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Topic: History of Cossacks

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	Cossacks
		Cossacks (horodovi kozaky), was formed for the defense of the towns.
		Cossacks acquired military strength and experience as well as prestige in their own society and fame throughout Europe, which at that time was resisting the Turkish onslaught.
		Sich on Turkish territory (1775–1828); the Cossacks in the
	encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/C/O/Cossacks.htm (1917 words)

	History of Cossacks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Cossacks on active service were divided into three equal parts according to age, and only the first third (approximately age 18-26) normally performed active service, while the rest effectively functioned as reserves, based at home but bound to march out at short notice.
		Cossacks in World War II The attack launched by German units on the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 produced a wave of enthusiasm among the Cossaks.
		Cossack formations of the Red Army would come over to the Germans in a body; new formations would spring up, apparently from nowhere, in traditional uniform and armed with swords, pistols, daggers, and rifles that had remained buried for years.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/history_of_cossacks (1577 words)

	Ukrainian Cossack
		For almost 300 years the history of the middle and low Dnieper reaches was connected with the history of the Ukrainian Cossacks who came into being at the end of the XV-th century in a bloody contest between the East and the West.
		The Cossacks fought constantly for their right to exist against Turkish and Tartar conquerors on the one hand and the Polish gentry which had turned Ukraine into a Polish colony on the other.
		The ataman (Cossack Chieftain) held a mace, the judge - the stamp and the military clerk - an inkstand.
	www.cossacks.kiev.ua /his.html (1467 words)

	History of the Cossacks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cossacks on their part were mostly happy to plunder everybody more or less equally, although in the 16th century with Commonwealth dominance extending south the Zaporoijan Cossacks were mostly, if tentatively, regarded as subjects of the Commonwealth.
		Cossacks attempts to get recognized as equal to szlachta were constantly rebuffed and plans for transforming the Two-Nations Commonwealth (Polish-Lithuanian) into Three Nations (with Cossacks/Ruthenian people) were limited to a small minority of forward-thinking men, although the Zaporozhian Host was formally recognized as a nation in 1649.
		In the Russian Empire the Cossacks constituted 11 separate Cossack voiskos, settled along the frontiers: the Don Cossacks, Kuban Cossacks, Terek Cossacks, Astrakhan Cossacks, Ural Cossacks, Orenburg Cossacks, Siberian Cossacks, Semiryechensk Cossacks, Baikal Cossacks, Amur Cossacks, and Ussuri Cossacks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Cossacks (2206 words)

	History of Cossacks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Cossacks on active service were divided into equal parts according to age and only first third (approximately age 18-26) normally performed service while the rest effectively functioned as based at home but bound to march at short notice.
		Cossack of the Red Army would come over to the Germans a body; new formations would spring up from nowhere in traditional uniform and armed swords pistols daggers and rifles that had buried for years.
		The Germans used the Cossacks to Soviet partisans to cover the rear of armies and sometimes for action on the Later on some Cossack formations moved to France and to Yugoslavia.
	www.freeglossary.com /Don_Cossacks (1396 words)

	Cossack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Cossack (Polish Kozak; plural, Kozacy, Russian Kazak (Казак); plural, Kazaki (Казаки), Ukrainian Kozak (Козак); plural, Kozaky (Козаки)) is the name given to a portion of the population of Eastern Europe and the adjacent parts of Asia.
		The Cossacks of Zaporizhia, on the lower bends of the river Dnieper, between Russia, Poland and the Tatars of the Crimea, with the fortified capital, Zaporizhian Sich.
		Cossacks for their part were mostly happy to plunder everybody more or less equally, although in the 16th century, with Commonwealth dominance extending south, the Zaporojian Cossacks were mostly, if tentatively, regarded as subjects of the Commonwealth.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Cossack.htm (1701 words)

	History of the Cossacks - text in English
		Sometimes, the Cossacks are considered to be the direct descendants of the non Slavian tribes (Khasares, Cossogens, Tcherkesses, a.o.), who settled in some of the areas of southern Russia, in the period of the desintegration.
		Cossacks, who, due to their talents and audacity, were awarded in particular, since the beginning they had been elected to the Council of Elders and hereby gained a priviliged position in the forces.
		Cossacks were increasingly put into action for military reasons outside of their own territories, which caused changes within the interior law-and-order of the Cossacks communities.
	www.face-music.ch /inform/history_cossacks.html (2166 words)

