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Topic: History of Mali

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	Mali - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mali was ruled by a series of dictators from independence until 1991.
		Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65% of its land area desert or semidesert.
		Mali's adherence to economic reform, and the 50% devaluation of the African franc in January 1994, has pushed up economic growth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ISO_3166-1:ML (722 words)

	History of Mali - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mali is the cultural heir to the succession of ancient African empires -- Ghana, Malinké, and Songhai -- that occupied the West African savanna.
		The Ghana Empire, dominated by the Soninke people and centered in the area along the border of the modern states of Mali and Mauritania, was a powerful trading state from about AD 700 to 1075.
		On June 8, 1992, Alpha Oumar Konaré, the candidate of the Association for Democracy in Mali (ADEMA), was inaugurated as the president of Mali's Third Republic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Mali (1039 words)

	Civilizations in Africa: Mali
		As with Ghana, Mali was built off of the monopolization of the trade routes from western and southern Africa to eastern and northern Africa.
		Mali was not a true empire, but rather the center of a sphere of influence.
		Mali had never been an empire proper, and subject states began to break off from the Mali sphere of influence.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/CIVAFRCA/MALI.HTM (565 words)

	Mali -> History on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The medieval empire of Mali was a powerful state and one of the world's chief gold suppliers; it attained its peak in the early 14th cent.
		The Mali empire was followed by the Songhai empire of Gao, which rose to great power in the late 15th cent.
		Its leader, Modibo Keita, was a descendant of the Mali emperors.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/mali_history.asp (1220 words)

	Encyclopedia: History of Mali (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Range of the Songhai Empire From the early 15th to the late 16th century, the Songhai Empire was one of the largest African empires in history.
		The Mali Empire was an Islamic Empire of the Mandinka people in West Africa from the 14th to 17th centuries.
		The history of West Africa can be divided into five major periods: first, its prehistory, in which the first human settlers arrrived, agriculture developed, and contact made with the Mediterranean civilizations to the north; the second, the Iron Age empires that consolidated trade and developed centralized states; third, the slave...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-Mali (2004 words)

	KAM Ancient Mali
		According to African oral histories the small state of Kangaba, led by Sundiata defeated the nearby kingdom of Soso at the Battle of Kirina in 1235.
		Under Sundiata and his immediate successors, Mali expanded rapidly west to the Atlantic Ocean, south deep into the forest, east beyond the Niger River, and north to the salt and copper mines of the Sahara.
		At its height, Mali was a confederation of 3 independent, freely allied states (Mali, Mema, and Wagadou) and 12 garrisoned provinces.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/Classroom/9912/ancientmali.html (580 words)

	Mali History & Mali Culture \| iExplore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Once one of the great centers of Islamic culture and wealth, Mali (which is among the continent’s most ancient states outside of North Africa) owes much of its reputation to its situation as a major trading center and to the tax that is levied on its trans-Saharan route.
		Mali is now the third-largest gold producer in Africa after South Africa and Ghana, and the growth in this sector largely accounts for the country’s rapid 2002 growth rate of 9 per cent.
		Mali has also been one of the main beneficiaries of the debt cancellation for the poorest countries, and it continues to rely on foreign aid and remittances from émigrés.
	www.iexplore.com /dmap/Mali/History (1097 words)

	History of MALI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Mali of the sultan Mansa Musa, fabled for his wealth, centred on this region - as did also the great kingdom of Ghana in preceding centuries.
		The first president of Mali is an extremely experienced left-wing politician, Modibo Keita, who has been the first African vice president of the national assembly in Paris and has served in two French cabinets.
		Warfare between Mali forces and Tuareg rebels, beginning in 1991, results in an exodus of some 120,000 Tuareg refugees to camps in Algeria, Burkina Faso, Mauritania and Niger (where a similar confrontation with the government is taking place at the same period).
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa26 (510 words)

	Untitled Document
		Mali was prosperous in commerce and farming (Martin, 82).
		The soil in the Mali Kingdom was rich and fertile, excellent for growing the cotton, peanuts, grains, and variety of other crops which secured the food supply of the area (Jackson, 207).
		After the passing of Musa, Mali never again had a leader that was powerful or influential enough to hold it together.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/Africa/Mali.html (338 words)

