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Topic: History of New France

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	New France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		New France (French: la Nouvelle-France) describes the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763.
		The government of the colony was reformed along the lines of the government of France, with the Governor General and Intendant subordinate to the Minister of the Marine in France.
		The 1666 census of New France was conducted by France's intendant, Jean Talon, in the winter of 1665-1666.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/New_France (2353 words)

	A Century of New France: 1663-1763 - Canadian Heritage
		New France yet spread out along the St. Lawrence to the Great Lakes and the northwest beyond; and was linked as well with the new wilderness French realm to be known as Louisiana, that fronted south on the Gulf of Mexico but reached up the Mississippi and Ohio to the Great Lakes country.
		New Englanders were outraged; and not at all impressed by the return of Madras to Britain in exchange, a key fortified base in southern India.
		The new governor of Nova Scotia, Colonel Charles Lawrence, was central to this drastic decision.
	www.canadianheritage.org /books/canada3.htm (10862 words)

	Canadian History: The Era of New France, 1534-1763 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		From the outbreak of the wars against the English in the late seventeenth century to the collapse of New France in 1760, the French employed numerous native allies to assist in the defence of the colony.
		Dale Miquelon, in his book New France, 1701-1744, argues that although New France inevitably fell, native allies were used to attempt to confuse and prevent the English from taking swift control of the entire French colony in the early eighteenth century.
		The economic structure of Canada, and New France in general, during the French regime in North America was diverse.
	members.tripod.com /~pbarsa_96/hist6.html (5107 words)

	History of New York State (Before 1900) - I Love New York - The Official New York State Tourism Website
		New York harbor was visited by Verrazano in 1524, and the Hudson River was first explored by Henry Hudson in 1609.
		New York City became the first capital of the new nation, where President George Washington was inaugurated on April 30, 1789.
		Located in New York harbor, the Statue of Liberty was formally presented to the U.S. Minister to France, Levi Parsons on July 4, 1884 by Ferdinand Lesseps, representing the Franco-American Union.
	www.iloveny.com /kids/history_pre_1900.asp (632 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: New France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		"France aimed to subdue not by the sword but by the Cross, not to overwhelm and crush the nations she invaded, but to convert, civilize and embrace them among her children" (Parkman, Pioneers of France, 462).
		The "Relations" of their missionary labors stirred the soul of France, and inspired in her noble youth the spirit of sacrifice, and the abandonment of a life of ease for the perilous work of the Indian missions that meant untold hardship, and, for many, cruel torture and martyrdom.
		The bulk of the trade of New France was in furs, and the custom of inducing the Indians to trade furs for rum was a matter of bitter contention between the ecclesiastical and the civil authorities.
	www.catholic-forum.com /Saints/ncd05686.htm (412 words)

	New Zealand in History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The history of New Zealand : a brief overview of the pre-historic, colonial and modern periods.
		As Polynesians discover and settle New Zealand, thought to be sometime between 950 and 1130 AD, the Moriori people are settling, possibly around the same time, the Chatham Islands, or Rekohu, a small group of islands off the coast of New Zealand.
		New Zealand news : For the first time in the world, a group of Maori will be demonstrating ancestral kite flying traditions during the International Kite Flying Festival in Dieppe, France (9 to 17 September 2006)...
	history-nz.org (517 words)

	Links to New France
		Virtual Museum of New France - An excellent websire which allows you to explore every facet of life in New France, from exploration to the Fall of New France in 1760.
		The First Nations of New France - A decent website to be used as a starting point for further research in the First Nation groups found during the time of New France.
		Jesuit Relations and the History of New France - A website that documents the history of New France through the eyes of the Jesuit missionaries that were present during the pinnacle of New France.
	www.kn.pacbell.com /wired/fil/pages/listnewfranto.html (506 words)

	New France: Historical Background in Brief
		The plan in New France was to give land parcels to entrepreneurs who would develop the land by employing peasants as laborers to make the land suitable for habitation.
		France agreed to cede Canada to Britain, opting instead to keep the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe because of its rich sugar crops and the ease with which it could be controlled as compared to Canada, a less profitable and underpopulated colony.
		In fact, France was at the time showing various symptoms of social discontent that should have justified a larger number of refugees fleeing to Canada, whose abundance of resources contrasted with the famine and unemployment among the poorest classes.
	www.delmars.com /family/newfrance.htm (2437 words)

	Canada in the Making - Constitutional History
		It was his hope that the stability created by the monopoly of this chartered company would lead to the settlement of New France.
		After New France became a province, government gradually evolved to one in which there were four main sources of authority, each with distinct areas of responsibility:
		Law in New France was the same civil law as used in France.
	www.canadiana.org /citm/themes/constitution/constitution3_e.html (996 words)

