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Topic: History of Kashmir

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Kashmir

Kashmir crisis

Jammu and Kashmir

Indian Kashmir barrier

Pakistan Occupied Kashmir

Azad Kashmir

Kashmiri Pandit

Line of Actual Control

Ladak

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History of Pakistan

	The Himalayas - Kashmir Himalayas - History
		The earliest history of Kashmir was recorded by the poet- chronicler Kalhana in the 12th century.
		After the decay of the Mughal empire in the 18th century, Kashmir passed into the hands of the Afghans for half a century of oppressive rule.
		From then on until India's independence, Kashmir was administered by the Dogras under the watchful eye of the British resident at Srinagar.
	library.thinkquest.org /10131/kashmir_history.html (567 words)

	Kashmir History and Politics
		Kashmir, the most picturesque area in this part of the world, known for its beauty, gardens and gentle people has been reduced to a region of ghosts because of the devious means adopted by Pakistan to incite the people by giving them arms and instigating them into terrorism.
		Since Jammu and Kashmir presents a variant of the federal structure in which the Indian States were welded, the present study is expected to provide a perspective for the future evolution of the federal frames which the founding fathers of the Constitution of India constructed.
		Kashmir: Wail of a Valley is the heart rending tale of the people, popularly known as Kashmiri Pandits, the natives of Kashmir who by brutal force were reduced to a minority during a few centuries of Muslim rule.
	www.ikashmir.net /history/index.html (1139 words)

	An Outline of the History of Kashmir
		Kalhan has started the history of Kashmir just before the great Mahabharat war, and the first King mentioned by him is Gonanda I, whose initial year of reign he places in 653 Kali-era, the traditional date of the coronation of King Yudhistira, the eldest brother of the Pandvas.
		Since the battle between the rulers of the Delhi and Kashmir was indecisive, peace was concluded and it was agreed that all the territory from Sirhind to Kashmir was to belong to the Kashmir ruler.
		Kashmir was attacked in 1965 and 1971 by Pakistan.
	koausa.org /Crown/history.html (9337 words)

	Worldandnation: A short history of Kashmir
		Kashmir is an area in the northern part of India and the northeastern part of Pakistan.
		Kashmir is 64 percent Muslim and 37 percent Hindu.
		Kashmir was an autonomous part of British India, ruled by a prince, but in 1947, British India was partitioned into two independent countries, India and Pakistan.
	www.sptimes.com /2002/06/01/Worldandnation/A_short_history_of_Ka.shtml (282 words)

	KASHMIR - The story behind the story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Jammu and Kashmir has 3 distinct components: a Hindu majority in Jammu, Buddhist dominate Ladakh in the North, and a predominantly Muslim population in the Kashmir Valley.
		Kashmir was inhabited by the Brahmins when Buddhism was introduced by missionaries of Asoka in 274BC.
		Kashmir was then sold to the self-entitled Maharajah (Indian King) Ghulab Singh of Jammu for 7.5 million rupees (app US$166) under the Treaty of Amritsar.
	www.didyouknow.cd /story/kashmir.htm (1639 words)

	Jammu & Kashmir: Self-Determination, Demands, Plebiscite, Secession, History, Accession, India
		The primary languages of Ladakh are Ladakhi and Balti, of Jammu: Dogri, and of Kashmir: Kashmiri.
		First, Kashmir did exercise it's right to self-determination in 1947, but since it was not in a format approved by the imperialist nations, there is a tendency to dismiss its validity.
		This unusually high increase in "Azad" Kashmir's and "Northern Areas" population is attributed to Pakistan's attempts to change the demographics of areas under its occupation, especially in "Northern Areas", with the settlement of Punjabis and NWFP Pathans in these areas.
	members.tripod.com /~INDIA_RESOURCE/kashmir.html (4239 words)

	Azad Kashmir History
		He was defeated by the Kashmir Liberation Army on 24th October 1947 and a provisional government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Free Kashmir) was established.
		The State of Jammu and Kashmir has historically remained independent, except in the anarchical conditions of the late 18th and first half of the 19th century, or when incorporated in the vast empires set up by the Mauryas (3rd century BC), the Mughals (16th to 18th century) and the British (mid-19th to mid-20th century).
		The Indian Kashmir in the last few years have seen a considerable improvement with free and fair elections being held, a reduction of Indian troops, developmental work being done by the Indian Government and tourists returning to this beautiful land.
	www.world66.com /asia/southasia/pakistan/azad_kashmir/history (1031 words)

