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Topic: History of Kosovo

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	History
		History is a very important clue to understanding of the deep complexity of the Kosovo crisis although it may be a serious obstacle for future of Kosovo communities if it is not overcome by genuine development of democracy and civil society appropriate for the time in which we live..
		All topics connected with Kosovo are symbols of a high medieval civilizational level of the Serbian society and culture, its aristocratic wealth and glamour on the one hand, and on the other the fall of that civilization due to the violent and cruel blow of the Ottoman invaders.
		The Migration of Serbs and Montenegrins from Kosovo and Metohija
	www.kosovo.net /hist.html (10027 words)

	A short history of Kosovo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		In 1941 Kosovo is occupied by Italy, that annexes it to Albania.
		In 1944 the area is re-incorporated into Yugoslavia, that forms in 1945 the Autonomous Kosovo-Metohija District and in 1963 Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija and in 1968 the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo.
		The province is renamed Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija in 1990.
	www.electionworld.org /history/kosovo.htm (224 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Demographic history of Kosovo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		History of Kosovo Satellite image of Istanbul and the Bosphorus Istanbul (Turkish: Ä°stanbul) is Turkeys largest city, and its cultural and economic center.
		that two-thirds of the population of Kosovo was Albanian and one-third Serbian.
		Kosovo Polje (Kosovo Field) is just a small field which was the site of the Battle of Kosovo; when the communist government changed the name of the province to Kosovo in 1968, they also started pushing "Kosovo Polje" as the name of entire region.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Demographic-history-of-Kosovo (7411 words)

	History of Kosovo
		The situation in Kosovo and Metohija was not substantially changed during the Turkish invasion in the ‘eighties and ‘nineties of the 14th century.
		The Region of Old Serbia (as the region of Kosovo and Metohija, and of the neighboring regions was historically called), existed, therefore, in the 15th and 16th centuries, as a Serbian land.
		At Kosovo and Metohija, during the Serbian insurrections in the so-called Belgrade Pashaluk (administrative-territorial unit), there was a terror without precedent, marked with the obvious plan of the extermination and exile of the Serbs from the entire Old Serbia.
	www.beotel.yu /~pejin/history.html (3319 words)

	History of Kosovo
		A history of divisions: Serbs and ethnic Albanians
		Despite the loss, "Kosovo Polje," as it is known, is celebrated in Serbian folklore and remains a symbol for ethnic pride.
		Kosovo's Albanian majority votes to secede from Serbia and Yugoslavia, and indicates a desire to merge with Albania.
	www.geocities.com /munawarsaqib_2000/kosovo.html (1101 words)

	Gendercide Watch: Kosovo
		From a gender perspective, a strong trend was evident in the expulsion of women, children, and the elderly, the sexual assault of younger Kosovar women, and the systematic targeting of the "battle-age" male population for mass execution, detention, and torture.
		Kosovo was inflated in the Serb national consciousness as essential to the nation's identity.
		The Kosovo war was unique in the history of international conflict, in that human-rights and forensics teams entered the territory on the heels of the arriving KFOR troops.
	www.gendercide.org /case_kosovo.html (3395 words)

	Kosovo's "Forgotten" History
		In their bid for autonomy, Kosovo's ethnic Albanians claim to be descendants of the region's earliest inhabitants, the Illyrians.
		The liberation of Serbia from the Turks led to the establishment of the modern Kingdom of Serbia in 1912 under King Peter I. With the inclusion of neighboring territories, the Serbian king became the head of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and, later, of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (or "South Slavs").
		History supports the point of view that the ethnic Albanians perpetrated the first acts of disobedience and violence toward the government of Yugoslavia and the non-Albanian population of Kosovo-Metohija.
	www.roca.org /OA/158/158k.htm (1202 words)

	WashingtonPost.com: Balkans Report
		Nestled in the mountains of southern Yugoslavia is the impoverished Kosovo province, whose historical significance lies at the heart of a conflict that has haunted the region for decades.
		Although Kosovo and Vojvodina were granted self-rule since Tito and the Communists founded the Yugoslavian federation in 1945, the constitutional revision gave ethnic Albanians in Kosovo control over local affairs and the Albanian language equal footing with Serbo-Croatian.
		Sporadic fighting and the Jan. 16 discovery of 45 slaughtered ethnic Albanians in the Kosovo village of Racak threatened to unravel the truce.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/overview/kosovo.htm (1275 words)

