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Topic: History of Italy during foreign domination and the unification

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	Italy. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Magyars plundered N Italy, and in the south the Arabs seized (917) Sicily and raided the mainland.
		In central and N Italy, the prevailing chaos was increased by the conflict between the emperors and the popes over investiture and by the contested succession to Tuscany after the death (1115) of Countess Matilda.
		The Risorgimento, as the movement for unification was called, included three groups: the radicals, led by Mazzini, who sought to create a republic; the moderate liberals, who regarded the house of Savoy as the agency for unification; and the Roman Catholic conservatives, who desired a confederation under the presidency of the pope.
	www.bartleby.com /65/it/Italy.html (5639 words)

	Italy - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Italy is bordered by Switzerland and Austria on the north; by Slovenia and the Adriatic Sea, on the east; by the Ionian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, on the south; on the west by the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Ligurian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea; and on the northwest by France.
		The climate of Italy is highly diversified, with extremes ranging from frigid in the higher elevations of the Alps and Apennines, to semitropical along the coast of the Ligurian Sea and the western coast of the lower peninsula.
		Italy’s landscapes are diverse, and the scenery is magnificent in all regions of the country.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761555207__1/Italy.html (18247 words)

	Italy - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Northern Italy, made up largely of a vast plain that is contained by the Alps in the north and drained by the Po River and its tributaries, comprises the regions of Liguria, Piedmont, Valle d'Aosta (see Aosta, Valle d'), Lombardy, Trentino-Alto Adige, Venetia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and part of Emilia-Romagna (which extends into central Italy).
		Italy conquered Ethiopia in 1935-36, easily overcoming the ineffective sanctions imposed by the League of Nations (from which Italy withdrew in 1937).
		Italy intervened on the Insurgent side in the Spanish civil war (1936-39), and in 1939 it seized Albania.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-italy.html (5922 words)

	PATRIA POTESTA AND THE ROMAN CEREMONY OF ADOPTION
		During the next century the Romans capitalized on their advantageous geographical position in the center of the peninsula, as the Etruscan cities to the north and Greek cities to the south fought amongst themselves.
		During the 2nd century bc, these entrepreneurs developed a strong sense of their political as well as economic interests, and by late in the century they were called the equestrian order to parallel the senatorial order.
		During the 2nd century bc, the population of the capital swelled with eastern slaves and dispossessed peasants.
	www.pilgrimtours.com /church_history/italy/devotionals_history/RomeHistory.htm (15880 words)

	Brief History of Italy \| Asia Travel Europe
		Italy, history of since earliest times the history of Italy has been influenced by cultural and political divisions resulting from the peninsula's disparate geography and by circumstances that made Italy the scene of many of Europe's most important struggles for power.
		During the Bronze Age (c.1800-1000 BC), much of central and southern Italy had a unified culture known as the Apennine, characterized by large agricultural and pastoral settlements; on the southeastern coast and in Sicily evidence indicates trading contacts with the Mycenaeans.
		Peninsular Italy was administered from its capital at RAVENNA as merely one division of the empire, although the Byzantines gradually and grudgingly admitted the ecclesiastical primacy of Rome in the West.
	www.asiatravel.com /italy/history.html (3692 words)

	History of Italy during foreign domination and the unification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1494 Charles VIII of France invaded Italy unopposed.
		Italy experienced a period of relative peace in the seventeenth and eighteeth centuries.
		The Congress of Vienna (1814) restored a situation close to that of 1795, dividing Italy between Austria (in the north-east and Lombardy), the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (in the south and in Sicily), and Tuscany, the Papal States and other minor states in the centre.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Italy_during_foreign_domination_and_the_unification (654 words)

	History of Italy and its Italian Heritage
		Italy, however, was restored to the imperial fold under the Byzantine emperor, Justinian, and thereafter, until the Saracen invasions in the ninth century and the Norman invasions in the eleventh, much of southern and central Italy formed a dependency of the Eastern Roman Empire.
		Throughout the Renaissance, Italy was continually beset by wars among the rival city-states, which gradually succumbed to such petty tyrants as the Visconti and Sforzas of Milan, the Medici of Florence, the Estes of Ferrara, the Gonzagas of Mantua, and the Malatestas of Rimini.
		Foreign aggression in Italy was encouraged by the success of Charles VIII of France, who held Naples briefly in 1495.
	www.thetreemaker.com /last-name-meaning/history-of-italy.html (1840 words)

	Italy Biography,info
		During the later Middle Ages the fragmentation of the peninsula, especially in the northern and central parts of the country, continued, while the southern part, with Naples, Apulia and Sicily, remained under a single domination.
		The unification of Italy was obtained on March 17 1861, after a successful war (the Second War of Independence) against Austria with the support of France, and after Giuseppe Garibaldi organized an invasion of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily) in 1860.
		Italy supported Franco's revolution in Spanish civil war and Hitler's pretensions in central Europe, accepting the annexation of Austria to Germany in 1938, although the disappearance of a buffer state between mighty Germany and Italy was unfavourable for the country.
	music.musictnt.com /biography/sdmc_Italy (6345 words)

