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Topic: History of Cologne

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	Cologne History
		The history of "Holy Cologne" and the free city of Cologne ended in 1794 with the bloodless occupation by the soldiers of the French Revolution.
		In 1815, the Vienna Congress annexed Cologne and the Rhineland to the Kingdom of Prussia.
		In Cologne, debates about the culture and politics of the post-war era were the main focus of the "Wednesday discussions", organised by the bookseller Gerhard Ludwig in Cologne railway station between 1950 and 1956.
	www.world66.com /europe/germany/northrhinewestphalia/cologne/history (2267 words)

	History of Cologne - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1814, Cologne was occupied by Prussian and Russian troops.
		At the beginning of the Third Reich, Cologne was seen as a difficult territory by the Nazis because of deep-rooted communist and Catholic influences on the city.
		Despite Cologne being the largest city in the region nearby, Düsseldorf was chosen as the political capital of the newly set-up Federal State Nordrhein-Westfalen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Cologne (1482 words)

	Cologne
		Cologne, German Köln, (population 968,528 in 2002), is the fourth largest city in Germany and largest city of the North Rhine-Westphalia state.
		Cologne is the oldest major city in Germany; it became a city in 50 A.D. It got a bishop early, and in 785 became the seat of an archbishop.
		Cologne lost its free status (and regained its archbishop) during the French period, and in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna was made part of the kingdom of Prussia.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ko/Koln.html (494 words)

	Cologne - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cologne University is one of Europe's oldest universities and internationally renowned for its economics department.
		Cologne elected a bishop as early as 313, and in 785, became the seat of an archbishop.
		Cologne's location at the intersection of the river Rhine with one of the major trade routes between East and West was the basis of Cologne's growth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cologne (3381 words)

	COLOGNE - LoveToKnow Article on COLOGNE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Cologne, with the tortuous, narrow and dark streets and lanes of the old inner town, is still regarded as one of the least attractive capital cities of Germany; but in modern times it has been greatly improved, and the evil smells which formerly characterized it have yielded to proper sanitary arrangements.
		With Cologne itself, a free imperial city, the archbishop-electors were at perpetual feud; in 1262 the archiepiscopal see was transferred to Briihl, and in 1273 to Bonn; it was not till 1671 that the quarrel was finally adjusted.
		Peculiar to Cologne, however, was the Richerzeche (rigirzegheide), a corporation of all the wealthy patricians, which gradually absorbed in its hands the direction of the citys government (the first record of its active interference is in 1225).
	51.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CO/COLOGNE.htm (3860 words)

	Cologne, Germany
		In the early Middle Ages Cologne was besieged by the huns who ceased from Cologne only after the holy Ursula returned, accompanied by 11.000 virgins (according to the legend), from a pilgrimage to Rome and freed Cologne once and for all from the huns.
		Therewith, the three major components of Cologne's history have been outlined: The mulicultural mix of Romans and Ubiers, the female influence and the Catholic Church.
		Due to a dwindling of the pilgrims and a general recession of the city, the construction of the cathedral was stoped in 1560 for the next 282 years.
	worldfacts.us /Germany-Cologne.htm (1476 words)

	History of Cologne
		Cologne was self-governing after 1288, became a free imperial city in 1475, and, as a member of the Hanseatic League, flourished as a commercial center until the 16th cent.
		Cologne was seized by the French in 1794, and the archbishopric was officially secularized in 1801.
		Cologne is the seat of a university (founded 1388; discontinued 1798; reestablished 1919) and numerous museums, including those of painting, ethnology, and municipal history.
	www.geocities.com /cologne_city/historyofcologne.htm (302 words)

	Cologne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Cologne devastated in 1945 Cologne cathedral Main article: History of Cologne Cologne became a city in 50 A.D, had a bishop as early as 313, and, in 785, became the seat of an archbishop.
		Cologne lost its free status, and regained its archbishopric during the French period, and, in 1815, at the Congress of Vienna was made part of the kingdom of Prussia.
		Cologne became an industrial city, and the cathedral, started in 1248 but abandoned in the mid-1500s, was eventually finished in 1880.
	cologne.infohub.dnip.net (904 words)