	Nouvelle France (1608-1760) : French Control over the St. Lawrence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		On September 18, 1760, Britain defeated France for the conquest of the region.
		The purpose was to discourage the Iroquois from settling near the borders of New France and along the St. Lawrence and clearing the way to further expansion.
		By 1754, the population of Nouvelle France reached 55,000 (of which 8,000 in Quebec City and 4,000 in Montreal), but this figure was dwarfed by the population of the British colonies of the south, approaching 1,500,000.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /stlauren/hist/hi_nvlfrance.htm (1511 words)

	New France in 1750 - Map - MSN Encarta
		New France in 1750 - Map - MSN Encarta
		New France, which included Canada, was the French empire in North America.
		By 1750 fur traders had expanded it in the northwest, although wars with the British had reduced it in the east.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461520453/New_France_in_1750.html (116 words)

	New France
		In this unit, Grade 7 students study the large area of North America called New France as it existed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
		The history of the fur trade, the personalities, stories, a timeline and links to primary sources.
		A France and USA joint project that explores the history of the French presence in North America from the first decades of the 16th century to the end of the 19th century.
	www.edselect.com /newfrance.htm (628 words)

	NEW FRANCE: 1524-1763
		This treaty allows the development of new parishes and villages on the island of Montréal.
		New France is now strategically surrounded by British territories.
		New France is then an enormous empire that goes from Hudson Bay to the Mexican Gulf (through all the american midwest), and from Acadie to the Rockies.
	www.republiquelibre.org /cousture/NVFR2.HTM (2476 words)

	The History of Canada and Canadians The Founding of New France
		Thus new encouragement was given to the infant fur trade in Canada.
		The settlement, which proved a dismal failure, was the first of a series of efforts by France to persuade various leaders to set up colonies in Canada in return for an official monopoly of the fur trade.
		In the spring the St. Croix settlement was moved to a new site across the Bay of Fundy, on the shore of the Annapolis Basin, an inlet in western Nova Scotia.
	www.linksnorth.com /canada-history/thefounding.html (353 words)

	The Open Door Web Site : History : The Origins of Canada
		Dutch New Amsterdam was taken by the English and renamed New York.
		Alliances were made with the natives and New France was established.
		New France's development was completely different from that of the English colonies to the south.
	www.saburchill.com /history/chapters/empires/0013.html (400 words)

	Les armes à feu en Nouvelle-France by Serge-Marc Durflinger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		It is organized topically, with chapters on the European provenance of the arms used in New France and the methods by which weapons were exported to, distributed in, and priced in the colony.
		He also examines New France's firearms within the contexts of their military and hunting uses and as commodities traded in exchange for furs.
		The unique strategic and geographic conditions prevailing in underpopulated, militarily threatened New France meant that all classes, and not just the nobility as was the case in metropolitan France, could, and in fact were obliged to, bear arms for their own survival and for the military defence of the colony.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/chr/814/armes11.html (794 words)

	The History of Canada and Canadians - New France
		The work and self-sacrifice of the Christian missionaries in the young colony and in the wilds that lay beyond it is one of the most stirring chapters in the history of New France.
		The history of New France contains many accounts of heroism on the part of soldiers, settlers, and missionaries during this long guerrilla warfare on the outskirts of the colony.
		In 1660 Adam Dollard des Ormeaux led a small band of men in a stand to the death against an Iroquois war party which was on its way to destroy the settlement at Montreal.
	www.linksnorth.com /canada-history/fortheglory.html (396 words)

	Francois Dosse / New History in France
		The Annales school of historiography was a major intellectual project whose phenomenal success in France makes its tactics well worth study.
		Its founders, Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre, forged a new concept of history--a "history of mentalities" that would serve as "liaison" for all the social sciences.
		Finally, the author portrays a fragmented historical discipline in contemporary France as history became reduced to discourse and as the Annales continued to reject the political and thus the major historical phenomena of the times.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /pre95/0-252-01907-5.html (156 words)

	New France - CANADIAN HISTORY NEWS - CANADA'S PAST IN PERSPECTIVE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Intelligent, compassionate and motivated by an unshakable faith, this pioneer was teacher, helper and advisor to the early community of Montreal where she founded the Congrégation de Notre-Dame, the first uncloistered community of religious women in America.
		Before news reached Europe, on April 24, 1629, France and England signed the Treaty of Susa; all territory captured after signing was to be returned, so Quebec was put back in French hands, but not Acadia.
		Son Charles and his new wife Françoise-Marie Jacquelin, a convent-trained bookkeeper, proceeded to build Fort Ste-Marie at mouth of the Saint John River, a rich fur region, and concentrated all their efforts in what is now New Brunswick.
	www.northernblue.ca /cblog/index.php?/categories/9-New-France (3237 words)