	COSSACKS - LoveToKnow Article on COSSACKS
		The officers are supplied in the usual way by the military schools, in which all Cossack voiskos have their own vacancies, or are non-commission.ed Cossack officers, with officers grades.
		The total Cossack population in 1893 was 2,648,049 (1,331,470 women), and they owned nearly 146,500,000 acres of land, of which 105,000,000 acres were arable and 9,400,000 under forests.
		In addition to agriculture, which (with the exception of the Tisuri Cossacks) is sufficient to supply their needs and usually to leave a certain surplus, theycarry on extensive cattle and horse breeding, vine culture in Caucasia, fishing on the Don, the TJral, and the Caspian, hunting, bee-culture, andc.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CO/COSSACKS.htm (672 words)

	cossacks
		Cossacks demanded that new members of the community had to be rebaptized and be renamed.
		In the 17th and 18th centuries the Cossacks became involved with the peasants in the revolts against the Polish and Russian governments.
		Cossacks also lost their role in the military and police forces and calvary units were forbidden.
	www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us /History/Russia/04/scarborough/scarborough.htm (753 words)

	Talk:History of the Cossacks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		But of course in Cossacks could be a short summarise of their history.
		Along with their language, their historical memory of the relative self-rule of the Cossacks is an important component of their national construction.
		From them derives the Kazakh term Cossack meaning "wanderer/adventurer" Though the Kazakhs mostly adopted Islam, Orthodox Christianity soon became the representative religion of the the Cossack "ethnicity".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:History_of_Cossacks (202 words)

	"SUCCESSORS of ERMAK" - Exhibition in the Perm regional museum
		September, 30, 2002, the exhibition "SUCCESSORS of ERMAK", devoted to a history of cossacks in the Perm region, was open in the Perm regional museum.
		As a rule, cossacks lived on frontier, and the territory of the Perm region does not concern to the lands, which are accepted as Cossack's lands.
		Cossacks, who was expelled from Don, Kuban, Terek and other Cossack regions, were compelled to lodge in territory of the Perm region as a result of reprisals in 1930th years.
	heritage.perm.ru /news/archive/2002/arch_162.htm (702 words)

	Cossacks: a paramilitary society
		Details the history of the Cossacks including where the originated, how their society was structured, and what is occurring with them currently.
		The Cossacks also worked on their privately owned lands and raised animals, although primary agricultural functions were usually delegated to the Cossack women while the men went off to engage in warfare and to perform other military-related duties.
		Cossack population rose in number during the 15th and 16th centuries as both peasants and landowners fled their homelands when Polish forces began attacking and killing the local residents as well as destroying their homes.
	ks.essortment.com /cossackssociety_rnjv.htm (774 words)

	Encyclopedia: History of Ukraine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The nascent Cossack state, the Zaporozhian Host, usually viewed as forerunner of Ukraine, found itself in a three-sided military and diplomatic rivalry with the Ottoman Turks, who controlled the Tatars to the south, the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania, and the rising Muscovite Russia to the East.
		Commonwealth authorities then sought compromise with the Ukrainian Cossack state by signing the Treaty of Hadiach in 1658, but the agreement was later superseded by 1667 Polish-Russian Treaty of Andrusovo, which divided Ukrainian territory between the Commonwealth and Russia.
		The history of Ukraine after the independence between 1992 and 2004 was marked by the presidencies of Leonid Kravchuk and Leonid Kuchma.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-Ukraine (4837 words)

	Republic of Kalmykia \| Cossacks
		Cossack community formed in the steppe part of Russia and was initially characterized by the traditions of self-government ascending to the military democracy.
		Cossacks is a unique community having no match not only in the history of Russia but whole World formed by centuries and oriented to military service.
		The Cossack Union was reorganized into the All Russian Cossack Organization that restored practically all the traditional Cossack military associations and unions in regions where Cossacks did not live before and where they got after the deportations, evictions or intrinsic migration.
	kalm.ru /en/cossacks.html (1245 words)

	Cossacks history
		Cossacks were proud of their arms, often passed from grandfather to father, and from father to son, and of their horses.
		These Cossacks were different in their appearance, facial characteristics, and even in the uniforms they wore; but in the main they were the same; they cherishrd theier free and easy way of life; they knew that they were born for war; they were proud to be Cossacks.
		Those Cossacks who had remained in Russia after their defeat in 1920, the families, the kin of those few who had managed to escape, and all those who had been in the ranks and whose regiments were cut off from the ports of embarkation, had to live under the stiff yoke of their conquerors.
	www.armymuseum.ru /kaz1_e.html (8984 words)

	History of Cossacks -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Cossacks on their part were mostly happy to plunder everybody more or less equally, although in the (Click link for more info and facts about 16th century) 16th century with Commonwealth dominance extending south the Zaporoijan Cossacks were mostly, if tentatively, regarded as subjects of the Commonwealth.
		All Cossack males had to perform (The military forces of a nation) military service for 20 years, beginning at the age of 18.
		Every Cossack had to procure his own (Clothing of distinctive design worn by members of a particular group as a means of identification) uniform, equipment and (Solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times) horse (if mounted), the government supplying only the arms.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/hi/history_of_cossacks.htm (2211 words)

