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Topic: History of Ottoman Egypt

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	History of Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Egypt's peculiar geography made it a difficult country to attack, which is why Pharaonic Egypt was for so long an independent and self-contained state.
		Once Egypt did succumb to foreign rule; however, it proved unable to escape from it, and for 2,300 years Egypt was governed by foreigners: Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks and British.
		History of Greek and Roman Egypt: 332 BC to 639 AD History of Egypt Under Achaemenid Persian Domination 6th C. History of Egypt Under Sasanian Persian Domination 6th C. History of early Arab Egypt: 639 to 1517
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Egypt (333 words)

	Encyclopedia: History of Ottoman Egypt
		Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517.
		The history of early Ottoman Egypt is a competition for power between the Mamelukes and the representatives of the Ottoman Sultan.
		In future all posts in Egypt were to be open to all classes of the inhabitants; the conduct of affairs was to be committed to the men of talent, virtue, and learning; and in proof of the statement that the French were sincere Moslems the overthrow of the papal authority in Rome was alleged.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-Ottoman-Egypt (3984 words)

	Egypt and the Eastern Question
		As the historian Daniel Crecelius has written, from that point on the history of Ottoman Egypt can be explained as the struggle between the Ottomans and the Mamluks for control of the administration and, hence, the revenues of Egypt, and the competition among rival Mamluk houses for control of the beylicate.
		Most scholars of Egyptian history now agree that the political and economic changes that occurred in the early nineteenth century had their origins not in the French invasion of 1798 but rather in events that occurred in Egypt itself in the latter half of the eighteenth century.
		The decline of the ulama and the merchants was accelerated by the socioeconomic transformation of Egypt that led to the emergence of secular education, to secularly trained civil servants staffing the government bureaucracy, and to the reorientation of Egyptian trade.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/593Egy.html (9447 words)

	Egypt, 1400-1600 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When Mamluk rule is replaced with Ottoman rule and Egypt becomes a major province of a world empire, the arts in Cairo begin to reflect the imperial style set in Istanbul.
		Egypt's pivotal role in the east-west trade is weakened.
		During this period, Ottoman officials appointed to Cairo, the capital of the Ottoman province of Egypt, commission public and pious foundations.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/08/nfe/ht08nfe.htm (639 words)

	Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		But it was in 3,100 B.C. that Egypt crowned her first Pharaoh, Menes, who later unified the country's two regions, Lower Egypt (The Delta) and Upper Egypt (from Giza to Aswan in the South).
		In 525 B.C., Egypt was conquered by the Persians.
		An Albanian officer in the Ottoman service called Mohamed Ali declared himself ruler of the country, and during his reign (1805- 1849) in many fields, Egypt made tremendous progress; however, under the rule of his grandson, Khedive Ismail, the necessity for foreign capital to finance digging the Suez Canal lead to British rule in Egypt.
	www.colostate.edu /Orgs/ESA/history.html (457 words)

	MidEast Web - Brief History of Egypt - From Ancient Times to the Modern Period
		Egypt is one of the cradles of civilization in the Middle East.
		Egypt was divided into a "lower" kingdom in the north of the Nile, and a southern kingdom that extended into modern Sudan (Nubia).
		Egypt remained a poor country, plagued by overpopulation and chronic schistasomiasis infections in a large portionof its population.
	www.mideastweb.org /egypthistory.htm (5360 words)

	Egypt: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The III dynasty was one of the landmarks of Egyptian history, the time during which sun-worship, a new form of religion that later became the religion of the upper classes, was introduced.
		The constitution was suspended in 1930, and Egypt was under a virtual royal dictatorship until the Wafdists forced the readoption of the constitution in 1935.
		Egypt's postwar policy was based on two principles: no direct negotiations with Israel and the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 242, which, in part, called for the withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from occupied territories.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0857911.html (4248 words)

	Egypt History Information
		Ptolemaic Egypt was one of the great powers of the Hellenistic world, at various times extending its rule over parts of Syria, Asia Minor, Cyprus, Libya, Phoenicia, and other lands.
		From AD 641–1517 Egypt was ruled by governors appointed by the caliph, leader of the Muslim community.
		Although Egypt did not win the Yom Kippur war, it effectively challenged the 1967 boundaries, regained control of the Suez Canal, and helped Sadat establish close relations with the U.S. In November 1977, Sadat addressed the Israeli Knesset, or parliament, pleading for a peace settlement.
	www.christmasinegypt.com /Info-Center/History.asp (1211 words)

	Egypt History - As a province of Turkey´s Ottoman Empire from the 16th century, was occupied by British forces
		Egypt History - As a province of Turkey´s Ottoman Empire from the 16th century, was occupied by British forces
		Egypt, a province of Turkey´s Ottoman Empire from the 16th century, was occupied by British forces in 1882.
		On 18 June 1953 the monarchy was abolished, and Egypt was proclaimed a republic, with Gen. Negnib as President and Prime Minister.
	www.arab.de /arabinfo/egypthis.htm (517 words)