	Kosovo's Distinctive History
		Consequently, the majority population of Kosovo have been discriminated against - frequently being denied education in their own language (and so having a high illiteracy rate) - and have been subjected to periodic schemes "encouraging" them to leave while offering Serbs or Montenegrins incentives to settle in the region.
		Fourth, Kosovo Albanians were often viewed as a potential "fifth column," likely to side with an invader against the rest of Yugoslavia - as indeed many of them did in the two World Wars.
		While many Kosovo Serbs were packing their things and getting ready to leave, some Kosovo Albanians were keener than ever to reassure them of a commitment to respect the rights of the Serbian minority in Kosovo, including protecting their sacred sites.
	www.forusa.org /fellowship/jul-aug_99/kosovoshistory.html (2423 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Kosovo: A Short History: Books: Noel Malcolm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Kosovo, a 55-mile-long plateau in southern Serbia bordering Albania and Macedonia, should by all rights be a historical and political backwater.
		Kosovo, Malcolm explains, is the birthplace of Serbian nationalism; the defeat of Serbian forces there in 1389 by Turkish troops became emblematic of the fall of the Serbian empire, as it led to Turkish domination of the Balkans.
		Contemporary warriors of Serbia are, in Malcolm's eyes, evidently attempting to reverse the course of history by reclaiming the land from its Turkish conquerors--but in the absence of the Turks, they'll take it from the Albanians (the largest ethnic group among Kosovo's inhabitants) whose ancestors converted to Islam when the Turks ruled the region.
	www.amazon.co.uk /o/ASIN/0330412248/203-3835661-8404724?SubscriptionId=0T1Q3KQYBRP8TS6YAFR2 (1767 words)

	A Short History of Kosovo
		This brief history, based on authoritative published sources, is intended to provide readers with an objective and reasonably concise history of the hundreds of years of struggle between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo.
		Kosovo was not recognized as a republic or an autonomous territory within Serbia.
		Kosovo was at the time, and indeed still is an integral part of the territory of Serbia within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
	lamar.colostate.edu /~grjan/kosovohistory.html (12419 words)

	History of Kosovo 2
		History of Serbia and Montenegro A concise historical survey of Serbia and Montenegro until the Kosovo war.
		The recent conflict in Kosovo has ironically led to the exodus of the last of the remaining Jews of Kosovo - something that didn't even happen in the last war in 1941.
		Eyewitness to Genocide in Kosovo: Kosovo-Metohija and the Skenderbeg Division
	www.kosovo.net /hist2.html (2269 words)

	H-Net Review: Thomas Emmert on Kosovo: A Short History
		Clearly the few months between the publication of Malcolm's history and the terrible tragedy that has unfolded in Kosovo these past few weeks were not enough time for Serbs to challenge their "fixed pattern of thought" about Kosovo.
		As an introduction to the history of this loosely defined region of the Balkans, Malcolm's study is an impressive and extraordinarily well-written work.
		In his analysis he tries to offer a critical assessment of the exaggerated claims of both Serbs and Albanians as they construct their own interpretation of the distant past, but he clearly sets his target most often on the Serbs (arguing that their myths are the most entrenched and inherently dangerous).
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=4273926506535 (1842 words)

	Military.com Resources
		During the mid-1990s, the Kosovo Liberation Army began to attack the Serbian police in an effort to gain independence for the region.
		For the first time in modern history, a completely airborne force was able to inflict massive damage while suffering no hostile fire casualties and still achieved peace on its terms.
		NATO and Kosovo - Access an archive of daily reports on the conflict in Kosovo along with a collection of maps and photos.
	www.military.com /Resources/HistorySubmittedFileView?file=history_kosovo.htm (404 words)

	History of Kosovo
		Looking at the past of Kosovo one realises quickly how complex the history of this relatively small piece of land is. It takes Noel Malcolm for example 492 pages to write his "short history" of Kosovo, one of the main sources of this essay.
		Kosovo was overrun in one week by german and italin troops, the rest of Yugislavia followed so that it came to an unconditional surrender on April 17th 1941.
		The Italians reopened albanin scholls in Kosovo and by February 1942 all inhabitants of the albanian part of Kosovo became Albanian citizens.
	www.uni-weimar.de /architektur/e+gel1/projekte/kosovo00/Seminare/Holzrichter/engl.html (2095 words)

	Kosovo in the History of the Serbian Church
		With the entrance of NATO powers, the “Kosovo crisis” intensified and was transformed into the “Kosovo catastrophe.” These events have brought suffering to the people of Kosovo, first to the Albanians and then to the Serbs.
		Both are rooted in the land of Kosovo and share the cultural, religious and emotional attachment to this region, so rich in history and symbolism.
		Kosovo’s historic role as the cradle of the Serbian state, its epic poetry and national memory was enshrined.
	www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org /articles/church_history/kesich_kosov_serbian_church.htm (9414 words)

	JURIST - Hotline: A front row seat to history in Kosovo
		UNMIK was formed in response to the war in Kosovo in 1999 between Serbia and ethnic Kosovo Albanians who for years struggled for win autonomy for Kosovo, independent from Serbia proper.
		The administration of Kosovo was divided into four components: the UN was to head civil administration, the European Union was to oversee reconstruction, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe was charged with institution-building and democratization, and the UN High Commission for Refugees was tasked with humanitarian affairs.
		Since the negotiations about the final status of Kosovo could finish by the end of the year, UNMIK is scaling down its operations and more power and authority is being transferred to the local government.
	www.jurist.law.pitt.edu /hotline/2006/08/front-row-seat-to-history-in-kosovo.php (1189 words)

