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Topic: History of Ottoman Algeria

	Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ottomans claim that the source of the inter-ethnic conflicts should be sought within their dynamics and the sources that were supporting the conflicts with hidden goals.
		The Ottomans were eventually defeated at the end of the war by the Allies, due to key attacks by British General Edmund Allenby, assistance from Arabs, and assistance from Republic of Armenia.
		For centuries, the Ottoman Empire was often as a refuge for the Jews of Europe, who were often persecuted or expelled from the countries of Christian Europe (see History of the Jews in Turkey).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Empire (5566 words)

	Ottoman Empire - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Ottoman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Ottoman Empire achieved its greatest power and wealth during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (ruling 1520–66).
		In 1812 the northern boundary of the Ottoman Empire was pushed southwards as far as the River Prut.
		In 1912 and 1913 the Ottoman Empire was involved in two conflicts known as the Balkan Wars; it lost territory in the first, but regained some of it in the second.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Ottoman+Empire (1498 words)

	History of Algeria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Algeria and surrounding areas, collectively known as the Barbary States, were responsible for piracy in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the enslaving of Christians, actions which brought them into the First and Second Barbary War with the United States of America.
		The French occupation of Algeria, beginning in 1830, while having a profound impact, was immediately met by a rebellion led by Abdel Kadir.
		The referendum was held in Algeria on July 1, 1962, and France declared Algeria independent on July 3.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Algeria (1408 words)

	Ottoman Rule - History - Algeria - Africa
		The Almohad dynasty collapsed in 1269 and was succeeded by the 300-year-long rule of the Abd al-Wadid (or Zayyanid) dynasty, centered in Tlemcen.
		Because of its distance from the Ottoman capital at Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), Algiers was governed as an autonomous province.
		In the late 18th century, as the Ottoman Empire was in decline, improved firepower and ship construction enabled the Europeans to challenge corsair domination.
	www.countriesquest.com /africa/algeria/history/ottoman_rule.htm (306 words)

	Algeria -> History on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Roman civilization in Algeria had been eroded by incursions of Berbers, and the destruction wreaked by the Vandals (who passed through Algeria on their way to Tunisia) in 430-431 marked the end of effective Roman control.
		Muslim Arabs conquered Algeria and ousted the Byzantines.
		A number of small Muslim states rose and fell in Algeria, but generally the eastern part of the country came under the influence of dynasties centered in Tunisia (notably the Aghlabid of Kairouan) and the western part was controlled by states centered in Morocco (notably the Almoravids and Almohads).
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/algeria_history.asp (2976 words)

	Algeria: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Algeria is left with a desperate lack of skilled labour.
		Algeria makes full use of its oil resources, and enters the international arena, as a revolutionary, effective, fast growing third world country.
		The elections are strongly criticised by several political groups in Algeria, with accusations about falsification of the results, but foreign observers declare the elections to be free and fair.
	i-cias.com /e.o/algeria_5.htm (1952 words)

	Art History - History of Art - Art History in Ottoman Empire - Ottoman Art History
		In order to avoid disrupting the established Ottoman institutions, it was financed by an entirely new treasury, called the irad-i cedid ("new revenue"), whose revenues came from taxes imposed on previously untaxed sources and from the confiscation of some timars whose holders were not fulfilling their military and administrative duties to the state.
		By 1812 the Ottomans had lost all their possessions on the northern coast of the Black Sea, from the Romanian principalities to the Caucasus, including Bessarabia, southern Ukraine, and the Crimea (the soldiers of which had provided the strongest element in the Ottoman army during the 17th century).
		Drought in 1873 and floods in 1874 had produced widespread discontent and even famine among the Ottoman peasantry, who already were disturbed by the increased burdens of a landholding system that had spread in the Balkans in the 19th century and by increased taxation and greater liability to conscription resulting from the 1869 military reorganization.
	www.easterncorner.com /Turkey.htm (6865 words)

	History of Algeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Khayrad’din Barbarossa became the leader of the Ottoman state of Algeria in 1518; this was the first official creation of a separate political entity with eastern and western borders approximately the same as those of modern Algeria.
		Algeria was divided into thirteen subdivisions, most of which were headed by tribal shaykhs.
		In 1988, riots again inflamed Algeria, prompting the rewriting of the constitution in 1989 to reduce the influence of the FLN.
	www.aaa-nc.org /Algeria/History.htm (3048 words)

