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Topic: History of Madagascar

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Republic of Madagascar

Ecoregions of Madagascar

Elections in Madagascar

Malagasy Republic

Madagascar

List of islands in the Indian Ocean

Radama I

James Plaintain

Politics of Madagascar

Antsiranana Province

Merina

Radama I of Madagascar

Provinces of Madagascar

Music of Madagascar

Antananarivo, Madagascar

	Madagascar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The principal institutions of the Republic of Madagascar are a presidency, a parliament (National Assembly and Senate), a prime ministry and cabinet, and an independent judiciary.
		Madagascar is divided into six autonomous provinces (faritany mizakatena), each named for their capital.
		Madagascar's population is predominantly of mixed Asian and African origin, though those who are visibly Asian in appearance and culture are the minority, found in the highland regions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Madagascar (4102 words)

	History of Madagascar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The written history of Madagascar began in the seventh century A.D., when Arabs established trading posts along the northwest coast.
		After France fell to the Germans, Madagascar was administered first by the Vichy government and then in 1942 by the British, whose troops occupied the strategic island to preclude its seizure by the Japanese.
		Eventually opposition both in Madagascar and internationally forced him to reconsider his position and in 1992 a new democratic constitution was approved.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Madagascar (1191 words)

	Madagascar. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Madagascar is made up of a highland plateau fringed by a lowland coastal strip, narrow (c.30 mi/50 km) in the east and considerably wider (c.60–125 mi/100–200 km) in the west.
		Madagascar carries on a relatively small foreign trade, and the annual value of imports is usually higher than the value of exports.
		Madagascar’s political and economic upheaval prompted the government to establish a multiparty system and move toward the privatization of industry in the 1990s.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ma/Madagasc.html (1851 words)

	History of MADAGASCAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The prime minister continues the policy of welcoming back the Europeans (he and his second wife are baptized together soon after the start of her reign), but by the 1880s the European powers are in a new and aggressive mood of colonialism.
		In the case of Madagascar this is all too plain in the behaviour of the French.
		Madagascar's foreign affairs are from now on to be looked after by France; there is to be a French resident at court; and the region around Diégo-Suarez is to be ceded to France as a useful naval base.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad26 (1697 words)

	A History of Madagascar
		Madagascar is one of fairly few parts of Africa (that is, if we consider it African at all; it is a member-state of the Organisation of African Unity) where there existed a pre-colonial state governed by a literate bureaucracy which has left abundant archives.
		Madagascarþs economy has stagnated since the early 1970s, and it is rarely the subject of international attention for this reason.
		It is also the case that the Merina state played a crucial role in the modern history of Madagascar as a result of its attempt in the 19th century to dominate the whole island, and by the subsequent development of a Merina nationalist elite which exercised disproportionate influence during the colonial period.
	www.iias.nl /iiasn/iiasn7/iswa/ellis.html (1606 words)

	Background Info \| Madagascar Travel Information \| Lonely Planet Destination Guide
		Post-war, Madagascar underwent a nationalist backlash; many Malagasy had been trained to French standards and were no longer willing to be second class citizens in their own country.
		Madagascar underwent a peaceful transition to independence in 1960, although the colons, as the French settlers were called, still pulled the strings.
		By the late 1970s Madagascar had severed all ties with France and the government was seriously courting communist nations; Ratsiraka even produced his own 'red book' of government policies and theories.
	www.lonelyplanet.com /worldguide/destinations/africa/madagascar/essential?a=culture (1199 words)

	Madagascar History & Madagascar Culture \| iExplore.com
		At the time, Madagascar supported several kingdoms along its coastline and, in the central highlands, the kingdom of the Merina, which was the dominant ethnic group.
		The crisis left Madagascar in a fragile political and economic condition; the country’s difficulties have since been compounded by severe drought, especially in the southern part of the island.
		Madagascar’s mainly agricultural economy relies heavily on coffee production to earn foreign exchange, and this has suffered lately from a decline in world demand and prices.
	www.africa.com /dmap/Madagascar/History (1107 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Africa
		According to the new constitution, the principal institutions of the Republic of Madagascar are a presidency, a parliament (National Assembly and Senate), a prime ministry and government, and an independent judiciary.
		FOREIGN RELATIONS Madagascar historically has remained outside the mainstream of African affairs, although it is an active member of the Organization of African Unity and the Non-Aligned Movement.
		In 1990, Madagascar was designated as a priority aid recipient, and assistance increased from $15 million in 1989 to $40 million in 1993.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/af/madagascar9404.html (3098 words)

	An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750—1895 - Cambridge University Press
		The first comprehensive economic history of pre-colonial Madagascar, this study examines the island’s role from 1750 to 1895 in the context of a burgeoning international economy and the rise of modern European imperialism.
		Challenging conventional portrayals of nineteenth-century Madagascar as a unified and progressive kingdom, this study reveals that the Merina of the Central Highlands attempted to found an island empire and through the exploitation of its human and natural resources build the economic and military might to challenge British and French pretensions in the region.
		Madagascar in the scramble for Indian Ocean Africa; Epilogue: the rise and fall of Imperial Madagascar.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521839351 (264 words)