	History History Of Kashmir Conflict - History Of Ancient, Medieval And Modern India.
		Pakistan claims that the Maharaja and Prime Minister acted under duress, and that the accession of Kashmir to India is invalidated by a previous agreement between India and Pakistan, to maintain the "status quo".
		Thus, while Kashmir's rulers, without a vote by the Kashmiri people to decide their fate, were said by the Indian government to represent Kashmir, the Nizam, another native rule, was said by the Indian government to be not representative of the people.
		Kashmir is the origin point for many rivers and tributaries of the Indus River basin.
	www.bharatadesam.com /history/history_of_kashmir_conflict.php (3828 words)

	Kashmir region - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kashmir (Kashmiri: کٔشِیر कॅशीर, Hindi: कश्मीर, Urdu: کشمیر), is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent.
		In Pakistan-administered Kashmir (containing Gilgit and Baltistan and Pakistan Occupied Kashmir) 99% of the population is Muslim.
		Historically, Kashmir was renowned for its culture of tolerance, embodied in the concept of "Kashmiriyat.", as evidenced by the 1969 NATO nuclear disarmament peace treaty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kashmir (4002 words)

	Kashmir History and Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The present study is aimed to trace the process of federalization in India and the inclusion of special provisions for the Jammu and Kashmir State embodied in Article 370 of the Constitution of India.
		Since Jammu and Kashmir presents a variant of the federal structure in which the Indian States were welded, the present study is expected to provide a perspective for the future evolution of the federal frames which the founding fathers of the Constitution of India constructed.
		Kashmir: Wail of a Valley is the heart rending tale of the people, popularly known as Kashmiri Pandits, the natives of Kashmir who by brutal force were reduced to a minority during a few centuries of Muslim rule.
	ikashmir.net /history (1139 words)

	Kashmir history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Kashmir's historic beginning would be around the time of the Mahabharata war.
		Kashmir was the birthplace of the Hindu sect Kashmiri.
		Kashmir became part of the Hindu Dogra kingdom in 1846.
	tps.dpi.state.nc.us /connectasia/kashmir/kashmir_history.htm (466 words)

	An Outline of the History of Kashmir
		The modern state of Jammu and Kashmir covered an area of 86024 square miles (prior to 1947) extending from 32deg 78' to 36deg 58' N and from 73deg 27' to 80deg 72' E. The entire state included, beside the Jammu region, Ladakh, Gilgit, Hunza, Nagar, Punial, and Yasin.
		Kalhan has started the history of Kashmir just before the great Mahabharat war, and the first King mentioned by him is Gonanda I, whose initial year of reign he places in 653 Kali-era, the traditional date of the coronation of King Yudhistira, the eldest brother of the Pandvas.
		Since the battle between the rulers of the Delhi and Kashmir was indecisive, peace was concluded and it was agreed that all the territory from Sirhind to Kashmir was to belong to the Kashmir ruler.
	www.koausa.org /Crown/history.html (9337 words)

	Kashmir: History
		A constituent assembly in Indian Kashmir voted in 1953 for incorporation into India, but this was delayed by continued Pakistani-Indian disagreement and UN disapproval of the disposition of any portion of the region without a plebiscite.
		Kashmir, especially the Pakistani section, was hard-hit by an earthquake in Oct., 2005.
		Kashmir: A 50-Year Controversy - Hindu and Muslim hatreds may run too deep to be resolved by governments in either New Delhi or Islamabad....
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0859099.html (704 words)

	Jammu & Kashmir
		Kashmir is an area on the northern borders of India and Pakistan; officially known as Jammu and Kashmir.
		The capitals of Indian-held Kashmir are Srinagar in the summer and Jammu in the winter; whilst the capital of Azad Kashmir is Muzaffarabad.
		India maintains that Kashmir is an integral part of India based on the claim that the state was acceded to the Indian Union by the last ruler of Kashmir.
	www.ummah.net /kashmir (1000 words)