	ALgeria: Complete travel information to Algeria, travel facts, business information, climate, social, history, general ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		HISTORY: The present borders of Algeria as well as tunisia and Libya were determined when the region became part of the Ottoman Empire, with each of the countries being an administrative subdivision.
		Algeria has also recently joined the Union of the Arab Maghreb, a regional grouping with Tunisia, Morocco, Libya and Mauritania which is designed to promote political and economic cooperation.
		However, domestic issues have dominated the agenda in Algeria since the turn of the 90s, beginning with multi-party municipal and local elections which were held for the first time in June 1990: the ruling FLN secured a majority of the seats, but Islamic parties made a strong showing.
	www.mideasttravelnet.com /mideastsite/algeria/bh.htm (528 words)

	Algeria - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		MODERN-DAY ALGERIA is a leading member state of the Arab Maghrib, the term applied to the western part of Arab North Africa.
		For 300 years, beginning in the early sixteenth century, Algeria was a province of the Ottoman Empire under a regency that had Algiers as its capital.
		Since independence in 1962, Algeria has sought to create political structures that reflect the unique character of the country and that can cope with the daunting challenges of rebuilding a society and an economy that had been subject to years of trauma and painful transformation.
	countrystudies.us /algeria/3.htm (473 words)

	Ottoman Empire Encyclopedia Article, Description, History and Biography @ VariedTastes.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		For this he was given the title Haseki'i, Sergeant-at-Arms in the body guard of the Sultan, a rank equivalent to that of the Janissary Ağa.
		The Ottomans were eventually defeated at the end of the war by the Allies, Arabs, and Republic of Armenia, which Armenian Republic was being declared during the war, in contrast to Arab nations.
		Opposing to wide spread beliefs, coming from a nomadic culture, Ottoman Turks was in peace with different cultures that they have in contact.
	www.variedtastes.com /encyclopedia/Ottoman_Empire (5554 words)

	Ottoman Empire -> History on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The early phase of Ottoman expansion took place under Osman I, Orkhan, Murad I, and Beyazid I at the expense of the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, and Serbia.
		The great Ottoman victories of Kosovo (1389) and Nikopol (1396) placed large parts of the Balkan Peninsula under Ottoman rule and awakened Europe to the Ottoman danger.
		The Ottoman siege of Constantinople was lifted at the appearance of Timur, who defeated and captured Beyazid in 1402.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/ottomane_history.asp (1599 words)

	History (from Algeria) -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Therefore, Ottoman Algeria, which contained few extensive, original, or long-lived Muslim dynasties, was not nearly as predisposed to developing political nationalism as was Tunisia during the first decades of the 19th century.
		Algeria is a republic of North Africa on the Mediterranean Sea.
		History is a science—a branch of knowledge that uses specific methods and tools to achieve its goals.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-220551 (864 words)

	History of the Algerian Workers
		The autonomous Algeria was very powerful, with a fleet that ruled all the Mediterranean while European nations payed taxes to cross it – those who refused to recognize Algeria’s claim to the sea would have their ships captured and ransomed off.
		In 1830, the French invaded and successfully suppressed Algeria, capturing the capital port city of Algeirs and by 1834, Algeria was annexed as a colony of France.
		Algeria was declared an Arab-Islamic socialist state with a single party political system: the FLN.
	www.marxists.org /history/algeria (1524 words)

	Algeria
		Nearly four times the size of Texas, Algeria is bordered on the west by Morocco and Western Sahara and on the east by Tunisia and Libya.
		Falling under the control of the Ottoman Empire by 1536, Algiers served for three centuries as the headquarters of the Barbary pirates.
		Ostensibly to rid the region of the pirates, the French occupied Algeria in 1830 and made it a part of France in 1848.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107272.html (889 words)

	Algeria: History
		Roman civilization in Algeria had been eroded by incursions of Berbers, and the destruction wreaked by the
		A number of small Muslim states rose and fell in Algeria, but generally the eastern part of the country came under the influence of dynasties centered in Tunisia (notably the Aghlabid of Kairouan) and the western part was controlled by states centered in Morocco (notably the
		In 2005 the government reached an agreement with Berber leaders that promised economic aid and greater recognition of the Berber language and culture, but many of the details were not finalized.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0856564.html (2549 words)

