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Topic: History of Italy during Roman times

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	Wikinfo \| Italy
		Italy's history is perhaps the most important one for the cultural and social development of the Mediterranean area as a whole.
		Italy was a charter member of NATO and the European Union, and hence joined the growing political and economic unification of Western Europe, including the introduction of the Euro in 1999.
		Italy is well-known for its art, culture, and several monuments, among them the leaning tower of Pisa and the Roman Colosseum, as well as for its food (pizza, pasta, etc.), wine, lifestyle, elegance, design, cinema, theatre, literature, poetry, visual arts, music (notably Opera), holidays, and generally speaking, for taste.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Italy (1404 words)

	Welcome to Italy1 History Page La Storia Italiana in Inglese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		During the Bronze Age (c.1800-1000 BC), much of central and southern Italy had a unified culture known as the Apennine, characterized by large agricultural and pastoral settlements; on the southeastern coast and in Sicily evidence indicates trading contacts with the Mycenaeans.
		During the following centuries the increasing extent of the Roman possessions outside Italy and the complexity of the imperial bureaucracy resulted in a decline in the importance of Italy itself, a process accelerated by the growing number of emperors born outside Italy, whose allegiances lay elsewhere.
		Peninsular Italy was administered from its capital at RAVENNA as merely one division of the empire, although the Byzantines gradually and grudgingly admitted the ecclesiastical primacy of Rome in the West.
	italy1.com /history (4092 words)

	History of Italy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the Early Middle Ages, following the Gothic War that was disastrous for the region, new waves of Byzantine Christian Greeks came to Magna Graecia from Greece and Asia Minor, as southern Italy remained loosely governed by the Eastern Roman Empire until the advent first of the Lombards, then of the Normans.
		In 751 the Lombards seized Ravenna and the Exarchate of Ravenna was abolished.
		Italy became a nation-state belatedly — on March 17, 1861, when most of the states of the peninsula were united under king Victor Emmanuel II of the Savoy dynasty, which ruled over Piedmont.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Italy (2530 words)

	History Of Italy
		Italy no longer had any special and individual place in the empire, and the establishment of the new seat of empire at Constantinople in 330 was symptomatic of the decline of Italy and symbolic of the increased importance of the East, even though the new imperial capital was closely modeled after Rome.
		During the six months of the Parri ministry, which failed to win popular support, the government was blamed for inefficiency in stamping out the rampant fl market, for contributing directly to continued economic chaos and misery, and for mistakes and excesses in the purge of Fascist officials.
		During the period from the 1950's through 1991, the possibility that the PCI might take a dominant role in Italy's lawmaking was a factor in why the Christian Democratic (DC) party retained almost unbroken control, except for the Craxi years, of the coalition that held sway.
	members.tripod.com /~worldsite/italy/history.html (18405 words)

	History of Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		After the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West in the fifth century A.D., the peninsula and islands were subjected to a series of invasions, and political unity was lost.
		Italy became an oft-changing succession of small states, principalities, and kingdoms, which fought among themselves and were subject to ambitions of foreign powers.
		During World War I, Italy renounced its standing alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary and, in 1915, entered the war on the side of the Allies.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/italy.html (1161 words)

	History of ITALY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Roman soldiers have in the past been rewarded with land, and barbarian tribes have been settled in provinces of the empire as federates.
		To historians Constantinople is by this time the capital of the young Byzantine empire.
		By 572 the whole of Italy north of the Po is in their hands (a disaster with one positive result, in the foundation of Venice).
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac52 (1731 words)

	Roman Empire
		During the following centuries Roman possessions outside Italy substantially expanded, and the complexity of the imperial bureaucracy resulted in a decline in the importance of Italy itself.
		Italy's administrative autonomy was lost shortly afterwards when two dioceses were joined with that of Africa to form a single prefecture.
		Peninsular Italy was administered from its capital at RAVENNA as merely one division of the empire, although the Byzantines gradually admitted the ecclesiastical primacy of Rome in the West.
	www.arcaini.com /ITALY/ItalyHistory/RomanEmpire.htm (484 words)

	Roman Provence - ProvenceBeyond
		The Romans were invited into Provence by the Phoenicians to help protect them from the savage Celtic-Ligurian tribes, but the Roman protection soon turned to Roman domination.
		The indiginous population was transformed by the centuries of Roman occupation, including by the large numbers of Roman administrators and the colonies established for the retired Roman Legionaires.
		Cisalpine Gaul was the area of Northern Italy conquered by the Romans in 222 BC.
	www.beyond.fr /history/romanh.html (551 words)

