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Topic: History of Homosexuals during the Holocaust

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	Holocaust - MSN Encarta
		Holocaust, the almost complete destruction of Jews in Europe by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II (1939-1945).
		The word holocaust derives from the Greek holo (whole) and caustos (burned) and originally referred to a burnt offering, or a religious sacrifice that is totally consumed by fire.
		The Holocaust was the worst genocide in history.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761559508/Holocaust.html (1433 words)

	The Holocaust, the Shoah - The Peace Encyclopedia
		The Holocaust was the murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators.
		The negation of the Holocaust is appealing to the denier or revisionist because, like the anti-Zionist, one can fight a war against the Jews while still denying that one is antisemitic, a title which excludes one from the battlefield of ideas in the post-Holocaust western world.
		During the World War II years the Arab nations and their leaders sided with the Nazis against the Allies.
	peace.heebz.com /holocaust.html (4303 words)

	History in Focus: Holocaust websites
		The majority of Holocaust websites tend to focus on the Jewish experience, and it can be harder to find resources dealing with the other groups, including Roma, homosexuals, Poles and Communists, who also faced persecution and genocide at the hands of the Nazi's.
		'Holocaust forgotten' is a useful starting point for information about all the non-Jewish victims of the Holocaust, while sites such as 'The Nazi persecution of homosexuals' and 'O Porrajmos' provide resources on the experiences of homosexuals and the Roma respectively.
		The 'Holocaust history project' consists of a collection of documents and essays concerning the genocide of the Jews by the German Nazis during the Second World War.
	www.history.ac.uk /ihr/Focus/Holocaust/websites.html (3332 words)

	PERSECUTION OF HOMOSEXUALS
		During the twelve years of Nazi rule, nearly 50,000 were convicted of the crime of homosexuality.
		Yet homosexuality was still so widespread that in 1942 the death penalty was imposed for it in the army and the SS.
		Eyewitnesses tell of homosexuals being tortured to death by tickling, by having their testicles immersed alternately into hot and icy water, by having a broomstick pushed into their anus.
	www.mtsu.edu /~baustin/laska.html (755 words)

	Holocaust
		The Holocaust was an event that has marked the twentieth century as one of the most violent in human history.
		During the period that commenced with Hitler's ascension to power in 1933 to the final collapse of the Third Reich in 1945, over six million persons of the Jewish faith perished as well as millions of others -- Slavs, Homosexuals, Gypsies and those that the Nazis considered subhuman.
		The purpose of HI 426 is to explain the historical origins of the Holocaust, Jewish resistance, Allied intervention, the Nuremburg Trials, and the future impact of genocide in World History.
	www.esuhistoryprof.com /holocaust1.htm (488 words)

	The Holocaust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This is a course in the history and interpretation of the Holocaust.
		During the era of the Holocaust, the Nazis also targeted other groups because of their perceived "racial inferiority": Roma (Gypsies), the handicapped, and some of the Slavic peoples (Poles, Russians, and others).
		Thus, the history of this event includes not only the origins of the orders to murder the Jews and the carrying out of those orders, but the whole evolution of relations between Jews and non-Jews in Europe as well as the distinctive history of Germany within Europe.
	www.courses.rochester.edu /applegate/HIS206 (175 words)

	More on Holocaust
		Jews were primarily targeted, though many others died in the camps, as well: Communists, homosexuals, gypsies, the physically handicapped, the mentally retarded, Soviet prisoners of war, the Polish intelligentsia, Jehovah's Witnesses, Catholic and Protestant clergy, trade unionists, psychiatric patients, and common criminals all perished alongside one another in the camps.
		There is no known document in which he explicitly ordered the Holocaust, although there is documentation that he approved of the Einsatzgrupen, where Jews throughout Russia were shot naked in front of ditches.
		Most historians believe he not only knew of the holocaust and the gas chambers but ordered Himmler to carry it out—certainly it was entirely consistent with his lifelong beliefs.
	www.eduhistory.com /holocaust.htm (1058 words)

	The Holocaust - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the War, concentration camps for Jews and other "undesirables" were spread throughout Europe, with new camps being created near centers of dense "undesirable" populations, often focusing on areas with large Jewish, Polish intelligentsia, communist, or Roma and Sinti (Gypsy) populations.
		During the invasion of the Soviet Union, over 3,000 special killing units (organized into the four Einsatzgruppen) followed the Wehrmacht, conducting mass murders of Poles, Communist officials, and the Jewish population that lived in Soviet territory.
		As during Adolf Eichmann's trial, one of the main issue was to determine to what extent an individual should be held responsible in a chain of responsibility.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Holocaust (7922 words)

	Holocaust FAQ
		The Holocaust was the systematic annihilation of six million Jews by the Nazi regime during World War 2.
		The number of children killed during the Holocaust is not fathomable and full statistics for the tragic fate of children who died will never be known.
		Holocaust happened because Hitler and the Nazis were racist.
	www.shoah.dk /doctors/holocaustfaq.htm (919 words)