	Press Releases: Balkans, Digging for a source of unity in Kosovo
		In Kosovo, Albanians and Serbs both claim the territory as their own, focusing on different aspects of the status Kosovo had as an autonomous province in the former Yugoslavia, and even before then.
		Jehona Ferati, an 18 year-old Kosovo Albanian, was one of the first teenagers to attend the camp in 2004 and she keeps coming back.
		Kosovo Serbs have traditionally spoken little or no Albanian, while the younger generations of Kosovo Albanians speak no Serbian.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EVOD-6VCKEZ?OpenDocument (787 words)

	BBC News \| Kosovo \| History, bloody history
		A key date in Kosovo's history is the June 28, 1389.
		For Kosovo's Serbs, the arrival of the Serbian Army was a liberation.
		The events of the last year, and the emergence of the Kosovo Liberation Army, show that there are enough Albanians who are prepared to take up arms against Serbia to seriously threaten its hold on the province.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/special_report/1998/kosovo/110492.stm (863 words)

	Diocese of Western America \| Kosovo in the history of the Serbian Church
		Kosovo in the history of the Serbian Church
		With the entrance of NATO powers, the "Kosovo crisis" intensified and was transformed into the "Kosovo catastrophe." These events have brought suffering to the people of Kosovo, first to the Albanians and then to the Serbs.
		Kosovo's historic role as the cradle of the Serbian state, its epic poetry and national memory was enshrined.
	www.westsrbdio.org /kosovo_history (9433 words)

	History Timelines on the Web ... The History Beat
		History and Historical Information Resources - Resources for professors and students in History, including a database of historical movies.
		History Wiz - Source for history, original content, including multimedia exhibits, as well as links to other sites.
		Of the Ages - A history forum dedicated to those who want to learn more about history and even see their their own articles featured on the site and their manscript length writings on history published.
	history.searchbeat.com (665 words)

	History of the War in Kosovo
		He became a hero overnight in Serbia when in 1987 he went to Kosovo to qualm the fears of local Serbs amid a strike by Kosovar Albanian miners that was paralyzing the province.
		The agreement called for the KLA to disarm, for Milosevic to drastically reduce his military presence in Kosovo, for autonomy to be restored to the province, and for a NATO peacekeeping force to be introduced.
		Much of rural Kosovo is without adequate shelter, and the country is littered with landmines laid by both sides during the war.
	www.friendsofbosnia.org /edu_kos.html (0 words)

	Amazon.com: Kosovo: A Short History: Books: Noel Malcolm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		I think that the area of Kosovo that he calls "Eastern Kosovo" is also quite neglected historically, whereas he reserves alot of paper for Western Kosovo, possibly because that area had a much larger population.
		With Kosovo during WW2 he takes a far more balanced approach and states that Albanians and Serbs were committing atrocities against each other, although the Serbs were clearly receiving the worst of the treatment.
		Malcolm has clearly done some excellent research on Kosovo and I think that it is completely unfair and incorrect to say that his book is biased all the way through and therefore not worthy to be called a history book.
	www.amazon.com /Kosovo-Short-History-Noel-Malcolm/dp/0814755984 (2454 words)

	Foreign Affairs - Imagining Kosovo: A Biased New Account Fans Western Confusion - Aleksa Djilas
		Kosovo, he concedes, was not "always a wonderland of mutual tolerance." At the same time, his starting point is the same as in Bosnia: A Short History -- "ancient ethnic hatreds" are not the cause of the present conflict.
		Kosovo's social and economic problems are so vast that it has to be granted considerable autonomy simply because Serbia cannot afford to subsidize it.
		The main problems, therefore, are preventing the Albanians from seceding once Kosovo's political institutions are under their control, protecting the Serbs from being expelled by the triumphant Albanian majority, and keeping Serbian churches, monasteries, and historical monuments from being destroyed.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /19980901fareviewessay1422/aleksa-djilas/imagining-kosovo-a-biased-new-account-fans-western-confusion.html (3174 words)

	Review of Kosovo: A Short History (1998)
		Clearly the few months between the publication of Malcolm's history and the terrible tragedy that has unfolded in Kosovo these past few weeks were not enough time for Serbs to challenge their "fixed pattern of thought" about Kosovo.
		First, since Nemanjid Serbia had its origins to the north of Kosovo, he refutes the Serbian claim that Kosovo is the "cradle of Serbian civilization." He acknowledges that it became central to the Serbian state (at least geographically) in the thirteenth century, but he doubts that that centrality extended to politics, culture, and economics.
		At one level, he argues, "a history of Kosovo has to be defined by questions projected back into the past from the political conditions of the late twentieth century." (p.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/reviewy5.htm (1786 words)

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