	Roman Cities
		Greek and Roman colonies were planted for trade and to exploit the areas agricultural base for excess crops which were needed in the home states.
		Roman cities were planned with two major streets running East —West and North-South intersecting at the forum, which was the center of commerce in the city.
		Romans in the third century built walls around most of their major cities because of increasing threats of invasions from the northern "barbarians".
	www.historylink101.com /lessons/farm-city/roman-city.htm (1071 words)

	A2Z Languages ~ Italy ~ Italian History ~ Italian Language School
		Although Italy’s status as a single political body is a relatively recent event, its strategic geographical position in the Mediterranean made it a scene of many important power struggles fairly early on in the history of Europe.
		The diverse cultural patterns of the early Iron Age were further complicated in the late 8th century BC by the arrival of Greek colonizers in the south and by the appearance of the Etruscans in central Italy and the Po Valley.
		Italy entered a period peopled by Goths and forever ostracized as the 'Dark Ages.' Successive waves of Lombards, Franks, Saracens, Germans and Normans invaded the peninsula and claimed in various degrees the lost title of empire and emperor, culminating in Frankish Charlemagne's crowning as emperor in 800.
	www.a2zlanguages.com /Italy/countryguide/history.htm (1293 words)

	History of Malta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		During Roman rule, in A.D. 60, Saint Paul was shipwrecked on Malta at a place now called St. Paul's Bay.
		During this period, Malta was sold and resold to various feudal lords and barons and was dominated successively by the rulers of Swabia, Aquitaine, Aragon, Castile, and Spain.
		In 1523, a key date in Maltese history, the islands were ceded by Charles V of Spain to the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/malta.html (867 words)

	Romans (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.columbia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Republic was ruled by two elected consuls at a time, while the Senate (formed by the most notable Patricians, that is, aristocrats) and a city assembly formed a sort of Parliament.
		The institutions of the Roman republic, born for governing a city-state, were unfit to rule over such a large empire.
		Furthermore, Roman citizenship was slowly extended to the provinces, and the rule of law became less arbitrary (although largely imperfect).
	www.travel-italian.com.cob-web.org:8888 /html/romans.html (709 words)

	History of Rome
		The Etruscan influence on the Romans is evident by the Roman’s adoption of Etruscan gods.
		Tarquinius Superbus, the last of the dynasty, was overthrown in 509 BC due to his tyranny, Romans dislike of Etruscans, and their restraining of the upper class.
		Andronicus, the first Roman playwright, was popularized in the 240's BC and the poet Ennius came to Rome in 204 BC.
	library.thinkquest.org /10805/history-r.html (1261 words)

	Life in the Roman Army
		During the time of the kings, the Roman army was developed by each tribe providing 1000 infantry and 100 cavalry.
		During the Republic, the army was called up during times of trouble.
		During the time of Hadrian, about thirty legions were stationed around the empire to protect the borders.
	www.historylink102.com /Rome/roman-army.htm (363 words)

	A Concise History of Italy
		A Concise History of Italy is published by the Cambridge University Press and Christopher Duggan is a lecturer in Italian history and Director of the Centre for the Advanced Study of Italian Society at the University of Reading.
		Italy as a unified country has only existed at two times: during the days of the Roman Empire and in modern times, when Italy was unified by a band of idealistic Italian nationalists lead by Giuseppi Garibaldi, in 1861.
		During this time, the Normans conquered Southern Italy (the areas that eventually became the Kingdom of Naples) and Sicily.
	www.bearcave.com /bookrev/italy.htm (923 words)

	Saint Xavier University - History Courses
		Surveying the history of Italy during late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the major topics are unification, the “expansion” of the constitution, church-state conflicts, regionalism, the rise of socialism, Italian imperialism, the crisis of Liberalism, World War I, Fascism and World War II.
		A survey of Spanish history from the Reconquista to the present with an emphasis on Imperial Spain, the Enlightenment and the Civil War and the cultural history of Spain.
		Explores the history of Africa during the period of European rule and the continuing importance of colonial-era institutions and practices in post-colonial Africa.
	www.sxu.edu /history/history_courses.asp (2048 words)