	The Holocaust
		The Holocaust is generally regarded as the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews — two thirds of the total European Jewish population, and two-fifths of the Jews in the entire world — but also millions of other victims, by the Nazi regime and its collaborators under Adolf Hitler.
		While the Jews were the primary target, there were many other ethnic, secular, religious, and national groups that suffered during the Holocaust, including Poles, Czechs, Greeks, Gypsies, Serbs, Ukranians, and Russians, as well as homosexuals, mentally and physically handicapped persons, trade unionists, prisoners of war, Jehovah's Witnesses, and uncounted others.
		During the war, the Nazis created ghettos, or city districts (often enclosed), in which the Germans forced the Jewish population to live under miserable conditions.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1677.html (2220 words)

	GAY HOLOCAUST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany: The Youth Movement, the Gay Movement, and Male Bonding before Hitler's Rise.
		The Antihomosexual Policies of the Nazis and the Social Consequences for Homosexual Men." In The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined, edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J.
		"The Pink Triangle: Homosexuals as 'Enemies of the State.'" In The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined, edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck, 345-357.
	www.niulib.niu.edu /lgbt/Gay_Holocaust_Final.htm (1753 words)

	A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust-Homosexuals
		One attempt by the Nazis to purify German society was their condemnation of male homosexuals as "socially aberrant." Early in the Nazi regime, male homosexual organizations were banned.
		Homosexuals: Victims of the Nazi Era is a booklet published by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
		Encyclopedia of the Holocaust article on "Homosexuality in the Third Reich" from the Simon Wiesenthal Center.
	fcit.coedu.usf.edu /holocaust/people/VictHomo.htm (464 words)

	THE HOLOCAUST\SHOAH PAGE
		In the view of this writer, the term "Holocaust" must be reserved for this specific time and set of events.
		The unanswered questions regarding the Holocaust far outnumber those for which we have answers and the gap between them grows.
		Photographic Gallery of Sinti and Roma in the Holocaust
	www.mtsu.edu /~baustin/holo.html (770 words)

	Holocaust - Nazis Persecuted Homosexuals
		The Holocaust is usually taught as the mass genocide of almost six million Jews in Europe during World War II.
		Homosexual inmates were forced to wear pink triangles on their clothes so they could be easily recognized and further humiliated inside the camps.
		Between 5,000 to 15,000 homosexuals died in concentration camps during the Holocaust.
	www.holocaustforgotten.com /NewsGays.htm (431 words)

	The Holocaust
		The Holocaust was no accident – it was the result of a carefully planned, carefully thought out, and carefully executed plan of the government of Nazi Germany, with all details originating at the highest levels of the government.
		One of the themes that runs through Holocaust education is the idea of "unspeakable acts committed by ordinary people." The vast majority of the perpetrators of the Holocaust were ordinary men and women.
		During it’s short but bloody history, Jews from ten European countries were transported to Treblinka; between 850,000 and 1,000,000 were murdered there, including nearly 400,000 from the Warsaw Ghetto.
	www.columbus.k12.oh.us /woodward_park/holocaust (4638 words)

	Annotated "Web-ography":
		Located in Washington, DC, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is America’s national institution for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history and serves as this country’s memorial to the millions of people murdered during the Holocaust.
		Facing History and Ourselves is a national educational and professional development organization whose mission is to engage students of diverse backgrounds in an examination of racism, prejudice, and antisemitism in order to promote the development of a more humane and informed citizenry.
		The exhibit portrays the history of Jews in Europe and in Russia to help understand their life, religion and culture, as well as depicting the history of anti-Jewish attitudes and anti-Semitism today.
	www.kidport.com /RefLib/WorldHistory/Holocaust/HolocaustLinks.htm (5422 words)

	Holocaust
		The Holocaust was the systematic murder of Jews and others by the Nazis during World War II (1939-1945).
		Are we contented to report history in all its details, or should we strive to understand the historical forces, man's limitations to overcome his instinctual drives, the herd instinct, his inability to withstand the pressures of a totalitarian state?
		This Holocaust Resource Guide is designed so that the teacher does not have to pursue original source material in order to feel comfortable with the complexity and diversity of Holocaust history and the range of the subject matter.
	www.42explore2.com /holoc.htm (1838 words)

	UEHS Library - Global History & Geography - Homosexual Victims of the Holocaust
		Students will examine why the gay community, particularly the homosexual community was persecuted during the Holocaust.
		Describe how Homosexuals were treated before and during the Holocaust.
		Discuss how Lesbians were treated in comparison to Homosexuals during the Nazi period.
	www.uetigers.stier.org /library/gsholocausthomosexualwq.htm (235 words)

	Holocaust
		Grau and Shoppmann demonstrate that the eradication of homosexuals was a declared goal of the Nazis even before they took power in 1933, and provide proof of systematic anti-gay campaigns, expose the methods used to justify discrimination, and detail the incarceration, mutilation, and murder of gay men and women in Nazi concentration camps.
		Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany by Steakley, J. Homosexuality : A History by Vern L. Bullough
		The one remarkable exception was in Hebrew culture; homosexuality was expressly prohibited in the Law of Moses.
	www.queertheory.com /histories/events/queer_history_holocaust.htm (1102 words)

