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Topic: History of Civil Marriage in the US

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	Civil Marriage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Civil marriage for gay and lesbian Minnesotans would be nothing more than the recognition of reality.
		Marriages were "traditionally" defined as unions between people of the same race and contracts in which wives were the property of their husbands.
		Marriage is both a civil and religious institution.
	www.outfront.org /library/marriage.html (853 words)

	Reader's Companion to American History - -MARRIAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Marriage, as in England, was a form of alliance between families, stemming from considerations of property, religion, and complementary abilities.
		The marriage rate dropped almost 13 percent between 1930 and 1932, and by the end of the decade the average age at marriage had risen from 24.3 to 26.7 for men and from 21.3 to 23.3 for women.
		Marriage rates remained high through the 1950s, and the average age at marriage dropped until by 1959, 47 percent of all brides were under nineteen.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_056600_marriage.htm (1122 words)

	Constitutional Topic: Marriage - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net
		Marriage is found in all societies and religions, including the major religions of the West like Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, as well as those of the East like Buddhism and Hindi.
		Children are a prime goal of marriage, and continued marriage is of importance to the continuation of the faith as children are raised by devout parents.
		Common law marriage is marriage for all civil purposes, but it has a "waiting period." In a common law marriage, a couple is assumed to be married if they have lived together for a certain period of time.
	www.usconstitution.net /consttop_marr.html (1604 words)

	Independent Gay Forum: Carpenter, Dale. 'Are Gays Wrecking Marriage in Scandinavia?'
		Marriage may be eroding in Scandinavia, but, contrary to recent conservative claims, gay marriage isn't the problem.
		There are also correlations between marital decline and non-gay marriage phenomena, like rising women's equality (in employment and elsewhere); no-fault divorce; rising incomes and prosperity; a generous welfare state that serves a caretaker role; longer life and better health; contraception; abortion; less religiosity, and so on.
		To the extent gay marriage increases social acceptance, and provides models of married gay couples, we should expect these people to be channeled earlier into gay relationships and away from doomed heterosexual relationships that produce children.
	www.indegayforum.org /authors/carpenter/carpenter40.html (930 words)

	History Marriage ♥ Marriage Equality California (MECA)
		The court described marriage as "one of the 'basic civil rights of man'" and "the most important relation in life." The court also noted that "the right to marry is part of the fundamental 'right to privacy'" in the U.S. Constitution.
		Since states take the position that their marriage laws as written exclude same-sex couples from marrying, some of those couples have challenged the constitutionality of excluding them full and equal citizens of each state and of the United States from the state-created institution of civil marriage.
		Borrowing from earlier precedents in the area of interracial marriage, the Hawaii court reasoned that just as the choice of marital partner cannot be restricted on the basis of race, neither should a person be restricted from marrying someone based on their sex.
	www.marriageequalityca.org /history_marriage.php (3588 words)

	Caribbean Weddings \| Caribbean Tourism Organisation Weddings \| Caribbean Honeymoons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Marriage licenses are issued at the office of the Registrar General in Nassau Mondays to Fridays between the hours of 9:30 am — 4:30pm, Tel: (242) 322-3316, Fax: (242) 322-5553.
		US $35 to be married within Registrar’s Office, US $100 to be married outside.
		U.S. Cost: US $50, US $200 fee to be married in the court by a judge.
	www.doitcaribbean.com /weddings/index2.html.en-US (1390 words)

	Independent Gay Forum: Boaz, David. 'Privatize Marriage: A simple solution to the gay-marriage debate.'
		A second meaning of "privatizing" marriage is to treat it like any other contract: The state may be called upon to enforce it, but the parties define the terms.
		Marriage contracts could be as individually tailored as other contracts are in our diverse capitalist world.
		Under a privatized system of marriage, courts and government agencies would recognize any couple's contract — or, better yet, eliminate whatever government-created distinction turned on whether a person was married or not.
	www.indegayforum.org /authors/boaz/boaz2.html (1007 words)