	Madagascar'a History, Culture, Cuisine and Language
		Because evolutionary pressures on Madagascar's early inhabitants were almost nonexistent, the island literally teems with life forms that have changed little in hundreds of thousands, even millions of years.
		The newcomers were greeted by dense rainforests and an abundance of wildlife – strange monkey-like creatures known as lemurs, dwarf hippos, giant tortoises, ten-foot tall elephant birds (their enormous, thousand-year old eggs are still being found to this day), and over 100 other exotic species of animal found nowhere else on earth.
		Madagascar, with its many quiet coves and its proximity to the Indian Ocean trade routes, was a haven for many of the fiercest pirates that ever sailed the seven seas.
	www.air-mad.com /about_history.html (1060 words)

	SIM Country Profile: Madagascar
		Madagascar is a spectacular display of nature and incredible varieties of unique plant and animal life.
		Madagascar is a place where ancestors are as much a part of the present day as they are of the past; where in many areas taboo and tradition has priority over the law; and western-style religion is freely mixed with beliefs in sorcery and unparalleled funerary customs.
		Within Madagascar there is a great deal of variation between ethnic groups from the Indonesian-looking Merina in the highlands to Arabic Antaimoro on the eastern coast to the African Sakalava in the south and west of the country.
	www.sim.org /country.asp?CID=30&fun=1 (2530 words)

	Madagascar on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Prickly pear cactus and pastoralism in Southwest Madagascar.
		Madagascar President Marc Ravalomanana (C), UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and his wife Nane, 16 March 2006 acknowledge the crowd at the state house at Lavoloha on the outskirts of Antananarivo, Madagascar.
		Typhon au sud Madagascar en 1997 vu depuis Discovery Le cyclone tropical Manou, qui a atteint Madagascar jeudi, a provoqué.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/M/Madagasc.asp (2776 words)

	Natural History of Madagascar -- Itinerary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Lemurs are the most famous of Madagascar's endemic fauna, and during our travels we will likely encounter sixteen or more species of these beguiling primates, including the superb fl and white Indri, the graceful white Sifaka, and tiny Mouse Lemurs.
		The plants of Madagascar have also been isolated for millions of years and have evolved beautiful strange forms like bloated Baobab and Elephant Foot trees and the spindly, spiny Didiera trees.
		Ranomafana is one of Madagascar's largest and newest rainforest parks, and harbors the greatest diversity of lemurs found anywhere.
	www.marksmithnaturetours.com /mad_itin.html (2531 words)

	History of Madagascar
		Madagascar's population is predominantly of mixed Asian and African origin.
		Recent research suggests that the island was uninhabited until Indonesian seafarers arrived in roughly the first century A.D., probably by way of southern India and East Africa, where they acquired African wives and slaves.
		Formerly an independent kingdom, Madagascar became a French colony in 1896, but regained its independence in 1960.
	infotut.com /geography/Madagascar (786 words)

	Madagascar - Country Profile - Republique de Madagascar - Repoblikan'i Madagasikara - Africa - Tourism Madagascar
		Madagascar, the Red Island, the Rainbow Island, the Eighth Continent, there are many names for the world's 4th largest island.
		Madagascar is situated in the south western area of the Indian Ocean east of the coast of Africa about 400 km off the coast of Mozambique.
		Madagascar is inhabited by various ethnic groups of Malayo-Indonesian, mixed African and Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry.
	www.nationsonline.org /oneworld/madagascar.htm (789 words)

	Early history (from Madagascar) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		The most plausible theory for this circumstance is that the seafarers from Indonesia who settled Madagascar initially arrived by way of eastern Africa and the Comoros after these areas had already been colonized by Bantu-speaking Africans.
		Madagascar remained one of the poorest countries in the world, but its economy was gradually being reformed under the government of Pres.
		History is a science—a branch of knowledge that uses specific methods and tools to achieve its goals.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-23444 (1028 words)

	History of Madagascar
		December 2002 legislative elections gave his newly formed TIM (Tiako-i-Madagasikara--I Love Madagascar) Party a commanding majority in the National Assembly.
		In November 2003 municipal elections for mayors were held in two rounds (one rural, one urban).
		Plans to decentralize governmental powers are still in process, and some powers are, indeed, being devolved to local and provincial levels.
	www.historyofnations.net /africa/madagascar.html (1098 words)

	History (from Madagascar) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Madagascar in the 16th and early 17th centuries
		The republic of Madagascar occupies the island of the same name and minor adjacent islands in the Indian Ocean off the southeast coast of Africa.
		In 2003 Madagascar was trying to recover from the political crisis that in 2002 had left 70 people dead and hundreds of thousands without work.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-215860 (843 words)

