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Topic: History of Indonesia

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	EH.Net Encyclopedia: The Economic History of Indonesia
		Indonesia ceased being a colony on 17 August 1945 when Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed independence, although full independence was acknowledged by the Netherlands only after four years of violent conflict, on 27 December 1949.
		The economic history of Indonesia analyzes a range of topics, varying from the characteristics of the dynamic exports of raw materials, the dualist economy in which both Western and Indonesian entrepreneurs participated, and the strong measure of regional variation in the economy.
		Indonesia is such a large and multi-faceted country that many different aspects have been the focus of research (for example, ethnic groups, trade networks, shipping, colonialism and imperialism).
	eh.net /encyclopedia/?article=touwen.indonesia (4656 words)

	Indonesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Indonesia's war for independence lasted from 1945 until 27 December 1949, when, under heavy international pressure, the Netherlands acknowledged the independence of Indonesia, as a Federation of autonomous states.
		Indonesia's 18,108 islands, of which about 6,000 are inhabited, are scattered around the equator, giving the country a tropical climate.
		Indonesia's economy suffered greatly in the late 1990s, in part as a result of the financial crisis that struck most of Asia at the time.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indonesia (2448 words)

	History of Indonesia
		Islam arrived in Indonesia sometime during the 12th century and, through assimilation, supplanted Hinduism by the end of the 16th century in Java and Sumatra.
		Shortly after hostilities with the Dutch ended in 1949, Indonesia adopted a new constitution providing for a parliamentary system of government in which the executive was chosen by and made responsible to parliament.
		From 1596 to 1975, East Timor was a Portuguese colony on the island of Timor known as Portuguese Timor and separated from Australia's north coast by the Timor Sea.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hi/History_of_Indonesia.html (2106 words)

	Indonesia History
		Indonesia took its place as a leader of the nonaligned nations of the Third World.
		Under Sukarno, Indonesia moved left (looking towards China) but when the army crushed an attempted coup in 1965, the ensuing turmoil resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands, killed as suspected communists.
		Indonesia's annexation of the former Portuguese colony of East Timor in 1976 has led to international disapproval and the deaths of perhaps 100,000 or more East Timorese.
	www.nationbynation.com /indonesia/history1.html (258 words)

	History of Indonesia
		Beginning in 1602, the Dutch slowly established themselves as rulers of present-day Indonesia, exploiting the weakness of the small kingdoms that had replaced that of Majapahit.
		Violence swept throughout Indonesia in the aftermath of the October 1 events, and unsettled conditions persisted through 1966.
		Indonesia’s first elections in the post-Soeharto period were held for the national, provincial, and sub-provincial parliaments on June 7, 1999.
	www.historyofnations.net /asia/indonesia.html (1579 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: The Economic History of Indonesia
		Indonesia's total land area measures 1.9 million square kilometers (750,000 square miles).
		Indonesia has a tropical climate, but since there are large stretches of lowland and numerous mountainous areas, the climate varies from hot and humid to more moderate in the highlands.
		This process essentially started in Indonesia in the nineteenth century, when the Dutch colonized an area largely similar to present-day Indonesia.
	eh.net /encyclopedia/article/touwen.indonesia (4656 words)

	History of Indonesia : Tropical Fury
		Gradually the immigrants heading for Indonesia from this time on were no longer solely comprised of ignorant brutal barbarians expelled from civilization as before; the increasing number of them were to be at least educated people with European kind of humanism among their luggage.
		Indonesia would start to import Japanese cars in hordes in 1970's, then all others by 1990's when the Japanese ones were to be assembled in domestic factories, while at all times the snobs and the parvenus have been taking BMW and Mercedes-Benz as signifying the highest socio-economic class membership.
		The new outlook was that Indonesia and the Netherlands had been 'inseparable for more than 300 years' (the number '300' alone was impressive enough to lend a dash of magic to the notion of 'proven interdependency' and 'mutualist symbiosis'), and so the two should think of the future together as one.
	www.geocities.com /amemorikaze/indonesianhistory4.htm (8286 words)

	Indonesia on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Indonesia is one of the world's major rubber producers; other plantation crops include sugarcane, coffee, tea, tobacco, palm oil, cinchona, cloves, cocoa, sisal, coconuts, and spices.
		Indonesia is governed under the constitution of 1945, which was restored in 1959, and its amendments.
		In 1975-76, Indonesia annexed East Timor (a former Portuguese colony), and incorporated it as a province of the country; the takeover was not recognized by the United Nations.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/indonesi_history.asp (3910 words)

