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Topic: History of Ottoman Albania

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	History of Albania
		Albania's territorial integrity was confirmed at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, after U.S. President Woodrow Wilson dismissed a plan by the European powers to divide Albania amongst its neighbors.
		Albania adhered to a strict Stalinist philosophy, eventually withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact in 1968 and even alienating its final remaining ally, China in 1978.
		This "truce" ushered in a new period of political stability in Albania, making possible significant progress in democratic and economic reforms, rule of law initiatives, and the development of Albania's relations with its neighbors and the U.S. Nationwide municipal elections were held in October 2003.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/albania.html (776 words)

	History of Ottoman Albania - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The expanding Ottoman Empire overpowered the Balkan Peninsula in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
		Sultan Murad II launched the major Ottoman onslaught in the Balkans in 1423, and the Turks took Janina in 1431 and Arta on the Ionian coast, in 1449.
		The Ottoman sultan considered himself God's agent on earth, the leader of a religious--not a national--state whose purpose was to defend and propagate Islam.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Albania (2246 words)

	Albania - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Albania is on the Adriatic Sea coast of the Balkan Peninsula, between Montenegro on the northwest, Serbia on the northeast, Macedonia on the east, and Greece on the southeast.
		Albania is rugged and mountainous, except for the fertile Adriatic coast.
		Albania was liberated from the Axis invaders without the aid of the Red Army or of direct Soviet military assistance, and received most of its war matériel from the Anglo-American command in Italy.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-albania.html (2188 words)

	A short history of Albania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Ottoman rule was interrupted by the 1443-78 revolt, led by Albania's national hero, Gjergj Kastrioti Skenderbeg.
		Albania adheres to a strict Stalinist philosophy, eventually withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact in 1968, and even alienating its final remaining ally, China.
		In 1990 the dictatorship collapses and the country is renamed Republic of Albania in 1991.
	www.electionworld.org /history/albania.htm (615 words)

	Art History Albania - History of Art Albania- Art History in Albania Ottoman Empire - Ottoman Art History
		To the west and southwest, Albania is bordered by the Adriatic and Ionian seas.
		Albania was declared independent in 1912, but the following year the demarcation of the boundaries of the new country by the Great Powers of Europe assigned about half its territory and people to neighbouring states in Albania History.
		Ruled as a monarchy between the world wars, Albania emerged from the violence of World War II as a communist state that fiercely protected its sovereignty and in which almost all aspects of life were controlled by the ruling party in Albanian History.
	www.easterncorner.com /Albania.htm (471 words)

	Albania (10/06)
		Albania's territorial integrity was confirmed at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, after U.S. President Woodrow Wilson dismissed a plan by the European powers to divide Albania among its neighbors.
		Albania adhered to a strict Stalinist philosophy, eventually withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact in 1968 and alienating its final remaining ally, China, in 1978.
		Albania’s public debt reached 55% of GDP in 2005, and the growing trade deficit was estimated at 21.8% of GDP in 2005.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3235.htm (3793 words)

	Ottoman Empire History Encyclopedia - Letter H \| Ottoman Turkish history with pictures \| Learn Turkish
		In early Ottoman times, wives of the sultan were addressed with this 'title'.
		For the first time in Naval history, war ships were seen to attack in single file (to easily deliver their broadside blasts) at a far distance from the hopelessly out-dated enemy 'galley ships' of war.
		Hunyadi was the moving spirit behind Hungarian resistance to the Ottoman Turks, and in the four years of Wladislaw's brief reign he won a series of astounding victories against them.
	www.practicalturkish.com /encyclopedia-h.html (5230 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Albania / Glossary
		Title of honor adopted by the Ottoman sultans in the sixteenth century, after Sultan Selim I conquered Syria and Palestine, made Egypt a satellite of the Ottoman Empire, and was recognized as guardian of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.
		Albania was effectively expelled from Comecon in 1962 after the rift in relations between Moscow and Tiranë.
		The Ottoman Empire disintegrated at the end of World War I; the center was reorganized as the Republic of Turkey, and the outlying provinces became separate states.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/albania/al_glos.html (2512 words)

	Albania History \| iExplore.com
		Albania is one of Europe’s poorest countries and continues to face severe difficulties adjusting to the new Europe after decades of Stalinist isolation.
		Albania is blessed with appreciable natural resources – it is one of the world’s largest producers of chromium and boasts reserves of copper, nickel, pyrites and coal.
		Nonetheless, Albania has since received steady support from major foreign donors and it was admitted to the World Trade Organization in July 2000 – as much a valuable symbol of international recognition as a potential boost to the economy.
	www.africa.com /dmap/Albania/History (1166 words)