	WorldNet Virginia: Mali - History
		Mali began as a small Malinke kingdom around the upper areas of the Niger River.
		The Mali empire was based on outlying areas--even small kingdoms--pledging allegiance to Mali and giving annual tribute in the form of rice, millet, lances, and arrows.
		The empire of Mali reached in zenith in the fourteenth century but its power and fame depended greatly on the personal power of the ruler.
	mali.pwnet.org /history/history_mali_empire.htm (810 words)

	WorldNet Virginia: Mali - History
		The Soninke people, who now live in Mali, Gambia, and Senegal, believe that during the second or third century A.D. their ancestors settled in the wide valley that lay between the Senegal River to the west and the Niger River to the east.
		"History should be the integrative core of the curriculum, in which both the humanities (such as art and literature) and the social sciences (political science, economics, and geography) come to life.
		History enables students to see how people in other times and places have grappled with the fundamental questions of truth, justice, and personal responsibility, to understand that ideas have real consequences, and to realize that events are shaped both by ideas and the actions of individuals."
	mali.pwnet.org /history/history.htm (464 words)

	Mali
		Mali is the cultural heir to many ancient African empires-Ghana, Malinke, and Songhai-that occupied the West African Savanna.
		In April 1959 Mali merged with Senegal to form the Federation of Mali, which became independent on June 20, 1960.
		The Republic of Mali was proclaimed on September 22, 1960.
	www.uiowa.edu /~africart/toc/countries/Mali.html (306 words)

	ipedia.com: History of Mali Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Ghana Empire, dominated by the Soninke people and centered in the area along the border of the modern states of Mali and Mauritanian, was a powerful trading state from about AD 700 to 1075.
		As the colony of French Sudan, Mali was administered with other French colonial territories as the Federation of French West Africa.
		On June 8, 1992, Alpha Oumar Konare, the candidate of the Association for Democracy in Mali (ADEMA), was inaugurated as the president of Mali's Third Republic.
	www.ipedia.com /history_of_mali.html (1038 words)

	Travel in Bamako Mali History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As the Mali Empire weakened a younger political capital further to east began to grow.
		By the late19th century, the influence of the French grew tremendously, and in 1883, present-day Mali became part of the colony of French Sudan.
		Alpha Oumar Konari, a former history teacher, was elected to the office of president on April 26, 1992.
	www.africatravelling.net /mali/bamako/bamako_history.htm (442 words)

	History of Mali (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mali is the cultural heir to the succession of ancient African empires--Ghana, Malinké;, and Songhai--that occupied the West African savannah.
		Timbuktu was a center of commerce and of the Islamic faith throughout this period, and priceless manuscripts from this epoch are still preserved in Timbuktu.
		On June 8, 1992, Alpha Oumar Konare, the candidate of the Alliance for Democracy in Mali (ADEMA), was inaugurated as the President of Mali's Third Republic.
	www.historyofnations.net /africa/mali.html (1100 words)

	A History of Ancient Mali (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Early in the early history of Mali, during the reign of Al-Malik al-Nasir, Mali extended its boards west to the Atlantic Ocean.
		To the north, Mali occupied the upper portions of the Sahara.
		To the south, Mali extended down the Niger River past the city of Djenne, which is located on marshy land in the middle of the Niger River, it is referred to as an island.
	shakti.trincoll.edu /~aweiss/mali.htm (1425 words)

	Kids Discover: Mali and Songhai.(history)(Brief Article)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mali was the next great power to rise in western Africa.
		During the 1200s, the Mali empire of the Mandinka people replaced Ghana as the most powerful state.
		During his reign, he pushed the borders of the Mali empire as far west as the Atlantic Ocean and conquered many cities of North Africa.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:53542350&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (189 words)

	A short history of Mali (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		After the fourth century present-day Mali becomes the centre of Ghana.
		The Malinke Kingdom of Mali has its origins on the upper Niger River in the 11th century.
		Mali becomes a muli-party democracy and Amadou Toumani Toure becomes interim president.
	www.electionworld.org /history/mali.htm (562 words)

	History (from Mali) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Mali takes its name from that of a large, rich empire that flourished from the 13th to the 16th century.
		The Mali empire developed from the state of Kangaba, on the Upper Niger River east of the Fouta Djallon, and is said to have been founded before AD 1000.
		History is a science—a branch of knowledge that uses specific methods and tools to achieve its goals.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-204203?tocId=204203&ct= (843 words)