	History of Indonesia
		The history of Indonesia can be said to date back at least half a million years for that is the date ascribe to the hominid fossils found in 1809 by Eugene Dubois near the village of Trinil, East Java.
		However, the real impact of Hinduism was to come to Indonesia much later, as a deliberate missionary act by Brahmans, probably in the 5th century, by luck of coincidence some of the basic ideas of Hindusim accorded well with existing Indonesian mountainworship, and a strange hybrid of the two religions emerged.
		Indonesia’s major trading partner by this time was southern China, thus Buddhist influences also began to play a part.
	www.regit.com /regitour/indonesi/about/history.htm (1082 words)

	[No title]
		Indonesia is the country with the more of Muslims in the world which means 87 per cent of 180 million habitants.
		Indonesia's domestic as well as foreign diplomacy is difficult to conceive in terms other than in the context of neo-colonialism.
		The episode of his differences with Murdani demonstrates the influence of the "falcons": the replacement of the first by the last is due to the pressure of the generals interested in the continuation of the war in East Timor, and is inevitably related to the recommence of hostilities against the resistance.
	www.uc.pt /timor/hist.indon.html (2700 words)

	Indonesia History - History of Indonesia
		Indonesia's abundant spices first brought Portuguese merchants to the key trading port of Malacca in 1511.
		Indonesia's economy was sustained throughout the 1970's, almost exclusively by oil export.
		Indonesia held its first democratic election in October 1999, which put Abdurrahman 'Gus Dur' Wahid in the role of president.
	www.indo.com /indonesia/history.html (604 words)

	Indonesia Hotels - History
		Its influence was short-lived and it fell to the Portuguese in 1511.
		Rebellions broke out in Sumatra and Sulewesi, Malaysia and Indonesia came perilously close to an all-out confrontation and instability was the general order of the day.
		Indonesia was outraged at what they considered an act of aggression and unwanted meddling in their domestic affairs, and there were tense standoffs during many of the highlevel powwows between the big cheeses.
	www.indonesiahotels.biz /history.htm (692 words)

	A short history of Indonesia
		Islam arrives in Indonesia sometime during the 12th century and, through assimilation, supplantsHinduism by the end of the 16th century in Java and Sumatra.
		Tens of thousands of alleged communists in rural areas are murdered: estimates of the number of deaths range between 160,000 and 500,000.
		In 1997 Indonesia is afflicted by the Asian financial and economic crisis, accompanied by the worst drought in 50 years and falling prices for oil, gas, and other commodity exports.
	www.electionworld.org /history/indonesia.htm (917 words)

	AllRefer.com - Indonesia : History : Early History and Colonial Rule (Southeast Asia Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Early in the Christian era, Indonesia came under the influence of Indian civilization through the gradual influx of Indian traders and Buddhist and Hindu monks.
		A gradual infiltration of Islam began in the 14th and 15th cent.
		By 1610 the Dutch had ousted the Portuguese, who were allowed to retain only the eastern part of Timor, but the English competition remained strong, and it was only after a series of Anglo-Dutch conflicts (1610–23) that the Dutch emerged as the dominant power in Indonesia.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/I/Indonesi-history.html (468 words)

	Christmas Island article - Christmas Island Kiritimati island Australia Indian Ocean Indonesia History Government - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Territory of Christmas Island is a small island controlled by Australia located in the Indian Ocean, northwest of Australia and south of Indonesia.
		The vessel held 420 refugees from Afghanistan, 13 from Sri Lanka and five from Indonesia.
		The standoff eventually led to the asylum seekers being transported to the small country of Nauru for processing.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Christmas_Island (808 words)

	Indonesia
		Indonesia is an archipelago in Southeast Asia consisting of 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited) and straddling the equator.
		Indonesia's economy improved dramatically and national elections were permitted, although the opposition was so tightly controlled as to virtually choke off dissent.
		In 1975, Indonesia invaded the former Portuguese half of the island of Timor; it seized the territory in 1976.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107634.html (1975 words)

	HISTORY OF INDONESIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The stories in Indonesia are either very long or very short and not told as they are in the west.
		It would seem logical that the Visayans who traveled over to Indonesia from India through Burma were much better armed and trained in warfare than the immigrants of Vietnam or the peoples of Indonesia and therefore were able to effectively rule this empire for so long.
		In Indonesia the "murid" (scholar) was expected to obey the commands of the Guru Besar.
	www.ict-silat.com /history.htm (3696 words)

