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Topic: History of Ottoman Bulgaria

	History of Ottoman Bulgaria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ottomans reorganised the Bulgarian territories as the Beyerlik of Rumili, ruled by a Beylerbey at Sofia.
		The Ottoman Rule was a period of brutal oppression against Christians on the Balkan Peninsula.
		A Principality of Bulgaria was created, between the Danube and the Stara Planina range, with its seat at the old Bulgarian capital of Veliko Turnovo, and including Sofia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Bulgaria (1776 words)

	History of Bulgaria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The history of Bulgaria as a separate country began in the 7th century with the arrival of the Bulgars and the foundation of the First Bulgarian Empire together with the local seven Slavic tribes, a union recognized by Byzantium in 681.
		Under the warrior Khan Krum (802-814), Bulgaria expanded northwest and southwards, occupying the lands between middle Danube and Moldova, the whole territory of present-day Romania, Sofia in 809 and Adrianople in 813, and threatening Constantinople itself.
		By the late 9th and the beginning of the 10th century, Bulgaria extended to Epirus and Thessaly in the south, Bosnia in the west and controlled the whole of present-day Romania and eastern Hungary to the north.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Bulgaria (3167 words)

	The Ottomans: European Imperialism and Crisis
		Ottoman history in the nineteenth century was dominated by European wars and expansion.
		The history of Europe in the latter half of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth is a sordid history of land grabbing and conflict among European states.
		By 1919, the Ottoman Empire was reduced to Turkey only, which extended from the southern European shores of the Black Sea, to Asia Minor in the west, to Iran in the east, and Syria and Iraq, newly created states in 1919, in the south.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/OTTOMAN/EUROPE.HTM (1238 words)

	Bulgaria (03/06)
		Bulgaria shares a border with Turkey and Greece to the south, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia and Montenegro to the west, Romania to the north and the Black Sea to the east.
		As Bulgaria emerged from the throes of communism, it experienced a period of social and economic unrest that culminated in a severe economic and financial crisis in late 1996-early 1997.
		Bulgaria is a member of the United Nations and in 2002-2003 served a 2-year term as a nonpermanent member on the UN Security Council.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3236.htm (3095 words)

	Bulgaria - a brief history outline - Under ottoman domination
		As the Soviet scholar of Ottoman Turkey M. Mayer points out, the sultans "devoted a great deal of attention to the spreading of the Muslim religion in the newly conquered European territories, both by forcible Islamization of the population and by creating numerous faith-propagating centres (imarets) on the basis of vakif property".
		Naturally, the Ottoman system of land ownership sustained substatial transformations, especially at the turn of the 19th century when in the regions suitable for industrial crops new estates called cifliks were formed.
		This was an epoch of the re-creation of Bulgaria, known as the Bulgarian national revival.
	www.digsys.bg /books/history/under-ottoman.html (2125 words)

	Bulgaria Under Ottoman Domination 1336
		What remained from the long rule of the Ottoman sultans was the memory of the retrograde education system (medreses) that fettered the spiritual development of their people, of the ruthless atrocities committed by them and the destructive wars that followed one another.
		As the scholar of Ottoman Turkey M. Mayer points out, the sultans "devoted a great deal of attention to the spreading of the Muslim religion in the newly conquered European territories, both by forcible Islamisation of the population and by creating numerous faith-propagating centres (imarets) on the basis of vakif property".
		Naturally, the Ottoman system of land ownership sustained substantial transformations, especially at the turn of the 19th century when in the regions suitable for industrial crops new estates called cifliks were formed.
	www.geocities.com /nbulgaria/bulgaria/ottomans.htm (2451 words)