	Books on Italy
		Italy is a far smaller country than the United States, both in geographical area and in population.
		During World War II he was in Italy with the OSS (the forerunner to the CIA).
		There are times when Norwich's accounts of the more boring Doges gets tedious, but he seems to realize this himself and rushes through the reins of those Doges who had little influence, concentrating on the events that shaped and challenged Venice.
	www.bearcave.com /italy/books.html (4092 words)

	Outlines of Roman History, Chapter 13
		Extent of the Roman Domain.—The Roman domain proper, or the ager Romanus, was that part of the territory in which the people became incorporated into the state, and were admitted to the rights of citizenship.
		In early times the wars lasted only for a short period, and consisted in ravaging the fields of the enemy; and the soldier’s reward was the booty which he was able to capture.
		The highest military honor which the Roman state could bestow was a triumph,—a solemn procession, decreed by the senate, in which the victorious general, with his army, marched through the city to the Capitol, bearing in his train the trophies of war.
	www.forumromanum.org /history/morey13.html (1807 words)

	Amazon.com: The Oxford Illustrated History of Italy: Books: George Holmes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Italy as we know it, Holmes notes, is a fairly modern invention, the product of the 19th-century Risorgimiento and the unification of the nation for the first time in centuries.
		The political history of Italy in the four centuries from Augustus to Theodosius is dominated by Rome and the Roman Empire.
		While this is not a narrative history, it does provide an essay on the historical highlights of each period as well as a second essay on important cultural aspects of that time.
	www.amazon.com /Oxford-Illustrated-History-Italy/dp/0198205279 (1710 words)

	In Italy Online - Sicily Through the Centuries
		Its thick forests were renowned, but the Romans plundered them to build their great naval fleets and the myriad wooden homes that fueled Nero's infamous fire.
		s elsewhere in the Empire, the Romans were replaced by the Vandals and the Ostrogoths, who demolished far more than they built (one rare example is the villa of Piazza Armerina) and were swept away by the Byzantines.
		During one forced exile in Palermo, the Bourbon king Ferdinand's wife Maria Carolina (sister of Marie Antoinette) built La Favorita, a magnificent refuge in which to hide from the subjects she thoroughly loathed.
	www.initaly.com /regions/sicily/history.htm (590 words)

	Candida Martinelli's Italophile Site(Italian History)
		The Romans brought effective administration, means of quick and efficient communication and travel, security, order, and an administrative language for better communication between the various tribes of Europe, North Africa, and the Near East.
		As the Roman empire disintegrated, order was brought to the various regions of Italy by people we would call tribal warlords, in a era we’ve named The Dark Ages from the year 500 to 800.
		Petrarch wrote during this transitional period, and is considered the father of humanism, the main philosophy of the Renaissance.
	italophiles.com /italian_history2.htm (1426 words)

	Tour of Italy - Pompeii, the forgotten city
		The eruption of 79 AD which buried the town in ash actually captured a moment in time.
		Under the ash everything remained as it was at the time of the eruption.
		In times of drought the rich were the first who would lose their water supply, the baths were the second to go dry.
	touritaly.org /pompeii/pompeii-main.htm (540 words)

	CQD Roman History Review - Conquest of Italy Begins
		These notes are part of a Roman History Review for students planning to take history exams at JCL competitions.
		2. At Lake Regillus the Romans, led by T. Largius, were supposedly helped by Castor and Pollux. The Temple to Castor and Pollux in the Roman Forum was dedicated about 10 years later. A parade of horsemen (Transvectio Equorum) took place on July 15th during the later Republic and was revived by Emperor Augustus.
		5. During the battle, a detached corps drawn from gens Fabia and its clients was cut down to the last man (C&S p.
	www.geocities.com /bwduncan/rhr/italy.html (942 words)

	ItalyGuides.it: The Roman Colosseum Rome Italy - Coliseum, Rome Italy
		The Flavius amphitheatre is the biggest and most imposing in the Roman world, but is also the most famous monument in Rome and is known as the "Colosseum" or "Coliseum".
		For the opening, the arena space was filled with water for one of the most fantastic events held in Roman times, naumachias – real sea battles reproducing great battles of the past.
		The holes still seen in many columns are just the holes made to extract the lead and iron used by the Romans for the nails inside the marble blocks.
	www.italyguides.it /us/roma/colosseum.htm (258 words)

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