	Welcome to Italy1 History Page La Storia Italiana in Inglese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		During the Bronze Age (c.1800-1000 BC), much of central and southern Italy had a unified culture known as the Apennine, characterized by large agricultural and pastoral settlements; on the southeastern coast and in Sicily evidence indicates trading contacts with the Mycenaeans.
		During the following centuries the increasing extent of the Roman possessions outside Italy and the complexity of the imperial bureaucracy resulted in a decline in the importance of Italy itself, a process accelerated by the growing number of emperors born outside Italy, whose allegiances lay elsewhere.
		Peninsular Italy was administered from its capital at RAVENNA as merely one division of the empire, although the Byzantines gradually and grudgingly admitted the ecclesiastical primacy of Rome in the West.
	italy1.com /history (4092 words)

	History of Italy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dominated by city-states for much of the medieval and Renaissance period, the Italian peninsula was eventually unified amidst much struggle in the 19th and 20th centuries.
		During the Early Middle Ages, following the Gothic War that was disastrous for the region, new waves of Byzantine Christian Greeks came to Magna Graecia from Greece and Asia Minor, as southern Italy remained loosely governed by the Eastern Roman Empire until the advent first of the Lombards, then of the Normans.
		In 751 the Lombards seized Ravenna and the Exarchate of Ravenna was abolished.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Italy (2523 words)

	ITALY
		Italy is called "il Belpaese" (Italian for beautiful country) by its inhabitants, due to the beauty and variety of its landscapes and for having the world's largest artistic patrimony; the country is home to the greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (41 as of July 13, 2006).
		During the later Middle Ages the fragmentation of the peninsula, especially in the northern and central parts of the country, continued, while the southern part, with Naples, Apulia and Sicily, remained under a single domination.
		Italy supported Franco's revolution in Spanish civil war and Hitler's pretensions in central Europe, accepting the annexation of Austria to Germany in 1938, although the disappearance of a buffer state between mighty Germany and Italy was unfavourable for the country.
	www.solarnavigator.net /geography/italy.htm (5747 words)

	History Of Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Italy no longer had any special and individual place in the empire, and the establishment of the new seat of empire at Constantinople in 330 was symptomatic of the decline of Italy and symbolic of the increased importance of the East, even though the new imperial capital was closely modeled after Rome.
		During the six months of the Parri ministry, which failed to win popular support, the government was blamed for inefficiency in stamping out the rampant fl market, for contributing directly to continued economic chaos and misery, and for mistakes and excesses in the purge of Fascist officials.
		During the period from the 1950's through 1991, the possibility that the PCI might take a dominant role in Italy's lawmaking was a factor in why the Christian Democratic (DC) party retained almost unbroken control, except for the Craxi years, of the coalition that held sway.
	members.tripod.com /~worldsite/italy/history.html (18405 words)

	Welcome to Italy
		Italy is bordered by France, Switzerland, Austria and the former Yugoslavia.
		Italy is divided by the North and South, and the islands of Sicily and Sardinia.
		The formal government of Italy, a cabinet and its chief minister, is usually fragmented and subject to constant surveillance and the authority of the political parties and their elites.
	shrike.depaul.edu /~jborger (7531 words)

	Accordion History in Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Before discussing the history of the accordion, it is important to point out that in the first half of the 19th century Italy was not the geographical and political entity we know today.
		After the unification, liberated at last from the foreign political domination of the last few centuries, Italians broke free from their former constraints and discovered a new sense of identity and love of life.
		During these years, the success and rise in popularity of the accordion in Italy was simply astonishing.
	www.accordions.com /index/his/his_it.shtml (2045 words)

	History of Germany
		During the next few centuries, however, the great expense of the wars to maintain the empire against its enemies, chiefly other German princes and the wealthy and powerful papacy and its allies, depleted Germany's wealth and slowed its development.
		During the second half of the 1920s, when foreign loans fed German prosperity, parliamentary politics functioned better, yet many of the established elites remained hostile to it.
		During the period of Merovingian rule, the Franks reluctantly began to adopt Christianity following the baptism of Clovis, an event that inaugurated the alliance between the Frankish kingdom and the Roman Catholic Church.
	home.carolina.rr.com /wormold/germany (4663 words)

	A Short History of Kosovo
		This brief history, based on authoritative published sources, is intended to provide readers with an objective and reasonably concise history of the hundreds of years of struggle between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo.
		During the war years Serbs and Montenegrins in Albanian occupied territory were brutalized by the SS "Skanderbeg" division which was comprised of Albanian soldiers under German officers.
		The five centuries of "harmonious and peaceful coexistence” under Islamic rule, cited by Bosnian President Alija Izetbegovic belong to the theological dogma of the perfection of the shari'a and the dhimmi For the Orthodox Serbs, however, this same period is considered one of massacre, pillage, slavery, deportation, and the exile of Christian populations.
	lamar.colostate.edu /~grjan/kosovohistory.html (8614 words)