	History of Timbuktu, Mali
		Timbuktu is located in the western African nation of Mali at the edge of the sahara.
		The famous scholar of Timbuktu Ahmad Baba who was among those forcibly exiled in Morocco claimed that his library of 1600 books had been plundered, and that his library, according to him, was one of the smaller in the city.
		In 1893, with the colonization of West Africa by France, Timbuktu was brought under the French rule until Mali received her independence in 1960.
	www.timbuktufoundation.org /history.html (1747 words)

	Mali: History
		, was a descendant of the Mali emperors.
		Mali's history at risk: Sarah Searight highlights the problem of pillaging for those trying to piece together Mali's rich heritage.
		Ounjougou (Mali): a history of holocene settlement at the southern edge of the Sahara.(Research) (Antiquity)
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0859453.html (867 words)

	History of Mali -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Malinke Kingdom of Mali had its origins on the upper (An African river; flows into the South Atlantic) Niger River in the 11th century.
		In January 1959, French Sudan joined (A republic in northwestern Africa on the coast of the Atlantic; formerly a French colony but achieved independence in 1960) Senegal to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent within the French Community on June 20, 1960.
		In late December 1985, however, a border dispute between Mali and (A desperately poor landlocked country in western Africa; was formerly Upper Volta under French rule but gained independence in 1960) Burkina Faso over the mineral rich (Click link for more info and facts about Agacher strip) Agacher strip erupted into a brief war.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/hi/history_of_mali.htm (953 words)

	History Channel - UNESCO
		The name of this city in the West African country of Mali is so wrapped in legend that many people think of Timbuktu as a mythical, timeless land rather than a city with a real history.
		By 1330, Timbuktu was part of the powerful Mali Empire, which controlled the lucrative gold-salt trade routes in the region.
		From the early part of the fourteenth century to the time of the Moroccan invasion in the late sixteenth century, the city of Timbuktu became an important intellectual and spiritual center of the Islamic world, attracting people from as far away as Saudi Arabia to study there.
	www.historychannel.com /classroom/unesco/timbuktu.html (487 words)

	Mali - Art History Online Reference and Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Republic of Mali (République du Mali) is a land-locked nation in west Africa.
		The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France on September 22 1960 as the Mali Federation.
		Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 with a transitional government, and in 1992 when Mali's first democratic presidential election was held.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Mali (518 words)

	HISTORY OF MALI
		Descendants of the Manding Empire or Empire of Mali are spread throughout Mali, Guinea, Gambia, Senegal, Cote d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau.
		The most often told history is the story of the first ruler of the Malian Empire, Sundiata Keita ("Mali: Africa's…" 1196-97).
		Mali became one of the richest farming regions in West Africa.
	www.princetonol.com /groups/iad/lessons/middle/histmali.htm (406 words)

	The contemporary political history of Mali (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives and does not presume to validate their accuracy or authenticity nor to release their copyright.
		Re South Africa's ties with Mali and the need for all African countries to cooperate in overcoming the troubles of Africa in recent years.
		Army surrounds headquarters of National Workers' Union of Mali (UNTM) in Bamako, after demonstration to annul the legislative elections of 13 April because of irregularities.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/34/index-jb.html (95 words)

	The Story of Africa\| BBC World Service
		Mali emerged against the back-drop of a declining of Ghana under the dynamic leadership of Sundiata of the Keita clan.
		Mali at its largest was 2,000 kilometres wide.
		But to the opposite of Ghana, I think Mali was really able to have more territory beyond some of the area Ghana went to, like Taghaza, the salt gulf, that was all part of the empire of Mali.
	www.bbc.co.uk /worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter3.shtml (1357 words)

	Mali: Cultural History and Development - SIT Study Abroad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mali's history is alive in places like Timbuktu, Djenne, and Kangaba.
		Many students are surprised and intrigued to learn that Mali's adventurous past dates to Abu Bakari II's 1311 expedition to the New World.
		"Mali's people live in the fourth-poorest country in the world, but they are filled with hope for their future.
	www.sit.edu /studyabroad/africa/mali_pom.html (388 words)

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