	History of civil marriage in the U.S. - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		(Redirected from History of Civil Marriage in the US)
		Civil marriage has undergone significant changes in the United States since the country's inception:
		1971 - Supreme Court upholds an Alabama law that automatically changed a woman's legal surname to that of her husband upon marriage.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Civil_Marriage_in_the_US (498 words)

	Wage war on gay threat to marriage \| ajc.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The importance of next week's Senate vote on the Federal Marriage Amendment — the proposal that we amend the U.S. Constitution to define marriage as one man and one woman — is difficult to overstate.
		It is important to note that the danger to marriage comes not from gay individuals (as opposed to gay activists), who just want what they see as a civil right.
		Redefining marriage would not just legalize alternative marriages, but would negatively impact the traditional ones that are the backbone of our society.
	www.ajc.com /opinion/content/opinion/0704/07shaunti.html (597 words)

	Marriage Equality USA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		After all, marriage is a civil right and two consenting adults should be allowed to enter into the institution if they so choose.
		When clergy or congregations marry couples it is a religious rite, not a civil ceremony, though the government may recognize it.
		Even after civil marriage becomes available to same-sex couples, churches will retain the right to decide for themselves whether to perform or recognize any marriage, just as they already do for every couple.
	www.marriageequality.org /facts.php?page=religious_vs_civil (722 words)

	The Current State of the Struggle for Equal Civil Marriage Rights
		And though same-gender marriage had no legal standing then (as it has no legal standing now) from that day, UFMCC clergy have performed the rite of holy union for lesbian and gay congregants who want their relationship to be blessed by God and honored by their community of faith.
		If marriage were the same today as it has been for 2,000 years, it would be possible to marry a twelve-year-old you had never met, to own a wife as property and dispose of her at will, or to imprison a person who married someone of a different race.
		One of the greatest merits of contemporary civil marriage as an institution is its civic simplicity.
	www.soulforce.org /main/marriage.shtml (7516 words)

	Amazon.com: Civil Wars: A Battle for Gay Marriage: Books: David Moats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Civil Wars sketches many political profiles in courage, even if that courage was expended on behalf of a measure that, compared to the one in Massachusetts, is in Rauch's words but "a distant second choice." Now, gay marriage for real is just a few weeks away, but years of political warfare lie ahead, too.
		History's moral judgment on 1960s opponents of civil rights is indelible, and perhaps that verdict will help more politicians see their way clear toward the courage that this new struggle demands.
		Initially he was opposed to any kind of gay marriage or domestic partnership bill but was persuaded to vote for the bill that eventually passed, probably in part because a teepee on his farm that he had built as a warming hut for skaters in the cold Vermont winters mysteriously burned.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/015101017X?v=glance (3919 words)

	Massachusetts Law About Same-Sex Marriage
		Same-Sex Marriage: A History of the Law, Nolo.com.
		Prohibits contracting a marriage in Massachusetts that would be void in a party's home state.
		Issuance of Marriage Licenses in the Town of Provincetown, Provincetown Board of Selectmen, May 10, 2004.
	www.lawlib.state.ma.us /gaymarriage.html (1047 words)

	Gay News From 365Gay.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Today's poll was released as pressure on Republicans from conservative groups mounts for a constitutional amendment to permanently bar gays and lesbians from marrying, (story) and as the right wing of the Episcopal Church meets in Dallas to consider splitting over the faith's endorsement of a gay bishop in New Hampshire.
		A USA Today analysis of the poll results says growing support for same-sex marriage, and civil unions, reflects general changes in American life.
		"Marriage has changed more in roles and function in the last 30 years than in the last 3,000," says historian Stephanie Coontz of the Evergreen State College in Olympia, Wash. Coontz is writing a book on the history of marriage.
	www.365gay.com /newscontent/100703marriagePoll.htm (382 words)