	History (from Cologne) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Originally, eau de cologne was a mixture of citrus oils from such fruits as lemons and oranges, combined with such substances as lavender and neroli (orange-flower oil); toilet waters were less-concentrated forms of other types of perfume.
		History is a science—a branch of knowledge that uses specific methods and tools to achieve its goals.
		Bruno of Cologne is considered the founder of the Carthusian order, which was known for its members' contemplative and simple way of life, their knowledge of the scriptures, and for a love of God that influenced their love of their fellow men.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-198904 (827 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Cologne
		Cologne was made the capital of a Roman province and was repeatedly the residence of the imperial court.
		Cologne was apportioned by the Congress of Vienna to the Kingdom of Prussia.
		Cologne, the foremost is the cathedral, the greatest monument of Gothic architecture in Germany.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04116a.htm (4976 words)

	ipedia.com: Cologne Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Cologne, is the fourth largest city in Germany and largest city of the North Rhine-Westphalia state.
		Cologne (German: Köln) (population 965,954 as of December 31, 2003), is the fourth largest city in Germany and largest city of the North Rhine-Westphalia state.
		Cologne is the only city in Germany with an explicit tax on prostitution.
	www.ipedia.com /cologne.html (630 words)

	History of Cologne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Cologne is the oldest of the major German cities.
		Since 1288 and their military victory over the archbishop and ruler of the city, the citizens of Cologne took political and economic power into their own hands, even though Cologne´s status as a free imperial city was only confirmed de jure in 1475.
		Cologne's unique churches, the remains of its city walls and numerous civic buildings (town hall, Grzenich, Overstolzenhaus and many more) as well as countless works of art are living proof of the riches and the devoutness of "Heilligen Kln" (Holy Cologne).
	www.4711.com /4711-cologne-history.htm (451 words)

	Cologne Cathedral
		In 950 AD the port at Cologne was fortified down to the river, and a new mercantile sector of the city began to flourish (Strait 481).
		Cologne made sure its political ties with its trading partners was very good, otherwise it would lose its trade, the bloodline of the city.
		Cologne was not the economic powerhouse of the league, and was made second rate.
	hs.riverdale.k12.or.us /~hfinnert/exhib_04/mattk/paper_midieval.html (2250 words)

	History of Cologne Re
		For this reason the "Kölnische Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft" (Cologne Re) was established as a stock corporation with a share capital of 3 million Talers, placed at the Cologne and the Paris stock exchange.
		He was an outstanding entrepreneur and politician from the Rhineland, founder of the commercial college, forerunner of the university of Cologne, as well as patron of various non-profit organizations like the society of Rhenish History.
		Cologne Re's workforce in Germany represented 87 employees in 1904.
	www.genre.com /page/0,,ref=KRHistory-en,00.html (412 words)

	The History of Cologne - Signature Perfume
		Cologne is made from blends of alcohol and water.
		Napoleon Bonaparte was said to of used eight quarts of violet cologne almost every month.
		Eau de cologne however was a fragrance all on its own, blending mixtures of neroli, lavender and bergamot.
	www.signature-perfume.com /t-cologne_history.aspx (104 words)

	Cologne
		Cologne benefits too from being at the major crossroads of various autobahns and more massive parking lots than most cities, yet far enough away from the denser urban sprawl from the Ruhr valley to the north to avoid the worst of the traffic (though it can be a challenge).
		Also, Cologne has a massive park on the opposite bank that is in full bloom during the spring, as evidenced by the sixth photograph.
		Cologne is also known for a unique beer style that is available almost everywhere in the city.
	www.tompgalvin.com /places/de/nordrhein_westfalen/cologne.htm (1330 words)

	Wholesale perfume and cologne
		cologne perfume womens and this is the best resource on cologn porfume women and details of wholesale perfume and cologne wholessle pefume and corogne.
		womens french perfume man cologne Wholesale perfume and cologne womend frenh pelfume man cologe includes difference between perfume and cologne (skooma) diferiegnc between perfue and coogne, free cologne and perfume sample, free cologne and perfune sample is required for new perfume and cologne and find details of new perfme and colognr.
		Buy perfume and cologne fragrance womens depends entirely on oerfume and cologn fragramce womems is focused on history of cologne and perfume, history of corogne and perfumr and history of cologne and perfume.
	make-perfume.rlpt.net /wholesale-perfume-and-cologne.html (225 words)

	City's history and Life in Cologne
		Born in present-day Cologne, she was married to Kaiser Claudius, and mothered Caesar Nero in 48 ACE.
		Born in Cologne, from 1917-33 served as mayor of Cologne.
		Thanks to the city wall, Cologne was protected from invading forces, that is, until October 6, 1794, when Napoleon’s troops numbering 12,000 marched into Cologne and occupied the city for about the coming 20 years.
	www.cologneguide.de /history.htm (1375 words)

	History News Network
		History News Network Because the Past is the Present, and the Future too.
		Dr History is sceptical of claims that location affects interest in history.
		Sheila Brennan is not too impressed by history museums on the Web, but she has found some splendid examples.
	hnn.us /blogs/entries/12232.html (1568 words)

	Cologne History -- Facts Of The First German City
		Cologne had a bishop as early as 313, and, in 785, became the seat of an archbishop.
		Cologne lost its free status, and regained its archbishopric during the French period.
		Another dot in the Cologne history was the start of building of Cologne Cathedral, which was in 1248.
	www.smart-travel-germany.com /cologne-history.html (643 words)