	Royalty.nu - Kings and Queens of Madagascar - Malagasy Royal History, News, Books
		The 13th century European traveler Marco Polo mentioned Madagascar in his book The Travels of Marco Polo, calling it "one of the biggest and best [islands] in the whole world." According to Marco Polo's account, in his day Madagascar was already a center of trade.
		The History of Civilization in North Madagascar by Pierre Verin.
		An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire by Gwynn Campbell.
	www.royalty.nu /Africa/Madagascar.html (906 words)

	History_of_Madagascar
		But by 1883, the British had gone cold and France had become the recognised and sole European power in Madagascar (in exchange for French recognition of British sovereignty in Zanzibar)..In 1883 the French bombarded and occupied Toamasina, and in 1885 they established a protectorate over Madagascar, which was recognized by Great Britain in 1890.
		Post-war, Madagascar underwent a nationalist backlash; many Malagasy had been trained to French standards and schooled on notions of liberté, égalité and fraternité, and were no longer willing to be second class citizens in their own country.
		Philibert Tsiranana, the first president, gradually became more oppressive, and although he was a Merina (and they generally leaned toward the Soviet camp), he refused to establish a dialogue with any communist nations.
	www.masombahiny.com /History_of_Madagascar.html (1552 words)

	A short history of Madagascar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		During the first millenium Madagascar is colonized by fl Africans and Malayans.
		Finally in 1817 King Radama I of Imerina, having conquered practically the whole island of Madagascar, enters into a treaty of friendship and peace with the United Kingdom in which he is recognized as king of Madagascar.
		The Kingdom of Imerina becomes a French protectorate in 1885 (formally in 1895) and in 1896 France annexes the island as the colony of Madagascar, whereby it abolishes the kingdom.
	www.electionworld.org /history/madagascar.htm (431 words)

	ELCA Global Mission Bibliography: Madagascar
		A History of the mission work of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Madagascar, written by the natives.
		Includes history of Madagascar, coming of the Christian church, factors regarding poverty, empowerment of people, and the Revival Movement within the Lutheran church.
		Early history of church in Madagascar, period of persecution, overview of various churches.
	www.elca.org /archives/dgm/madagascar.html (1292 words)

	The history of the Republic of Madagascar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives and does not presume to validate their accuracy or authenticity nor to release their copyright.
		The retrospective history of the Republic of Madagascar
		The working-class history of the Republic of Madagascar
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/36/index-d.html (87 words)

	Madagascar and Soil Erosion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Kull, C.A. Deforestation, Erosion, and Fire: Degradation Myths in the Environmental History of Madagascar.
		McConnell, William J. Human-environment relations in Madagascar: the importance of spatial and temporal perspective.
		Olson, S.H. The robe of the ancestors: forests in the history of Madagascar.
	peacecorps.mtu.edu /madsoil.htm (693 words)

	Madagascar (01/06)
		Madagascar maintains an embassy in the United States at 2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 (tel.
		President Ravalomanana rose to prominence through his agro-foods TIKO company, and is known for attempting to apply many of the lessons learned in the world of business to running the government.
		The U.S. Embassy in Madagascar is located at 14, rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo (tel.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/5460.htm (3352 words)

	Madagascar - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition - HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		MADAGASCAR [Madagascar], officially Democratic Republic of Madagascar, republic (2005 est.
		Madagascar is made up of a highland plateau fringed by a lowland coastal strip, narrow (c.30 mi/50 km) in the east and considerably wider (c.60-125 mi/100-200 km) in the west.
		Rainilaiarivony, the prime minister, controlled the government during the reigns of Ranavalona II (1868-83) and Ranavalona III (1883-96); by then the Merina kingdom included all Madagascar except the south and part of the west.
	www.highbeam.com /doc/1E1:Madagasc/Madagascar.html?refid=ip_hf (1824 words)

	Field Museum researcher co-edits definitive book on Madagascar
		Goodman spends more than 10 months a year working in Madagascar, and The Natural History of Madagascar (University of Chicago Press, 2003) is, in part, a result of that dedication.
		Contributions by nearly 300 world-renowned experts cover the history of scientific exploration in Madagascar, its geology and soils, climate, forest ecology, human ecology, marine and coastal ecosystems, plants, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
		The Natural History of Madagascar will be the invaluable reference for anyone interested in the Malagasy environment, from biologists and conservationists to policymakers and ecotourists.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-12/fm-fmr120803.php (385 words)

	WWF \| Madagascar \| WWF People \| Goodman
		Steve Goodman (in tree) is uncovering the secrets of Madagascar while training a future generation of Malagasy conservationists.
		Jointly published by WWF in January, and coedited by Goodman, The Natural History of Madagascar provides the world's most comprehensive study of the island's biological treasures.
		Nearly 70 of the contributing authors were Malagasy scientists, a positive sign according to Goodman, who believes that the preservation of the natural wealth of the world's fourth largest island depends upon developing a strong foundation of Malagasy conservation biologists-a goal he is helping to achieve.
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildplaces/mad/profiles/goodman.cfm (409 words)

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