	HOMOSEXUAL (SAME-SEX) MARRIAGES IN VERMONT
		It is one of 11 U.S. states that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.
		Robinson, lawyers representing the plaintiffs in the Baker case, stressed that the issue relates to civil marriage, not religious marriage.
		A Vermont civil union does not give a same-sex couples any of the benefits, protections and responsibilities that are granted by the federal government to married spouses.
	www.religioustolerance.org /hom_mar8.htm (3262 words)

	Civil Rights Movement Timeline
		According to King, it is essential that the civil rights movement not sink to the level of the racists and hatemongers who oppose them: "We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline," he urges.
		He defines it as an assertion of fl pride and "the coming together of fl people to fight for their liberation by any means necessary." The term's radicalism alarms many who believe the civil rights movement's effectiveness and moral authority crucially depend on nonviolent civil disobedience.
		Sixteen states that still banned interracial marriage at the time are forced to revise their laws.
	www.infoplease.com /spot/civilrightstimeline1.html (1565 words)

	GLAD - Marriage Cases
		While all the couples are concerned about receiving the full range of protections that only flow through marriage, many also believe that only marriage will convey the depth and commitment of their relationships to their families and the world at large.
		GLAD is representing the plaintiffs in cooperation with Maureen Murphy of Murphy, Murphy, Nugent in New Haven, Kenneth J. Bartschi of Horton, Shields & Knox in Hartford, and the Connecticut Civil Liberties Union.
		The defendants are the Department of Public Health (DPH), which supervises the registration of all marriages, and Dorothy C. Bean, the town registrar of vital statistics in Madison, who denied plaintiffs marriage licenses.
	www.glad.org /marriage (589 words)

	Religious Support for Equal Marriage Rights
		Marriage is not a monolithic, unchanging institution, even though many people define it that way (or believe that God has defined it that way).
		Civil marriage and religious marriage are different institutions, but are often confused with each other because states allow the religious ceremony to double as the state ceremony.
		Without legal marriage recognition it is difficult or impossible to legally establish and maintain families(especially when facing opposition from relatives), contrary to the Constitutional right of free association.
	www.iwgonline.org /marriage (1594 words)

	The Task Force - In Your Community - Marriage Information Resource Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force has created this Marriage Information Resource Center as a resource for activists, policymakers, opinion leaders and Americans who are grappling with the issue of marriage equality for same-sex couples.
		Since the decision to get married is an intensely personal choice, it is impossible to enumerate all of the reasons why couples decide to marry, or to define or quantify the significance of the marital relationship across all communities and classes of people.
		A focus, however, on economic issues quantitatively illustrates how same-sex couples are discriminated against by not being allowed to access the same benefits, protections, and responsibilities of civil marriage that many heterosexual couples take for granted.
	www.thetaskforce.org /community/marriagecenter.cfm (2019 words)

	Lesbian couple wedded at SF City Hall / Women had been together for five decades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The wedding came just two days after Mayor Gavin Newsom announced that he wanted San Francisco to take the lead in bestowing the same marriage rights to gays and lesbians as are awarded to straight couples, saying he is duty-bound to fight discrimination.
		City officials, in fact, rushed to issue the first marriage licenses to same-sex couples as quickly as possible for fear that opponents would seek a court injunction to stop them.
		The decision was made late Wednesday night, and the clerk's office spent this morning amending the marriage license documents to reflect the change.
	sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/02/12/GAYMARRIAGE.TMP (525 words)

	Is Marriage Doing Fine? Academic Promises, Hip-Hop Realities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Marriage is civilization's great attempt to integrate opposites: male and female, mothers and fathers, parents and children, love and sex, heart and pocketbook, masculinity and dependency, eros and the vow.
		Kanye West offers us a personal portrait of what happens when the fragging is done: Gender doesn't disappear, but the one institution — marriage — that bridges the gender divide largely has.
		Perhaps it is possible that New Jersey judges can eliminate the one feature of marriage that has been universal in human history with the stroke of a pen, and marriage will do just fine.
	www.catholicexchange.com /vm/index.asp?vm_id=97 (609 words)