	History of Cologne University
		On 18th November 1946, the Cologne Academy began its teaching operations with 13 teaching staff and 194 student participants of the socalled special emergency course in temporary accommodation in the Elementary School at the Vogelsanger Markt in Cologne-Bickendorf.
		The character of the Pedagogical College in Cologne was less affected by the introduction in 1974 of the age-group-specific teacher as training goal than by the surplus of primary and secondary-school teachers which began in 1976/77 and persisted until well beyond the mid-80s.
		The change in the regulations for doctoral degrees (1986), the Faculty`s wholehearted participation in the University`s sescentenary celebrations (1988) as well as the introduction of the University Constitution (1990) and the Faculty Constitution (1991) are indubitable indicators of mutual acceptance and of the advanced process of integration.
	www.uni-koeln.de /ew-fak/allg/history.html (788 words)

	Köln Kongress
		The Zeughaus, the former armaments and weapons arsenal of the Free City of Cologne, was built between 1594 and 1606 in the style of the Dutch renaissance.
		Since 1958, the Zeughaus accommodates the Cologne City Museum with its collection concentrating on the history of the City of Cologne from the Middle Ages to the present day.
		The so-called "Alte Wache", that adjoins from the West, a police station built in the Florentine Palazzo style during the Prussian period in 1840/41, is used for special exhibitions by the Cologne City Museum.
	www.koelnkongress.de /en/zeughaus/historie.html (189 words)

	Some History on Cologne
		A cologne is a blend of extracts, alcohol and water, each perfume, cologne, fragrance, is characterized by the ratio of ingredients.
		Sometimes a less potent form of fragrance, such as eau de parfum or an eau de cologne, is more pleasing.
		Today, eau de cologne (or simply, cologne) means nothing more than a fragrance whose essential oil concentration is approximately 5% (as opposed to perfume, which has the highest concentration, typically ranging from 20% to 25%.
	www.fragrancewholesale.com /somhisoncol.html (744 words)

	City of Cologne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Cologne is one of the most dynamic and interesting cities in Germany, yet it is much more manageable in size than the vast metropolises of Munich or Berlin.
		For the history buff, Cologne offers some of the most impressive Roman remains in Germany, and was a very important religious center in Medieval times.
		Thus, while Cologne has a rich history, it is far from being a mere museum: it is a city most vibrantly alive.
	geowww.geo.tcu.edu /MOLA/cologne.html (239 words)

	Cologne on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Its decline was hastened by the expulsion of the Jews (15th cent.) and the restrictions imposed on Protestants (16th cent.).
		Cologne prospered again as an industrial center and as the main transit port and depot of NW Germany.
		The industrial town of Deutz (noted for the manufacture of motors), on the east bank of the Rhine, was united with Old Cologne, on the west bank.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/cologne_history.asp (1260 words)

	--> COLOGNE CATHEDRAL HISTORY :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Highlights from Cologne Tourism of the history and architecture of one of Germany's largest religious structures, with links to the city's Roman, Romanesque and Medieval periods.
		It is interesting to note, that the residents of Cologne call the cathedral "the eternal construction...
		Cologne can look back on a long and eventful history, and you can see evidence of this all over the city.
	www.stefantastisk.dk /31897 (242 words)

	Cologne Germany with its Cathedral and more
		Cologne was a member of the Hanseatic League and became a free city officially by 1475.
		The city lost its free status, and regained its archbishopric during the French period, and, in 1815, at the Congress of Vienna was made part of the kingdom of Prussia.
		Cologne people insisted on the fact that this land wall gets, like the "heavenly Jerusalem," 12 enormous gate castles and additionally still 52 military towers as well as further 12 gates turned to the Rhine bank.
	www.smart-travel-germany.com /cologne.html (1433 words)

	Dierk's page - Cologne / Köln
		Cologne's new concert hall, the Philharmonie is here too.
		The Cologne Cathedral, museum Ludwig, river Rhine and the Hohenzollernbridge at dusk.
		Many interesting photos displaying Cologne and the Cologne Cathedral are available on the Cologne photo album pages.
	www.anicursor.com /cologne.html (524 words)

	Cologne Pub Guide: bars, beerhalls and beer gardens
		Compare the photos of pre-war Cologne with the modern city and reflect upon the tragedy of senseless destruction.
		Cologne does still have its own style of beer, the only one in Germany to have a sort of 'apellation controlée'.
		Like everywhere else in Cologne, it used to be a brewpub, until this part of town was turned into rubble in 1943.
	www.xs4all.nl /~patto1ro/kolnpubs.htm (4268 words)

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