	Bulgaria.com - History of Bulgaria, Under the Rule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		In the course of centuries the Bulgarians were forced to live under a state and political system that was substantially different from and distinctly alien to the European civilization which had evolved on the basis of Christianity and the Christian economic, social and cultural patterns.
		The present-day Bulgarian Muslims representing about five percent of modern Bulgaria's population, are descendants of those Mohammedanized Bulgarians, whom the Bulgarian Christians used to call pomaks (from the Bulgarian root-words macha or maka, meaning harassed or caused to suffer).
		The genocide carried out by the Ottoman Turks during hostilities in the Bulgarian lands, at the time of uprising or riot suppression, during the frequent spells of feudal anarchy, or even of Ottoman troops move-ups from garrison stations to the battle-field, had struck heavy blows on the Bulgarian nation.
	www.bulgaria.com /history/bulgaria/under.html (1759 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Islam in Bulgaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Bulgaria, a country of rich farm lands, spectacular mountain ranges, and a meandering coast of crowded resorts and deserted beaches, is both the cradle of Balkan Islam and the homeland of Slavic Christianity.
		Bulgaria's capital, Sofia, is a sprawling city of one million inhabitants, picturesquely set at the foot of snow-topped Mt. Vitosha.
		At the core of the collection are archives abandoned by retreating Ottoman authorities during the 1870's and the contents of Bulgaria's great Ottoman libraries, such as the one founded in Vidin by Pasvanoğlu Osman Pasha, supporter of the Janissary movement and opponent of the 19th-century reforms of Sultan Selim III.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199403/islam.in.bulgaria.htm (2966 words)

	Turkish Odyssey/About Turkey/History/Turkish Period
		The Ottoman Empire was a Moslem Turkish state that encompassed Anatolia, Southeastern Europe, the Arab Middle East and North Africa from the 14C to the early 20C.
		In Bosnia, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia the conquered Christian princes were restored to their lands as vassals, while the subjects were left free to follow their own religions in return for loyalty.
		Although the medrese was originally a theological school, in the Ottoman period, education in the medrese was conducted in four faculties; 1-religion and law, 2-language and literature, 3-philosophy, 4-basic sciences.
	www.turkishodyssey.com /turkey/history/history3.htm (4652 words)

	The Ottoman Sultans of Turkey & Successors in Romania
		This was a thinly populated backwater for the Turks, noteworthy mainly for Roman ruins and piracy (with U.S. Marines landing at Tripoli in 1801).
		Under the Ottomans, Turkish was sometimes even written in the Armenian (as in the Greek) alphabet; but that era is long gone, and the Armenian alphabet today is only seen in the former Soviet Republic of Armenia and in Armenian exile communities, as in Syria, Lebanon, and the United States.
		As the Ottoman Empire declined in strength, and Christians in the Balkans found European allies who favored their independence, like Britain for Greece and Russia for Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria, the Balkans became the scene of one conflict after another.
	www.friesian.com /turkia.htm (13594 words)

	History of Jihad against the Bulgarians (1393-1877) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		In 1393, Turnovo, the capital of Bulgaria fell and the last medieval Bulgarian king Ivan Shishman was besieged by Islamic invaders in Nicopolis (the Bulgarian fortress on the Danube River).
		In response to the occupation of Bulgaria, a crusade was preached by Pope Boniface IX and a Christian army of 10,000 under the leadership of John of Nevers, son of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, marched to the relief of Christians who were savagely oppressed by the soldiers of Islam.
		Their armies routed the Ottomans; with the death blow to the Muslim assault being dealt by the arrival of a Polish army (from whom the Ottomans had captured part of the Ukraine).
	www.historyofjihad.org /bulgaria.html (5923 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Bulgaria
		Jewish refugees came to Bulgaria from Bavaria, which had banished them in 1470, and, according to various travelers, Judeo-German was heard for a long time in the streets of Sofia.
		Bulgaria recognized the State of Israel upon its establishment, and formed diplomatic ties with her.
		Bulgaria follows completely the political line of the U.S.S.R., including its attitude to Israel and diplomatic ties continue to be severed.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/bulgaria.html (5693 words)