	The New Encyclopedia of the Occult (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		From "Aarab Zereq" to "Zos Kia Cultus," this is the most up-to-date, comprehensive guide to the history, philosophies, and personalities of Western occultism.
		Written by an occult scholar and practitioner with the assistance of hundreds of experts in the field, this volume presents the latest in scholarly research and points out errors in previous writings-revealing truths much more interesting and dramatic than the fictional histories that obscured them.
		The New Encyclopedia of the Occult is an invaluable reference guide to magic, alchemy, astrology, divination, Tarot, palmistry, and geomancy; magical orders such as the Golden Dawn and Rosicrucians; important occultists; and religions and spiritual traditions associated with occultism such as Wicca, Thelema, Theosophy, and the modern Pagan movement.
	www.new-age-store.info /1567183360/The-New-Encyclopedia-of-the-Occult.html (560 words)

	The Maori - New Zealand in History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Heyerdahl bases his theory on the fact that the kumara, staple cultivated food crop of the pre-European New Zealand Māori, originates from central South America.
		The first Polynesians settled mainly around the coast of New Zealand, and especially the east coast, which was more hospitable and temperate in climate.
		Māori was a word which signified "local" or "original" - as opposed to the new arrivals - white European settlers - the "pakeha".
	history-nz.org /maori.html (1066 words)

	CanadaInfo: History & People: History Timeline
		France cedes its North American posessions to Britain by the Treaty of Paris.
		Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick are united as the Dominion of Canada.
		The new Canadian flag is unveiled on Parliament Hill, February 15.
	orion.math.uwaterloo.ca /~hwolkowi/canhisttimeline.html (990 words)

	April Fools' Day: Origin and History
		Some see it as a celebration related to the turn of the seasons, while others believe it stems from the adoption of a new calendar.
		That year, France adopted the reformed calendar and shifted New Year's day to Jan. 1.
		He explained that the practice began during the reign of Constantine, when a group of court jesters and fools told the Roman emperor that they could do a better job of running the empire.
	www.infoplease.com /spot/aprilfools1.html (621 words)

	Letters from New France: The Upper Country, 1686-1783. by Peter MaCleod (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Letters from New France is a collection of articles and translated documents relating to the French presence in the Great Lakes region between 1686 and 1783, viewed from the perspective of Fort St Joseph, on the southeast shore of Lake Michigan.
		Joseph L. Peyser, the author, editor, and translator, is a professor of French at Indiana University at South Bend and co-author of The Fox Wars: The Mesquakie Challenge to New France.
		Peyser has succeeded in his goal of providing a documentary history of the Great Lakes region from the perspective of an outpost of New France.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/chr/743/france14.html (589 words)

	QUEBEC, NEW FRANCE CULTURE
		You will notice that at one point in Cartier's journal, he laments the fact that the "sauvage" (one of the secondary leaders at Stadacone) is not that "sauvage" after all, and is capable of bad and covert intentions just like a European.
		Others suggest the most common definition of 'Les Sauvages' in early New France is 'wild people of the forests'.
		Language is a means of communicating and history suggests differing languages inhibits communication, and results in misunderstanding.
	www3.telus.net /public/dgarneau/french.htm (741 words)

	New France: 1600-1763 - History - Canada - North America: france 1600, new france, mississippi river, fur trade, ...
		When the French government saw the potential value of the fur trade, the fishing industry, and other resources of northern North America, it began to take more interest in the region, which came to be known as New France.
		New France would eventually comprise Canada (the area drained by the St. Lawrence), Acadia (now the Maritime provinces), the island of Newfoundland (shared unwillingly with the English), and later Louisiana (the valley of the Mississippi River).
		France claimed and defended this vast area as its possession.
	www.countriesquest.com /north_america/canada/history/new_france_1600-1763.htm (173 words)

	Amazon.ca: The People of New France: Books: Allan Greer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The artisans and soldiers, the merchants, nobles, and priests who congregated in the towns of Montreal and Quebec are the subject of one chapter.
		The People of New France was written by Professor Greer with his undergraduate students in mind.
		(However, his contention that New France was 'multicultural' is debatable.) Greer is a very good writer: after reading the book, you feel like you know what it was like to live in New France, which is reason enough to pick it up.
	www.amazon.ca /People-New-France-Allan-Greer/dp/0802008267 (437 words)

	Basques in New France
		This study is interesting because it springs from research done on Canadian documentation that was produced as a result of the social and economic activities of the Basque nationals who had immigrated to Canada or who frequented the Canadian coastline during that period.
		It is also remarkable to see that several of these new arrivals plied trades related to the sea (navigators, sailors, fishermen, captains, ropemakers, and sailmakers).
		For example, Martin Cheniqui, whose descendants would later leave their mark on Canadian religious history, was a fisherman, a sailor, a carpenter, and a caulker.
	basque.unr.edu /09/9.3/9.3.49t/9.3.49.03.NewFrance.htm (1821 words)

	Embassy of France in the US - France's History
		Rivalry between France and England: Hundred Years' War, epic of Joan of Arc (1425-1431).
		The euro now is used for all transactions in the 12 participating European Union countries (France, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal and Finland).
		French francs are no longer legal tender in France.
	www.info-france-usa.org /atoz/history.asp (602 words)

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