	UUA News & Events: Religious Leaders Call for Support of Civil Marriage for Gays and Lesbians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Rev. Fowler said that in supporting civil marriage for gays and lesbians, "I believe we are working for God's promise of freedom and justice for all.
		We insist that the Catholic criteria for marriage not be imposed on civil society.
		A civil suit filed on behalf of seven plaintiff couples by Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders (GLAD) is expected to be decided by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, perhaps this month.
	www.uua.org /news/2003/030605.html (900 words)

	Vermont Freedom to Marry Action Committee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Vermont Freedom to Marry Action Committee, Inc. (VFMAC), formerly the Vermonters for Civil Unions Legislative Defense Fund, Inc. (VCULDF), is a 501(c)(4) organization dedicated to full marriage equality for same sex couples in Vermont.
		After the civil union law passed in 2000, our focus shifted to protecting the hard-fought gains that law represented.
		State, the Vermont Supreme Court recognized that Vermont's marriage laws, which excluded same-sex couples from the protections, supports and obligations of civil marriage, were unconstitutional.
	www.vtmarriageaction.org (444 words)

	Maine.gov: Facts & History: History
		It became its own state in 1820, becoming the 23rd state admitted to the United States of America, although its northern borders were not finalized until 1842.
		Read and submit personal accounts related to Maine history.
		A history of Maine's educational system from 1820-1970.
	www.maine.gov /portal/facts_history/history.html (94 words)

	FindLaw's Writ - Grossman: How Same-Sex Marriage Became Legal in Massachusetts
		It then gave the Legislature a "reasonable" period of time to "craft an appropriate means of addressing this constitutional mandate." And it stated that failure to do so would mean the plaintiffs could petition the Court for their originally requested remedy: the right to marry.
		Still, the ease with which it crafted and agreed upon a civil union law is a testament to the powers of social change: In just four years, a "civil union" has become a familiar, accepted relationship form.
		And the motivation to amend the Constitution may look different, even to opponents of same-sex marriage, when the issue is stripping citizens of a right they already have, as opposed to granting them a new one.
	writ.news.findlaw.com /grossman/20040206.html (1869 words)

	White Weddings - The incredible staying power of the laws against interracial marriage. By David Greenberg
		If fears of interracial sex underlay bans on interracial marriage, it was marriage that became the greater threat.
		Up through the Civil War, only two states, Pennsylvania in 1780 and Massachusetts in 1843--hotbeds of abolitionist activity--repealed their bans.
		Eric Liu discusses the politics of miscegenation, and in a dialogue between Andrew Sullivan and David Frum on "Gay Marriage," Sullivan compares interracial marriage to same-sex marriage, which currently is not legally recognized in any state.
	www.slate.com /id/30352 (1273 words)

	Gay News From 365Gay.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		He said he hadn't planned to make the announcement today but felt the time was right.
		One bill would allow same-sex marriages but not force members of the clergy to officiate at the wedding ceremonies.
		Another would permit a form of civil unions while another would provide some benefits to same-sex partners.
	www.365gay.com /newscon04/03/033104riPartner.htm (271 words)

	Social Science Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Ancient History: Greek History and Culture Resources These links have been selected to use with the CHS English Department's curriculum for the Greek drama, Oedipus Rex, and provide a great deal of information about Ancient Greece.
		China: The U.S. and Modern China Links to a variety of resources centering upon issues of 20th Century China, especially those which affect its trade relationship with the U.S. China: Tibet and China Issues Links to a variety of resources covering the basic issues between China and Tibet.
		Pre-Columbian and Mayan Civilizations The culture of the area known as the Americas, before the visits of Columbus and those who followed his explorations, is examined in these links.
	dewey.chs.chico.k12.ca.us /socsci.html (1208 words)

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