	ENIT, History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Italy as a geographical area was mentioned as far back as during the age of the highly civilised Etruscan people, as is borne out by the manuscripts kept in some museums, especially in Tuscany and Latium.
		The coin was found in the region of Abruzzo in Corfinio, the ancient Corfinium, capital of the confederation with the name of Italica.
		After the fall of the Roman Empire, Italy was invaded and dominated for centuries by foreign populations, especially in the
	www.enit.it /storia.asp?lang=UK (502 words)

	About Italy: History - ItalyVip
		Italy as a geographical area was mentioned as far back as during the age of the highly civilized Etruscan people, as is borne out by the manuscripts kept in some museums, especially in Tuscany and Latium.
		The word Italia appears on a coin dating back to the 1st century BC which was minted by the confederation of the Italic peoples who rose up against Rome.
		After the fall of the Roman Empire, Italy was invaded and dominated for centuries by foreign populations, especially in the south and Sicily.
	www.italyvip.com /about-italy/history.html (264 words)

	Visit Italy Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		During the following centuries the increasing extent of the Roman possessions outside Italy and the complexity of the imperial bureaucracy resulted in a decline in the importance of Italy itself, a process accelerated by the growing number of emperors born outside Italy, whose allegiances lay elsewhere.
		History of Italy Begins in the Bronze Age and ends with the Post-War era.
		Italy rose to the forefront of Western civilization again during the Renaissance, when such notable citizens as Galileo, Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci made their contributions to mankind.
	www.visiteuropeonline.com /visititalyonline.htm (3890 words)

	History of Italy
		During this time, Italy began to suffer from the effects of an economic crisis from the change of the main trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic.
		Unification of Italy began in 1796 when Napoleon invaded Italy and created the Cisalpine Republic, which were satellites of France.
		In 1814, the Congress of Vienna divided Italy between Austria, the kingdom of Sardinia, the kingdom of the two Sicilies (in the south and in Sicily), and Tuscany, the Papal States, and other minor states in the center of the country.
	webpages.csus.edu /~sac19059/mis175/History.htm (942 words)

	Italy
		But the champions of unification were nonetheless liberals; they wanted a constitutional regime, if not a parliamentary one, one on the model of the south German States, France, and England.
		Although Austrian domination was not the unmitigated disaster once alleged, on balance it was injurious and fueled the flames of agitation demanding independence.
		And anyone who loves Italy should acknowledge the "Popular participation in the Italian revolutions." Others may want to peruse the articles on Guiseppe Ferrari and "federalism" to question if Italy's excessively centralized administrations has been a curse more than strength, if the centralism contributed to some of modern Italy's present political difficulties.
	www.trincoll.edu /classes/hist300/group3/italy.htm (2236 words)

	SparkNotes: Early Middle Ages (475-1000): From Roman Gaul to the Merovingian Kingdom of the Franks (450-511)
		This meant that while other Germans, including Theodoric's Goths in control of Italy, were Arian and viewed heretically by the Church, Clovis could present himself and his kingdom as the only legitimate Catholic ruler in the region.
		Second, Pirenne, writing at a time of Western economic dominance over the Middle East, perhaps forgot that Muhammad himself had been a long-distance merchant in Arabia and Syria, and that the elites of early Islam all came from a similar background.
		Of course, the mere fact that kingship in Germanic society was a relativistic, tenuous institution implied that all counts, given the slightest chance, would try to increase their powers at the expense of the king and other counts.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/middle1/section6.rhtml (2469 words)

	Italy: History — Infoplease.com
		Italy intervened on the Insurgent side in the Spanish civil war (1936–39), and in 1939 it seized
		A government reorganization plan that would have increased the premier's powers and the autonomy of Italy's regions was defeated in a referendum in June, 2006; the plan had been proposed by Berlusconi's coalition.
		A Touch of Scandal; Italy's star goalkeeper is caught up in one of the biggest corruption probes in football history.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0858953.html (4384 words)

	First Europe Tutorial - Roman Territorial Expansion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		From Carthage, Rome acquired the territories of Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Spain and Numidia (modern Tunisia) and extended its dominance to all of the western Mediterranean.
		Roman Domination of the Mediterranean 86 B.C.E. Rome's success in its territorial expansion can be credited to its military superiority and to its policy of absorbing conquered peoples.
		During the last century of the Republic, Roman generals won victories in northern Africa and in southern France, where upon a Roman colony was settled in Narbonne and a road built to link Italy with Spain.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/firsteuro/roman.html (1314 words)

	Risorgimento: Roots of the Risorgimento — FactMonster.com
		The Risorgimento's roots lie in 18th-century Italian culture in the works of such people as Ludovico Antonio
		Italy had not been a single political unit since the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th cent., and from the 16th through the 18th cent.
		During the French Revolutionary Wars and the period dominated by
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0860749.html (90 words)

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