	History of Kashmir, Kashmir History, Jammu Kashmir India History, Jammu And Kashmir History, Jammu Kashmir Tour Travel, ...
		History of Kashmir, Kashmir History, Jammu Kashmir India History, Jammu And Kashmir History, Jammu Kashmir Tour Travel, Jammu Kasmir Tourism.
		The India-Pakistan partition took place during the reign of Hari Singh in 1947 and the rulers of princely states were given the choice to freely accede to either India or Pakistan or to remain independent.
		However, since the Maharaja of Kashmir was a Hindu, he chose to join India despite the majority of the Muslim population in his dominion.
	www.kashmir-tourism.net /jammu-kashmir/kashmir-history.html (338 words)

	History of Jammu and Kashmir - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the Rajatarangini, a history of Kashmir written in the 12th century, it is stated that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake.
		The name of Kashyapa is by history and tradition connected with the draining of the lake, and the chief town or collection of dwellings in the valley was called Kashyapa-pura name which has been plausibly identified with the Kao-1r6.nupos of Hecataeus (apud Stephen of Byzantium) and Kaspatyros of Herodotus (3.102, 4.44).
		Jammu and Kashmir, was a principality lying between the two new independent nations: India and Pakistan, independent dominions within the British Commonwealth of Nations which were formed by the partition of the former British India colony in August 1947.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Kashmir (2104 words)

	History of Jammu & Kashmir
		Tradition has it that Kashmir was originally a lake that was drained by Kashyap and then inhabited by the Brahmins.
		Kashmir was provisionally accepted into the Indian Union pending a free and impartial plebiscite.
		Guardian on 14th July 1970 reports that it is "ironic that India's position in Kashmir should be increasingly challenged from within at a time when Kashmir's status as a major unsettled international dispute is declining".
	www.ummah.net /kashmir/history.htm (880 words)

	Kashmir cannot be sidelined: Musharraf
		'Kashmir is the central issue that awaits just and durable settlement,' he said, while addressing the 'India Today Conclave' via satellite from Islamabad on the theme of future of Pakistan-India relations.
		President Musharraf said he would not speak about the political and legal history of Kashmir as it was well recorded and documented in the archives and resolutions of the United Nations.
		Their involvement towards resolution of the thorny Kashmir Dispute can be of value if we get stuck ourselves.' The president said, 'as responsible nuclear weapon states, we must demonstrate to the world that we have the courage and conviction to settle our problems in a civilised manner.
	www.jammu-kashmir.com /archives/archives2004/kashmir20040313a.html (1490 words)

	South Asia: Kashmir
		The thorniest problem the British faced during the partition (see History) was what to do with the some 580 princely states that controlled 43% of British India's territory and contained almost 100 million people.
		In Kashmir, the Maharaja Hari Singh Bahadur (see History of Kashmir to 1947) and his predominately Hindu administration refused to accede to India or Pakistan.
		Ultimately, both India and Pakistan appealed to the United Nations, a peacekeeping force was sent to the border, and on January 1, 1949, a cease fire line was agreed to by both nations.
	www.cotf.edu /earthinfo/sasia/kashmir/KAtopic3.html (713 words)

	Kashmir And The 1965 War
		Kashmir is very suitable for these kinds of small operations, but they must have the support of the local people.
		Apart from many other damages done to the Kashmir cause by the 1965 war, one serious blow was that for the first time in its long history, Kashmir was taken out of the United Nations to be discussed in Tashkent.
		He said that there is a history of bad relationship between the Soviet Russia and Pakistan, especially with regard to foreign policy and the relationship with the West and the Pakistani role in the anti Soviet military alliances.
	www.jammu-kashmir.com /shabir/shabir_1998_10_1.html (8257 words)

	South Asia: Kashmir
		The early history of Kashmir is shrouded in confusion and uncertainty.
		From the 8th through the 14th centuries, Kashmir was divided into many small kingdoms controlled by a succession of Hindu dynasties.
		Four members of the Dorga family ruled as Maharajas of Kashmir from 1837 until the territory was merged into India in 1949.
	www.cet.edu /earthinfo/sasia/kashmir/KAtopic2.html (615 words)

