catalonia
		Descendents of Wilfred the Hairy acquired the throne of neighboring Aragon by marriage, and from then on, the fate of Catalonia was linked, however tenuously, to that of Spain.
		The 1640 revolt, during which the Catalans changed their allegiance to Louis XIII of France, was crushed with the end of the 1652 siege of Barcelona by Don Juan of Austria.
		Since then, Catalonia has flourished in every way, becoming Spain's leading economic region with almost 20% of GNP for a region that is only 6% of Spain's land mass and 15% of the population.
	www.villascostabrava.net /travelguide/history.php (472 words)

	Marshall University - Department of History
		Her research concentrates on the social history of Catalonia, on small commerce, food, and on gender and consumerism.
		is an assistant professor of European history with expertise in the Nazi Era.
		Her areas of specialization include, U.S. women’s history and the history of sport.
	www.marshall.edu /history/faculty/default.asp (953 words)

	==== History Department at Lycoming College ====
		I seek to determine the impact of Frankish rule on the area, centered on Barcelona and now known as Catalonia, especially since it possessed an established, Christian culture that pre-dated the Muslim conquest of Spain the early eighth century.
		An important issue is the question of how "Carolingian" Catalonia was during the ninth and tenth centuries, so the study also emphasizes local social structures, including the economy, the roles and status of women, and cultural conditions.
		By investigating the regional history of Catalonia, my work can shed light on larger questions such as the nature of empires, cross-cultural interactions, and the role of religion in medieval politics.
	www.lycoming.edu /history/chandler.htm (439 words)

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