	Ottoman Empire History Encyclopedia \| Learn Ottoman Turkish History \| Pictures \| Sound files \| Voice recordings
		1687 that was marked by sultanates dominated by powerful women at the Ottoman Court -- usually the wife or Valide of the 'ruling' male sultan.
		The period was ushered in by Hürrem Sultan in the latter years of Süleyman the Magnificent's rule and ended with Turhan Hatice Sultan at the time that Mehmed IV was deposed subsequent to Kara Mustafa Paşa's failure at Vienna in 1683.
		History buff: As a sideline to his affairs of state, Rüstem was also an amatuer historian -- whose work entitled Tarih-i Âl-i Osman (Ottoman History) was published in Germany during his lifetime.
	www.practicalturkish.com /encyclopedia-r.html (897 words)

	Art History - History of Art - Art History in Ottoman Empire - Ottoman Art History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The region is bound in the north by the Julian Alps and by the Carpathians.
		This article covers the history of the region from antiquity to the ethnic turmoil of the late 20th century.
		Also, the Ottomans frequently left the administration of villages in the hands of villagers; this was especially the case in communities entrusted with special functions, such as guarding a pass, supplying water to an imperial palace, or even providing birds for the sultan's falconry.
	www.easterncorner.com /Bulgaria.htm (5529 words)

	History of The Ottoman Empire - Time of Fatih Mehmet the Conquerer
		Devotes his energy to reunification of Ottoman lands and reconsolidation of sultan’s authority; European territories kept fairly intact and most Anatolian provinces recovered; avoiding unnecessary foreign conflicts, Mehmet provides a breathing period in which to heal wounds and reintegrate previous conquests.
		War with Hungary provokes another crusade against Ottomans; coalition of Hungary, Poland, Bosnia, Wallachia, and Serbia led by the Hungarian, John Hunyadi, wins a victory; Murat signs ten-year truce at Szegedin (1444), voluntarily abdicates in favor of his 14-year-old son, Mehmet, and retires to life of religious study and contemplation.
		Ottomans invade Bosnia in 1453; Bosnian nobles refuse to support Catholic king, Stephen, and hand over fortresses to Mehmet, many converting to Islam at the same time, thus beginning the process which ultimately sees most Bosnians become Muslims.
	www.turizm.net /turkey/history/ottoman1.html (666 words)

	Bulgaria
		Ottoman rule was harsh and inescapable, given Bulgaria's proximity to its oppressor.
		Bulgaria: Government - Government Under the constitution of 1991 Bulgaria is a parliamentary republic with an elected...
		Bulgaria's foreign relations in the post-communist era: a general overview and assessment.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107365.html (1094 words)

	A Concise History of Bulgaria - Cambridge University Press
		Bulgaria is slated to become a member of the European Union in 2007, yet its history is amongst the least well known in the rest of the continent.
		The text and illustrations trace the rich and dramatic story from pre-history, through the days when Bulgaria was the centre of a powerful medieval empire and the five centuries of Ottoman rule, to the cultural renaissance of the nineteenth century and the political upheavals of the twentieth, upheavals which led Bulgaria into three wars.
		The new and updated edition includes the years from 1995 to 2004, a vital period in which Bulgaria endured financial meltdown, set itself seriously on the road to reform, elected its former King as prime minister, and finally secured membership of NATO and admission to the European Union.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521616379 (262 words)

	Ottoman Empire: History
		The Ottoman state began as one of many small Turkish states that emerged in Asia Minor during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks.
		The Ottoman Turks began to absorb the other states, and during the reign (1451–81) of Muhammad II they ended all other local Turkish dynasties.
		The Ottoman siege of Constantinople was lifted at the appearance of
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0860176.html (1028 words)