	History of Kashmir After 1947,Jammu Kashmir History After 1947 India
		The volatile situation was aggravated by the Chinese occupation of the Aksai Chin region, in Ladakh, in 1959.
		Kashmir was a tourist's paradise during the 1970's and early 1980's.
		However tourism in Kashmir declined during the late 1980's and 1990's, due to the terror perpetrated by separatist militants and self-styled freedom fighters.
	www.kashmirhub.com /history-of-kashmir/history-of-kashmir-after-1947.html (421 words)

	Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir India, Srinagar, Kashmiri, Kashmir news
		Kashmir's top Muslim clergy said they would launch a massive campaign against the Indian Army renovating mosques and shrines in the region if the Prime Minister and President did not stop it.
		Three policemen and eight militants were killed in explosions and gun battles across Kashmir, police said, as violence rose with the onset of summer.
		While Kashmir’s official Grand Mufti, called for a boycott of prayers in these religious places, chief of Hurriyat moderates Mirwaiz Umar Farooq said the friendly gesture had political motives.
	www.kashmirlive.com (520 words)

	HISTORY OF KASHMIR
		It was nearly 69 years ago in 1931, that the people of Kashmir made their first organized protest against the Maharaja Hari Singh’s cruelty.
		This led to the “Quit Kashmir” campaign against the Maharaja in 1946, and eventually to the Azad(free) Kashmir movement.
		The Government of India accepted the "Instrument of Accession" conditionally, promising the people of the state and the world at large that accession would be final only after the wishes of the people of the state were heard upon return of normalcy in the state.
	www.holocaustinkashmir.50megs.com /ka04006.htm (485 words)

	History
		The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, whose state was situated between the two new countries, could not decide which country to join.
		It is my government’s wish that as soon as law and order have been restored in Kashmir and her soil cleared of the invaders, the question of State’s accession should be settled by a reference to the people.
		Protest demonstration occur in Kashmir on December 21, against articles 356 and 357 of the Indian constitution being extended to the state.
	www.kashmirnewz.com /history.html (3058 words)

	Kashmir: Lessons of History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		And, that Pakistan was merely using Kashmir as a pawn for ``bleeding India''.
		Nehru's confidence in Kashmir's accession to India emanated not from the Maharaja's legal accession as much from the political choices of the Sheikh Abdullah-led National Conference which had a mass support base in the Valley.
		The failure to distinguish between Kashmir's secular identity and Muslim identity is a grave mistake because history has proved that Pakistan had never been able to take advantage of the Kashmiri identity.
	www.brookings.edu /views/op-ed/fellows/20020122.htm (1379 words)

	Yale History Faculty : Mridu Rai
		Examining the 100-year period before that landmark event, during which Kashmir was ruled by Hindu Dogra kings under the aegis of the British, Mridu Rai highlights the collusion that shaped a decisively Hindu sovereignty over a subject Muslim populace.
		They rode roughshod over the interests of the vast majority of their Kashmiri Muslim subjects, planting the seeds of a political movement that remains in thrall to a religiosity thrust upon it for the past 150 years.
		She is able to de-essentialize religion and secularism in the Kashmir conflict, which is very useful in light of India's secularist claims and the ways in which some sociologists have theorized those claims.
	www.yale.edu /history/faculty/materials/rai-hindu.html (416 words)

	Picture Information
		Kashmir lies in the Valley of the Himalayas, surrounded by the highest mountains in the world.
		Kashmir was one of the important trade routes between east and west, although in its long history it has suffered famines, political upheavals, droughts and earthquakes.
		During the period that the Mughal empire was at its most glittering (1556/1658AD), the finest woollen shawls became synonymous with the name of Kashmir, whose artistic genius had transformed it into something unique in design and technique and which was unrivalled anywhere else.
	www.trmkt.com /shawls.html (556 words)

	CNN.com - Timeline: Conflict over Kashmir - Nov. 25, 2003
		As two nations united by history but divided by destiny, India and Pakistan are almost like two estranged siblings.
		Kashmir chief minister Farooq Abdullah urges the Indian government to launch a crackdown on militant training camps across the border in Pakistan.
		Also, after years of refusing to talk with Kashmiri separatist groups, India announces it is prepared to hold negotiations with the All Parties Hurriyat Conference, an alliance that brings together Kashmiri religious and political groups.
	www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/06/kashmir.timeline (762 words)

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