	News In Review (May 1997) - Albania: A History Unlike Any Other
		Between the fifth and 13th centuries, Albania is conquered by a succession of invaders, including Goths, Avars, Celts, Huns, Bulgars, Normans, and Crusaders from Europe on their way to the Holy Land.
		In 1912, as a result of the Ottoman Empire's defeat in the First Balkan War (1910-12), Albania declares its independence at the southern city of Vlore on November 28, which is now Albania's national holiday.
		Albania's first post-communist free elections in 1991 result in a split between rural and urban areas.
	www.cbc.ca /newsinreview/may1997/ALBANIA/HISTORY.HTML (953 words)

	History of Albania
		Prior to the 20th century, Albania was subject to foreign domination except for a brief period (1443-78) of revolt from Ottoman rule.
		Albania declared its independence during the first Balkan War in 1912 and remained independent after the World War I largely through the intercession of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference.
		In 1945, an informal U.S. mission was sent to Albania to study the possibility of establishing relations with the NLF regime.
	www.worldrover.com /history/albania_history.html (479 words)

	Albania
		Albania is situated on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, with Montenegro and Serbia to the north, Macedonia to the east, and Greece to the south.
		Albania may be divided into two major physiographic regions: a mountainous highland region (north, east, and south) constituting 70 percent of the land area, and a western coastal lowland region that contains nearly all of the country's agricultural lands and is the most densely populated part of Albania.
		The most effective method employed by the Ottoman Turks in their missionary efforts, especially in the central and southern parts of the country, was the creation of a titled Muslim class of pashas and beys who were endowed with both large estates and extensive political and administrative powers.
	www.didyouknow.cd /story/albania.htm (2580 words)

	ipedia.com: History of Albania Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Ottoman supremacy in the Balkan region began in 1385 but was briefly interrupted in the 15th century, when an Albanian warrior known as Skenderbeg united his countrymen and fought-off Turkish rule from 1443-1478.
		Albania was internationally recognized as an independent state in 1913.
		Albania's territorial integrity was confirmed at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, after U.S. President Woodrow Wilson dismissed a plan by the European powers to divide Albania amongst its neighbors.
	www.ipedia.com /history_of_albania.html (941 words)

	history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Although the exact origin of Albania is not entirely known, records exist that trace their evolution from the ancient Illyrians.
		The Bulgarians, Norman crusaders, Serbs and Venetians all wreaked havoc on the Albanians until the conquest by the Ottoman Turks in 1388.
		Albania is now facing new problems and challenges, but not from an insurgence of foreign attacks, from it's own people.
	iml.jou.ufl.edu /projects/students/Maguire/history.html (911 words)

	Country Pages: Albania
		Albania -- which means "Land of the Eagle" in Albanian -- is a country steeped in history.
		The natural environment of Albania reflects its location on the Adriatic Sea: the climate is largely dry and warm from April through October and winters are generally (though not always!) mild and rainy.
		The Fulbright Program in Albania is looking to attract scholars and professionals who want to immerse themselves in a new culture, work with students and faculty on issues in their specialty but also on larger issues of higher education reform and who relish challenge.
	www.cies.org /country/albania.htm (869 words)

	Albania. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Albania is on the Adriatic Sea coast of the Balkan Peninsula, between Serbia and Montenegro on the north, Macedonia on the east, and Greece on the south.
		Albania is divided into 36 districts, which are administrated by multiparty executive committees.
		After Du an’s death (1355), Albania was ruled by native chieftains until the Turks began their conquests in the 15th cent.
	www.bartleby.com /65/al/Albania.html (2018 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour: Albania
		Albania is a Balkan state on the eastern border of the Adriatic Sea.
		Between 1788 and 1822, Albania came under the governance of Ali Pasha, the governor of the Ottoman province of Rumelia.
		While Albanians may have attempted to rescue the Jews in Albania proper, the government was aware of the roundup and deportation of Jews from the Kosovo region.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/albania.html (998 words)

	Torchbearers-Albania \| Introduction \| Short Albanian History
		In 1991, Albania held its first democratic elections and the Albanian people welcomed evangelical teams from outside; people hungrily thronging to hear a little about the God of love they had been denied.
		Occupied for 500 years by the Ottoman Turks, today 70% of the Albanian population is Muslim in background.
		Albania is among the poorest countries of Europe and Eastern Europe.
	www.torchbearers-albania.org /english/introduction/history.html (241 words)