	CNN - Compromise in Holocaust teaching dispute - January 11, 1999
		ATLANTA (CNN) -- Two explicit paragraphs about homosexuals that were edited out of a teacher's guide about the Holocaust will be sent to Georgia teachers after a compromise was reached between a state agency and gay activists.
		The paragraphs, which describe Nazi persecution of homosexuals during the Holocaust, were deleted from the 92-page guide by the Georgia Commission on the Holocaust before it was mailed to teachers.
		In addition to the 6 million Jews killed during World War II, homosexual males were also targeted by Nazis, along with other religious groups, Gypsies, Communists, African-Germans and the mentally and physically disabled.
	www.cnn.com /US/9901/11/holocaust.guide/index.html (595 words)

	syllabus
		No previous knowledge of the Holocaust is required: The course assumes no prior knowledge of either Jewish history and Judaism, the history of antisemitism, or the Holocaust.
		The meaning, impact, and aftermath of the Holocaust will be explored through history, with emphasis on equal dignity, ethics, tolerance, equity in diversity and pluralism, democratic inclusion and human understanding.
		You see, the Holocaust, that extreme, and best-researched case of genocide, turns out to be also the arena for the most amazing examples of the other side of human capability, namely that of self-sacrifice for others, of our ability to stand up for moral values that we and our listeners will admire.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~shaked/Holocaust/syllabus.html (3279 words)

	Holocaust Bibliography
		Told in her words, this is the story of Alicia Appleman-Jurman, who, after losing her entire family to the Nazis at age 13, went on to save the lives of thousands of Jews, offering them her own courage and hope in a time of upheaval and tragedy.
		Published to coincide with the opening in April, 1993 of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC, this collection of drawings and poetry documents the terrible daily misery endured by the children of the Terezín Concentration Camp.
		This study guide uses first-person accounts and literature about the Holocaust as the basis for a variety of interdisciplinary activities that encourage students to connect the lessons of the Holocaust to the principles that will govern their own lives.
	www.adl.org /education/holocaust/holocaust_bibl.asp (1730 words)

	Holocaust
		The Holocaust is a tragic period in history during which approximately 11 million people were systematically annihilated because of Nazi genocidal policy.
		It is important that we never forget the Holocaust so that we can work toward preventing such unfortunate events now and in the future.
		The Holocaust: An Historical Summary is a site maintained by The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum which provides an overview of events that took place during the Holocaust.
	tsc.k12.in.us /stucurr/webquests/holocaust/peters.htm (446 words)

	US History - WWW Resources - World War II
		The Holocaust History Project is a free archive of documents, photographs, recordings, and essays regarding the Holocaust, including direct refutation of Holocaust-denial.
		A ring of sites of survivors of the Holocaust focusing on personal experiences, memoirs, remembrances, tributes and stories of those who did not survive are also welcome.
		SWC is an international Jewish human rights organization dedicated to preserving the memory of the Holocaust by fostering tolerance and understanding through community involvement, educational outreach and social action.
	home.comcast.net /~mruland/USResources/ww2/holocaust.htm (597 words)

	N.C. Council on the Holocaust
		The Council is composed of twenty-four members, of whom six are Holocaust survivors or first-generation lineal descendents of survivors.
		The State of North Carolina Holocaust Commemoration is held annually in April or May during Yom HaShoah, the national week of remembrance for those who died in the Holocaust.
		Holocaust teaching resources for teachers in the Asheville area -- including traveling exhibits, a lending library, a poster series, and speakers' bureau, from the The Center for Diversity Education, Asheville, NC.
	www.ncpublicschools.org /holocaust_council (1431 words)

	Holocaust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		EDSITEment presents "Holocaust and Resistance," a history lesson for grades 9-12 that examines the Holocaust from the point of view of those who actively resisted Nazi persecution.
		The mission of the Center is to teach the history and lessons of the Holocaust to people of all races and throughout the Midwest to prevent its recurrence and perpetuate understanding, compassion, and mutual respect for generations to come.
		A not-for-profit organization of child holocaust survivors who were sent, without their parents, out of Austria, Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia to Great Britain.Members of the KTA are those who ultimately came to live in the United States of America or Canada, and their subsequent generations
	www3.essdack.org /socialstudies/holocaust.htm (1510 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This is the very first step toward a whole new discovery of evidence and facts about this terrorfying event that took place in Europe before and during the Second World War that school text books rarely goes in depth to explain.
		Just to warn you, some of these pictures are gruesome, but they are just to give you a feeling of the atmosphere and living condition of the Jews in the Nazi concentration camps.
		There will be a list of terms that can assist you in knowing all the facts about the Holocaust and its related events.
	library.thinkquest.org /13915/gather/frame.htm (213 words)

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