	Giza Online Research :: Information about Giza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Giza (Arabic language, Ø§ÙØ¬ÙØ²Ø©, Transliteration al-Ç§Ä«zah; pronounced in the Egyptian Arabic dialect of Cairo al-GÄ«za; also sometimes rendered in English language as Gizeh, Ghizeh, or Geezeh) is a town in Egypt on the west bank of the Nile river, some 20 km southwest of central Cairo and now part of the greater Cairo metropolis.
		It is the capital of Al Jizah governorate, and is located in the northeast of this governorate, near its border.
		Giza is most famous as the location of the Giza Plateau : the site of some of the most impressive ancient monuments in the world, including a complex of Ancient Egypt royal mortuary and sacred structures, including the Great Sphinx, the Great Pyramid of Giza, and a number of other large Pyramid and temples.
	in-northcarolina.com /search/Giza.html (174 words)

	Ottoman Empire: History
		The Ottoman state began as one of many small Turkish states that emerged in Asia Minor during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks.
		The Ottoman Turks began to absorb the other states, and during the reign (1451–81) of Muhammad II they ended all other local Turkish dynasties.
		The Ottoman siege of Constantinople was lifted at the appearance of
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0860176.html (1083 words)

	Art History Egypt - History of Art Egypt - Art History Egypt in Ottoman Empire - Ottoman Art History
		Throughout the early Egypt History and later on Cairo remained an important city because of the wheat that fed the people of Istanbul and Eastern Europe Cairo became once again a port for fruits and grains that headed for Asia and Europe.
		They were always feudal owners in Egypt History and there were still the feudal owners of Egypt land the land was still the source of wealth and power in Egypt like always in Egypt History.
		Ali introduced cotton to Egypt History in 1822 and in 1845 Lieutenant Thomas Waghorn carried the mail from Bombay to London in thirty days, which was a record time.
	www.easterncorner.com /Egypt.htm (2237 words)

	History
		Akhnaton is considered to have heralded the concept of monotheism in the history of religion.
		The Arabs were followed by the Mamlukes, who were magnificent warriors and who ruled Egypt from 1250-1517 AD when their reign ended with the Ottoman conquest of Egypt under Sultan Selim.
		The expedition contributed significantly to the study of ancient Egyptian history through the discovery of the Rosetta Stone and the consequent deciphering of Hieroglyphics, the ancient Egyptian language.
	www.presidency.gov.eg /html/history.html (938 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Books \| From Ottomans to Officers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A number of leading scholars, experts in both the humanities and the social sciences, explore the political, social and economic history of the period, and there is considerable interest to be found in the newly accessible archival material on which they draw.
		Jane Hathaway contributes an analysis of the momentous changes that affected all the Ottoman provinces during the period stretching from the mid-15th through the late 16th century, critically reexamining the "decline paradigm" that is now increasingly being questioned by Ottomanists.
		Robert Hunter deals with the political history of Egypt between 1848 and 1879 -- that is, from when the country's leadership passed to Mohamed Ali's successors to the formal establishment of foreign control following European economic and political penetration.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /1999/437/bk5_437.htm (1371 words)

	Medieval Egypt Ottoman Empire
		In 1517 Sultan Selim I of the Ottoman Empire (aka Selim the Grim) conquered Egypt, defeating the Mamluk forces at Ar Raydaniyah, outside Cairo.
		He kept his court in the citadel, the ancient residence of the rulers of the Medieval Egypt Ottoman Empire.
		This struggle affected Egyptian history until the late 18th century when one Mamluk bey gained an unprecedented control over the military and political structures and ousted the Ottoman governor.
	www.travel-to-egypt.net /medieval-egypt-ottoman-empire.html (416 words)

	Ottoman History @ ArabesQ
		As well the Ottoman Empire was a crossroads of trade and culture between Europe and Asia and Islaam prevailed.
		Suleyman the Magnificent "During the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire experienced its golden age and ranked foremost among world powers in cultural and social fields as well as militarily and politically".
		Planet Explorer: Ottoman Empire - considers the history of the Ottoman Empire and the Osmanli family.
	arabesq.com /educate/Ottoman.html (796 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When President Nasser once said that he was the first native Egyptian to exercise sovereign power in Egypt since the last Pharaoh, Nectanebo II, was deposed by the Persians in 343 BC, he was only slightly exaggerating.
		History of Greek and Roman Egypt: 332 BC to 639 AD History of early Arab Egypt: 639 to 1517
		Egypt under Mehemet Ali and his successors: 1805 to 1882
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=History_of_Egypt (254 words)

	The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In a lucidly argued revisionist study of Ottoman Egypt, Jane Hathaway challenges the traditional view that Egypt’s military elite constituted a revival of the institutions of the Mamluk sultanate.
		In this respect, she argues, Egypt’s elite represented a provincial variation on an empire-wide, household-based political culture.
		Egypt’s place in the Ottoman Empire; Part I. The Household and its Place in Ottoman Egypt’s History: 2.
	www.cambridge.org /0521571103 (308 words)