	Network Indonesia - Culture - History of Indonesia
		By the 15th century the beachheads of Islam in Indonesia had multiplied with the emergence of several harbour kingdoms, ruled by local Muslim princes, on the north coast of Java and elsewhere along the main trading route as far east as Ternate and Tidore in the Moluccas.
		By the 13th century, in the absence of a strong and stable entrepôt in western Indonesia, foreign traders were drawn to harbours on the northern Sumatran shores of the Bay of Bengal, distant from the dangerous pirate lairs at the southern end of the Strait of Malacca.
		The first Muslim beachheads in Indonesia, and especially Pasai, were to a considerable extent genuine Muslim creations that commanded the loyalty of the local population and encouraged scholarly activities.
	users.skynet.be /network.indonesia/ni4001c7.htm (764 words)

	History of Indonesia : Equatorial Kingdoms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The size of Java is approximately the same as the State of New York, and the western part of it is a third of that -- not much, compared to 21st century Indonesia of around 13,000 islands, but impressive enough by the standards of the age of kings.
		Tarumanegara, about which history was rather silent beyond the record about Purnawarman, would disappear entirely in the seventh century; sending West Java into the 'dark ages' where no substantial power in managerial hands was known for several centuries ahead.
		The spread in Indonesia was influenced by the Afghanistan kingdom's Mahmud Ghazna's acquisition of Punjab (India) and North Pakistan, to be continued by Muhammad Ghori's success in the Islamization of Hindustan, bringing forth strong Islamic trading places of Gujarat, Cambay, Bangladesh and Bengala - from where Indonesians came to know the religion.
	www.geocities.com /rainforestwind/indonesianhistory2.htm (3937 words)

	The Jakarta Post - Member Registration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Although hundreds of ethnic groups have been know as the indigenous of Indonesia for hundreds and thousands of years, Indonesia did not exist in its present form until the turn of the 20th century.
		Of the so-called natives of Indonesia, archaeologists have speculated that the first people to populate Indonesia migrated from mainland China some 1,000 years ago and inhabited a stretch of islands along the equator, later known as Nusantara.
		Sultan Hamengkubuwono was assigned to lead efforts for economic recovery, Adam Malik was assigned to redirect Indonesia's foreign policy toward the West, and Soeharto himself was "assigned" to rebuild the lamentable domestic politics.
	www.thejakartapost.com /history/history.asp (1944 words)

	History (from Indonesia) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The recorded history of Indonesia begins in references by the Roman scholars Pliny and Ptolemy, in Chinese texts, and in carved inscriptions dating from about the 6th century.
		Even in those early times, much of Indonesia had come under Indian cultural influences brought by Brahman priests called to the courts of various states and by traders who established themselves in...
		History is a science—a branch of knowledge that uses specific methods and tools to achieve its goals.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-214198 (1761 words)

	Indonesia Travel Information \| Lonely Planet Destination Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Indonesia's Aceh province was destroyed by the December 2004 tsunami.
		Indonesia has suffered great upheaval since 1998, resulting in everything from peaceful demonstrations to armed conflict.
		Nevertheless, the situation in Indonesia can be misrepresented, making it seem like the whole nation is in turmoil.
	www.lonelyplanet.com /worldguide/destinations/asia/indonesia (381 words)

	The History of Indonesia — www.greenwood.com
		Indonesia is one of the more complex countries in the world: under its umbrella are over three hundred ethnic groups speaking almost six hundred languages and dialects and under one uncertain political umbrella.
		Description: Culturally and politically, Indonesia is one of the more complex countries in the world, with 336 ethnic groups speaking 583 languages and dialects.
		Throughout most of history, Indonesia's inhabitants were divided politically in many different ways as a bewildering array of kingdoms and empires rose and fell within the region.
	www.greenwood.com /books/bookdetail.asp?sku=GR3114 (295 words)

	History of Indonesia #5:The Netherlands Indies Empire - indonesiaphoto.com
		Nineteenth-century Indonesia experienced not only the replacement of company rule by Dutch government rule but also the complete transformation of Java into a colonial society and the successful extension of colonial rule to Sumatra and the eastern archipelago.
		The Aceh War (1873-1903) was one of the longest and bloodiest in DutchIndonesian history.
		The Chinese minority in Indonesia had long played a major economic role in the archipelago as merchants, artisans, and indispensable middlemen in the collection of crops and taxes from native populations.
	www.indonesiaphoto.com /content/view/34/46 (3144 words)

	History of Indonesia #2:Early history - indonesiaphoto.com
		Many observers agree that the modern inhabitants of Indonesia may be descended from Homo erectus.
		But, unlike the Islamic culture that was to come to Indonesia nearly 1,000 years later, India in the first centuries A.D. was divided into a rigid caste hierarchy that would have denied many features of Indian tradition to relatively low-caste merchants and sailors.
		Historians have argued that the principal agents in Indianization were priests who were retained by indigenous rulers for the purpose of enhancing their power and prestige.
	www.indonesiaphoto.com /content/view/29/46 (1664 words)

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