	Ottoman Empire: History
		1402: The Ottomans are heavily defeated by Timur Lenk near Ankara, leading to a weakening that should last for a few decades.
		This leads to several Ottoman defeats, and the following year the loss of the Middle Eastern territories.
		1920: The Ottoman empire is forced to sign the Treaty of Sèvres, leading to the loss of Arab territories and a partition of Anatolia.
	i-cias.com /e.o/ottomans_4.htm (467 words)

	ipedia.com: History of Algeria Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		This article is part of the History of Algeria series Prehistory of Central North Africa North Africa during the Classical Period Rise of Islam in Algeria French rule in Algeria Nationalism and resist...
		The French occupation of Algeria, beginning in 1830, while having a profound impact, was immediatlely met by a rebellion led by Abdel Kadir.
		The Algerian War of Independence (1954-62), brutal and long, was the most recent major turning point in the country's history.
	www.ipedia.com /history_of_algeria.html (1204 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Ottoman Empire, ToC
		Article Geschichte des Türkischen Reichs (History of the Ottoman Empire), P.1 (925), P.2 (926), P.3 (927), P.4 (928), P.5 (929), P.6 (930), P.7 (931), P.8 (932), P.9 (933), from Meyers Konversationslexikon, 1888-1890 edition, in German
		Jason Goodwin, Lords of the Horizons : A History of the Ottoman Empire, Henry Holt 1999, KMLA Lib.Sign.
		956.1 H848h (focusses of the history of Anatolia)
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/asmin/xottoman.html (360 words)

	Internet Islamic History Sourcebook
		This Risala is of great value as a history, although it is clear in some places that inaccuracies and Ibn Fadlan's own prejudices have slanted the account to some extent.
		The Monk of Kublai Khan, Emperor of China; or The History of the Life and Travels of Rabban Sawma, Envoy and Plenipotentiary of the Mongol Khans to the Kings of Europe and Markos who as Yahbh-Allaha III Became Patriarch of the Nestorian Church.
		The History of the Suez Canal [At USC]
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/islam/islamsbook.html (5127 words)

	History of Yemen
		The history of the Yemen stretches back over 3,000 years, and its unique culture is still in evidence today in the architecture of its towns and villages.**
		History, politics and economy of Yemen as seen by the US State Department
		This area - currently off-limits to visitors because of the risk of kidnapping - has a history dating back 4,000 years.
	www.al-bab.com /yemen/hist/hist.htm (409 words)

	Hebrew University
		Elad (early history of the Abbasid Caliphate, history of Palestine during the early Islamic period, particularly Jerusalem)
		Gerber (Ottoman empire, effect of the Ottoman Empire on the modern Middle East, political sociology of the modern Middle East)
		Sharon (history of early Islam, especially the emergence of the Shi'a, Arabic epigraphy, the inscription in Sinai and the Holy Land)
	fp.arizona.edu /mesassoc/Directory/HebrewU.htm (1098 words)

	history of ottoman egypt
		FREE In-depth report - Egypt Under The Ottoman Empire - Egypt
		Serebella: Index - History of Myanmar to History of Philosophy
		History of Ottoman Greece - Definition of History of Ottoman Greece by...
	www.fact-library.com /low (33 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Ottoman empire’s name
		In English it is called Ottoman because what the Turks pronounce 'Osman' is 'Uthman or Othman' in Arabic original/Arabic script.
		The official name of the Ottoman Empire was "Devlet-i Âl-i Osmân" or "Devlet-i Aliyye Osmâniyye".
		Russians use 'Ottoman' - for the commander of the cossaks, and Osmanskiy emperii for the ottoman empire
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=2816&PN=1 (1121 words)

	Algeria
		1711 Deys recognized as governors by the Ottomans.
		26 Aug 1881 Algeria, Oran, and Constantine (and from 7 Aug
		1708 - 1732 Annexed by Algiers, part of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.worldstatesmen.org /Algeria.html (1965 words)

	Romania encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Romania politics and officials, Romania History. Travel to Romania
		Romania encyclopedia : Cultural Information, Maps, Romania politics and officials, Romania History.
		The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they united in 1859 and a few years later adopted the new name of Romania.
		It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories following the conflict.
	www.romaniaiworld.com (478 words)

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