	Curriculum Vitae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Bulletin of the Faculty of Arts of Cairo University: Symposium on Economic and Social History of Ottoman Egypt (Cairo, 1992), pp.
		History of the Maghribi community in Egypt in the nineteenth century.
		Visiting Lecturer, Koç University, Istanbul - classroom lectures on imperialism in Egypt and Iran, and on the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism; faculty seminar: al-Azhar university in the 19th century; public lecture: comparative history of Turkey and Iran (19th and 20the century), May 1995.
	www.aucegypt.edu /faculty/reimer/CV.htm (2540 words)

	Magnificent Sketching (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		History of anatomy in the 17th and 18th centuries -...
		See live article History of Ottoman Egypt This article is part of the History of Egypt series.
		Ancient Egypt Greek and Roman Egypt Early Arab Egypt Ottoman Egypt Modern Egypt List of Egyptians Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517.
	www.lindacannongallery.com /58/87.html (1291 words)

	Ottoman Rule (1517-1798)
		Although the Ottoman Turks were brilliant military strategists and developed a rich Islamic civilization, they were poor colonial administrators.
		Otherwise the Ottomans exercised minimal control over their new province and relied on the Mamluke army whose ranks continued to expand with mercenary slaves brought in from the Caucasus.
		This lack of concern manifested in neglect and deterioration, which opened the way for the French invasion of Egypt in 1798.
	www.goegypt.org /aboutegy/history/16-ottomanrule.htm (94 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The Cambridge History of Egypt: Volume 1, 640-1517 (The Cambridge history of Egypt) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		"All in all, the two volumes of The Cambridge History of Egypt are well edited, thoroughly documented, handsomely presented, and dignified by the research and writing of always a competent and in several instances brilliant scholars.
		The Cambridge History of Egypt offers the first comprehensive English-language treatment of Egyptian history through thirteen centuries, from the Arab conquest to the present day.
		As today's Egypt reclaims a leading role in the Islamic, Arab and Afro-Asian worlds, the project stands as testimony to its complex and vibrant past.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521471370?v=glance (872 words)

	Egypt: History - Ottoman Turk Period
		Under the Ottoman's Egypt was divided into twenty-four districts and each had its own Mameluke bey, which was formerly called an emir.
		He was called the caliph of Mecca, which made Egypt an essentially independent state within the Ottoman Empire.
		Murad knew nothing of Europe or the history, so when the French started their advance on Cairo, Murad sent out ten thousand Mamelukes and thirty thousand irregulars, who were mostly Albanians, Negroes, Bedouins and Egyptians, to fight Napoleons forty thousand veteran troops.
	www.touregypt.net /hottoman.htm (1534 words)

	WHKMLA : List of the Wars of (modern) Egypt
		Erik Hildinger, Warriors of the Steppe, A Military History of Central Asia 500 B.C. to 1700 A.D., Da Capo (1997) 2001, pp.150-167 [G] The Egyptian Campaign in the Hejaz, Sudan, Greece, Syria, 1812-1880, pp.276-284 in : G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville, Historical Atlas of Islam, NY : Continuum (1991) 2003 [G] Wars affecting early Islamic Egypt, 641-969
		Ottoman Conquest of Syria, Egypt, Hejaz (Mamluk Sultanate)
		Egyptian Occupation of Berbera, Zeila (evacuated in 1884)
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/northafrica/milxegypt.html (602 words)

	Tel Aviv University
		History of the Middle East in the Middle Ages
		Outstanding BA students who achieve highest marks in their first year as MA students may request admittance to the "direct track" PhD, and thereby be admitted to begin dissertation work without having to complete an MA degree.
		The Department of Middle Eastern and African History, in cooperation with the School for Overseas Students, offer a full graduate program leading to an MA degree in Middle Eastern History, with English as the language of instruction.
	w3fp.arizona.edu /mesassoc/Directory/TelAviv.htm (1051 words)

	History of Egypt - Biocrawler definition:History of Egypt - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		History of Egypt - Biocrawler definition:History of Egypt - Biocrawler
		History of Greek and Roman Egypt: 332 BC to 639 AD
		History of early Arab Egypt: 639 to 1517
	www.biocrawler.com /biowiki/History_of_Egypt (354 words)

	Egypt: History - Pharaonic Dynasties and Egyptian history from the Lower Paleolithic Period through the English ...
		Egypt: History - Pharaonic Dynasties and Egyptian history from the Lower Paleolithic Period through the English Occupation
		The information on Egyptian history is taken from a number of sources, including Sir Alan Gardiner's Egypt of the Pharaohs.
		Many sources are used so as to reflect a wide variety of theories and ideas about Egypt's history, particularly its early days.
	touregypt.net /ehistory.htm (127 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Ottoman Empire, ToC
		For the history of Ottoman regions, click Rumelia, Anatolia, Crete, Vilayet of Silistra, Elayet of White Sea Islands, Cyprus
		Jason Goodwin, Lords of the Horizons : A History of the Ottoman Empire, Henry Holt 1999, KMLA Lib.Sign.
		956.1 H848h (focusses of the history of Anatolia)
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/asmin/xottoman.html (360 words)

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