	Main Events of Bulgarian History, by Neytcho Iltchev
		Golden Age of Bulgaria: Simeon the Great (b.864; 893-927) accomplishes the greatest cultural achievements and territorial power with an outlet to the three seas - the Aegean, Black and Adriatic; in 913 he is crowned as the 'Emperor of the Bulgarians and Romans' by Patriarch Nicholas in Constantinople (
		The king of Volga Bulgaria Almus invites a mission from the Caliph of Baghdad al-Muktadir for explaining Islamic laws; Ibn Fadlan heads the mission and presents the king with gifts; the account of his journeys with the embassy, Risala; and the legend of the trip,
		Tsar Kaloyan restores the mighty power of Bulgaria; it stands out again as a major power in East Europe; the army of the Latin emperor Baldwin of Flanders is crushed near Adrianople (1204) and he is taken as a prisoner (chronique of G.
	www.geocities.com /nbulgaria/bulgaria/history0.htm (1494 words)

	Bulgaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Article 166 of the Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria states that the Flag of the Republic of Bulgaria is a tricolor: white, green, and red from top, placed horizontally.
		The coat-of-arms of the Republic of Bulgaria is a state symbol of the independence and sovereignty of the Bulgarian people and the state.
		According to Fischer Weltalmanach '99, Russia, at the begin of the 19th century the only independent Slavic state, was the example for all Slavic states under Ottoman Turk and Austrian-Hungarian rule.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/bg.html (907 words)

	Ottoman Empire 1300-1750 -- Web Sites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		A short history of the Ottoman Empire and related topics.
		The Ottoman Sultans and other Islamic dynasties (other parts of this page may be of interest to those who wish to know more about Islamic political history in general).
		Ottoman History at the University of Alberta (Canada)
	www.tau.ac.il /~shefer/websrcs.html (683 words)

	Ottoman Empire: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		1402: The Ottomans are heavily defeated by Timur Lenk near Ankara, leading to a weakening that should last for a few decades.
		This leads to several Ottoman defeats, and the following year the loss of the Middle Eastern territories.
		1920: The Ottoman empire is forced to sign the Treaty of Sèvres, leading to the loss of Arab territories and a partition of Anatolia.
	i-cias.com /e.o/ottomans_4.htm (467 words)

	Ottoman and Near East Philatelic Society
		Also interested in the Ottoman stamps (and related postal history material) overprinted and used by the occupying powers or newly formed states.
		Postal history and cancellations of the Ottoman Empire, particularly Aegean Islands and Libya.
		Modern postal history of Arabic speaking countries in the Middle East, Africa, and Iran and Pakistan.
	www.oneps.org /Members/MemList.htm (796 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Ottoman Empire, ToC
		Article Geschichte des Türkischen Reichs (History of the Ottoman Empire), P.1 (925), P.2 (926), P.3 (927), P.4 (928), P.5 (929), P.6 (930), P.7 (931), P.8 (932), P.9 (933), from Meyers Konversationslexikon, 1888-1890 edition, in German
		Jason Goodwin, Lords of the Horizons : A History of the Ottoman Empire, Henry Holt 1999, KMLA Lib.Sign.
		956.1 H848h (focusses of the history of Anatolia)
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/asmin/xottoman.html (374 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Ottoman Capital Cities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The reason why it is so strong in Sarajevo is simple: Sarajevo was built during the Ottoman Empire; an entirely new city.
		Bult in the 14th century, the mosque pre-dated Ottoman control in the territory.
		The mosque as founded on what would be a Byzantine fortress at the toop of the mountain in the city.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=5635&PN=1 (1168 words)

	Bulgaria
		Nov 1912 Western Thrace annexed from Ottoman Empire.
		23 Sep 1923 - 29 Sep 1923 Communist revolt in northwestern Bulgaria.
		1363 Thrace annexed by the Ottoman Empire as Rumelia.
	www.worldstatesmen.org /Bulgaria.html (1920 words)

	Ottoman Emp... - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
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	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?word=OTTOMAN%20EMP... (154 words)

	Eduseek.com Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Islamic Empires > Ottoman Empire > History of Ottoman Empire
		The End of Ottoman Rule and Albanian Independence
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	www.eduseek.com /result.php?keywords=Questions (51 words)

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