	Military History Online - Battle of Korsun
		These Cossacks were defined by their horsemanship, proficiency with the saber and their level of organization during time of oppression.
		The Cossack’s would shave their heads only leaving a long lock of hair to one side depicting the brotherhood of the Zaporozhian’s and dawning of the long burly moustache.
		It was not uncommon for peasants to be slain or beaten.
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com /horsemusket/korsun/default.aspx (2389 words)

	-- The Faculty of History --
		N.I.Kostomarov was fruitfully engaged in history of the Cossacks, and investigated the course and results of the Cossacks and peasant revolts of the 1620s-1630s.
		It was proved that the period of the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century became the crucial moment in the development of the foreign Slavs and was called the national rebirth.
		The history of the Ukrainian statehood was investigated by A.G.Sljusarenko, V.P.Shevchuk, V.M.Lytvyn.
	www.history.univ.kiev.ua /english/engl.html (4850 words)

	History Of Cossacks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		But history cannot be erased, it was the Red Cossacks who at the end of 1919 were the primary causes for the defeat of Russian force led by a chauvinistic...
		JTA added that the Cossacks, "known for the military skills and special military services they rendered to the Russian Empire, have a long history of anti...
		In 1893 the Cossacks had a total population of 2,648,049 (including 1,331,470 women), and they owned nearly 146,500,000 acres of land, including 105,000,000 acres of arable land and 9,400,000 under forests.
	www.wikiverse.org /history-of-cossacks (1645 words)

	CIUS Press: History of the Ukrainian Cossacks (vols. 7-10) by Mykhailo Hrushevsky
		The History of Ukraine-Rus' is the most comprehensive account of the ancient, medieval, and early modern history of the Ukrainian people.
		Appointed professor of history at Lviv University in 1894, he became a leading figure in the Shevchenko Scientific Society and in the scholarly and cultural community centered in Lviv.
		The History was internationally acclaimed at the time of its publication, but in Soviet Ukraine after the 1930s no scholarly references to it were permitted to appear.
	www.utoronto.ca /cius/publications/books/hrushevskycossackseries.htm (470 words)

	Cossacks & A Brief History
		The island of Khortytsya, in the Dnieper, was headquarters (sich) of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks from the 16th to 18th cent.
		From the 15th century "Cossack" is referred to free Ukrainians, emigrated to the "steppe", who lived on commerce, fishing and hunting, meat breeding and salt collecting.
		These [Cossack attacks] so inflamed the hatred of the Muslims toward the Zaporogian Cossacks and the entire Christian population of Ukraine that the Turks decided to attack the Zaporogian Syech and raze it to the ground.
	freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com /~chatsol/cossacks.htm (994 words)

	Cossacks: European Wars for PC Review - PC Cossacks: European Wars Review
		Cossacks: European Wars is a game about epic battles in one of the most turbulent eras in European history.
		The gameplay in Cossacks is reminiscent of Age of Empires II.
		Cossacks II: Battle for Europe is a stand-alone expansion for Cossacks II: Napoleonic Wars, and will feature three new nations, along with a variety of new battlegrounds, campaigns and battle scenarios, both historical and hypothetical.
	www.gamespot.com /2702187 (910 words)

	AllRefer.com - Cossacks (Russian, Soviet, And CIS History) - Encyclopedia
		The first Cossack companies were formed in the 15th cent., when Ukraine, then part of the unified Polish-Lithuanian state, took independent measures to defend itself against the devastating Tatar raids.
		The Cossacks gave shelter to refugees from Poland and Russia and took part in peasant revolts in Ukraine and Russia in the 17th and 18th cent.
		Although the Cossack communities were incorporated into the Soviet administrative system, their traditions and customs continue to survive, notably on the Don and Kuban rivers.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Cossacks.html (502 words)

	History of Ukraine
		Unfortunately, in 1625, when many Cossacks were away on one of their maritime expeditions against the Turks; Polish hetman Konietspolski attacked and forced Cossack hetman Zhmaylo to accept terms, whereby the Cossack register was to be reduced to 4,000 men.
		The Cossack stronghold, the Zaporozhian Sitch, was subservient to Moscow and was utilized for raids on Crimea and Turkey.
		After end of the Turkish war in 1775, the Cossacks were being gradually disarmed and in the Summer of that year, Russian general Tekeli surrounded the Cossacks in the Sitch itself with a superior force and demanded abandonment of their fortress.
	www.torugg.org /History/history_of_ukraine.html (11664 words)

	Cossacks of Ukraine: Bohdan Khmelnytsky fought off Turks and Poles only to put Ukraine into the hands of Muskovite ...
		The Cossacks, a strong, organized, military people with no nation, linked Ukrainian history with Russian history during their struggle to remain free.
		Cossacks were practiced fighters, both on land and on sea.
		Bohdan Khmelnytsky, one of the most famous Cossacks, is both revered as a hero and reviled as a betrayer.
	eeuropeanhistory.suite101.com /article.cfm/cossacks_of_ukraine (435 words)

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