	Albanian Information - Albanian.com
		Owing partly to the weakness of the Byzantine Empire, Albania, beginning in the 9th century, came under the domination, in whole or in part, of a succession of foreign powers: Bulgarians, Norman crusaders, the Angevins of southern Italy, Serbs, and Venetians.
		The basis of Ottoman rule in Albania was a feudalmilitary system of landed estates, called timars, which were awarded to military lords for loyalty and service to the empire.
		As Ottoman power began to decline in the 18th century, the central authority of the empire in Albania gave way to the local authority of autonomy-minded lords.
	www.albanian.com /main/history/ottoman.html (864 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Albania
		Albania is on the Adriatic Sea coast of the Balkan Peninsula, between Montenegro on the northwest, Serbia on the northeast, Macedonia on the east, and
		The son of a prince of N Albania, he was educated in the Muslim faith as a hostage at the court of Sultan
		William, prince of Wied 1876-1945, mpret [ruler] of Albania (1914), third son of William, prince of Wied, nephew of Elizabeth of Romania.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Albania (701 words)

	Amazon.ca: The Albanians: A Modern History: Books: Miranda Vickers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Albania's history is rich and Miranda Vickers has done an excellent job of documenting it.
		The history of the Balkans is typical of that where cultures have met and fought over the territory for centuries.
		The history of the region is that of more powerful nations achieving and maintaining control by manipulating the hostilities that exist between the various groups.
	www.amazon.ca /Albanians-Modern-History-Miranda-Vickers/dp/1860645410 (706 words)

	The History of Albania -- Relive the Enchantment
		The History of Albania -- Relive the Enchantment
		The somewhat neglected history of Albania and Albanians has proven itself to be most wondrous in historical eloquence and importance.
		Albania's enchantment can be felt throughout its unspoiled environment and the vast range of natural phenomenon that can be noticed throughout its tall lustrous mountains, crystal clear lakes, and the deep blue waters of its beaches.
	albhistory.netfirms.com /welcomepage.html (404 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Albania, 1878-1912
		The rebellions of 1875-1876 and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 affected Albania insofar as the TREATY OF SAN STEFANO foresaw the annexion of Pec, Ulcinj and Podgorica by Montenegro, the annexion of Korce and Tetovo (W. Macedonia) by Bulgaria.
		Albanian intellectuals were aware that Ottoman Albania was threatened, the object of expansionist plans of their Slavic and Greek neighbours and object of the diplomatic schemes of the great powers.
		In the FIRST BALKAN WAR of 1912, much of Albania was conquered by Serbian troops, Shkoder by the Montenegrins; the Balkan Allies (Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Macedonia) easily defeated the Ottoman forces and seemed intent to partition amongst themselves the entire Ottoman territory on the Balkans peninsula, west of the Maritsa River.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/balkans/albania18781912.html (716 words)

	Albania History
		Prior to the 20th century Albania was subject to foreign domination except for a brief period (1443-1478) of revolt from Ottoman rule.
		Albania declared its independence during the first Balkan War in 1912 and remained independent after the World War I largely through the intercession of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris peace conference.
		In 1945 an informal U.S. mission was sent to Albania to study the possibility of establishing relations with the NLF regime.
	www.world66.com /europe/albania/history (508 words)

	Ottoman Empire: History — Infoplease.com
		The Ottoman state began as one of many small Turkish states that emerged in Asia Minor during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks.
		The Ottoman siege of Constantinople was lifted at the appearance of
		The desperate Ottoman: Enver Pasa and the German Empire.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0860176.html (1048 words)

	History of Jihad against the pre-Islamic Albanians (1332 -1920)
		The arrogant and cruel Ottoman sultans considered themselves to be their God's agent on earth — the Khalifah (Caliph), the leader of a religious--not a national--state whose purpose was to defend and propagate Islam at the point of the sword, using foul means.
		In the early years of the empire, all Ottoman high officials were the sultan's bondsmen the children of Christian subjects chosen in childhood for their promise as sturdy fighters, converted to Islam, and educated to serve the Ottoman army.
		In the early years of the empire, all Ottoman high officials were the sultan's bondsmen the children of Christian subjects chosen in childhood for their promise as sturdy fighters, converted to Islam, and educated to serve.
	www.historyofjihad.org /albania.html (8607 words)

	HISTORY OF OTTOMAN ALBANIA. - Albanian Forums
		Quick Summary not found for this subjectnineteenth century, the Ottoman sultans tried in vain to shore up their collapsing empire by introducing a series of reforms aimed at reining in recalcitrant local officials and dousing the fires of nationalism among its myriad peoples.
		The Ottoman Turks first focused their conversion campaigns on the Roman Catholic Albanians of the north and then on the Orthodox population of the south.
		The governor of a district or province in the Ottoman EmpireBey
	albanian.com /community/vbl/showthread.php?t=3080 (3581 words)

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