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Topic: History of Ottoman Greece

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	ipedia.com: History of Roman and Byzantine Greece Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		History of Mycenaean Greece History of Ancient Greece History of Hellenistic Greece History of Roman and Byzantine Greece History of Ottoman Greece History of...
		Greece and the empire as a whole faced a new threat from the Normans of Sicily in the late 11th century.
		Greece was mostly used as a battleground during the civil war between John V Palaeologus and John VI Cantacuzenus in the 1340s, and at the same time the Serbs and Ottomans began attacking Greece as well.
	www.ipedia.com /history_of_roman_and_byzantine_greece.html (1915 words)

	Royalty.nu - Sultans of the Ottoman Empire - History of Turkey
		The Ottoman Empire arose from a Turkish principality founded in Anatolia (Asia Minor) at the end of the 13th century, when the empire of the Seljuk Turks had collapsed and the Byzantine Empire was crumbling.
		History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic by Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw.
		Ottomans, Hungarians, and Habsburgs in Central Europe: The Military Confines in the Era of Ottoman Conquest edited by Pal Fodor and Geza David.
	www.royalty.nu /history/empires/Ottoman (2595 words)

	Greek War of Independence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ottomans retaliated violently in parts of Greece to the massacre of thousands of Muslims by the Greek insurgents, and uprisings were suppressed by the Ottoman government, massacring in retalliation the Greek population of Chios and other towns.
		Greece was viewed as the cradle of western civilization, and it was especially lauded by the spirit of romanticism that was current at the time.
		The withdrawal of Léopold as a candidate for the throne of Greece, and the July Revolution in France, delayed the final settlement of the frontiers of the new kingdom until a new government was formed in the United Kingdom.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence (1639 words)

	Greece (10/06)
		Greece has been a major net beneficiary of the EU budget; in 2004, EU transfers accounted for 3.6 percent of GDP and are estimated to have been approximately 3.2 percent of GDP in 2005.
		Greece was adamantly opposed to the use of "Macedonia" by the government in Skopje, claiming that the term is intrinsically Greek and should not be used by a foreign country.
		Greece and Turkey have unresolved disagreements regarding the Aegean maritime boundary, the treatment of the Orthodox Church and Greek minority in Istanbul, and the Muslim (primarily ethnic Turkish) minority in western Thrace.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3395.htm (4278 words)

	History of Greece (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Under the influence of the "Meagali Idea," of expanding the Greek state to include all areas of Greek population, Greece acquired the Ionian Islands in 1864; Thessaly and part of Epirus in 1881; Macedonia, Crete, Epirus, and the Aegean Islands in 1913; Western Thrace in 1918; and the Dodecanese Islands in 1947.
		Greece was proclaimed a republic in 1924, but George II returned to the throne in 1935.
		From 1952 to late 1963, Greece was governed by conservative parties--the Greek Rally of Marshal Alexandros Papagos and its successor, the National Radical Union (ERE) of Constantine Karamanlis.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/greece.html (976 words)

	Brief History of Ottoman Empire
		The population of the Ottoman empire was mixed linguistically, culturally, and by religion.
		One group held that the root of the problem was that the Ottoman institutions, beginning with the army, had been allowed to decline from the state of excellence which had prevailed in the 15th century and the answer was to return to the old situation.
		The collapse and extinction of the Ottoman empire was a consequence of World War I. The government made the mistake of entering the war on the side of the Central Powers, and the defeat of Germany meant the end for the Ottomans.
	www.ottomansouvenir.com /General/more_on_ottoman_empire.htm (2822 words)

	History of Greece in the Ottoman Period
		Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century until its declaration of independence in 1821.
		Greece being mostly mountainous, the Ottomans could not conquer the entire Greek peninsula since they did not create either a military or administrative presence in the mountains.
		The destruction of the Ottoman fleet at Navarino, Carneray
	www.mlahanas.de /Greece/History/OttomanPeriod.html (2028 words)

	End of Europe's Middle Ages - Ottoman Turks
		Although the Ottoman Empire is not considered a European kingdom per se, Ottoman expansion had a profound impact on a continent already stunned by the calamities of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and the Ottoman Turks must, therefore, be considered in any study of Europe in the late Middle Ages.
		A Hungarian-Polish army was decimated at Varna in 1444 by Murad II (c.1403-1451) and Ottoman conquests were virtually unchecked during the reign of his son, Mehmed II the Conqueror (1432-1481).
		Although Ottoman expansion was greatly feared in the late Middle Ages, the Ottomans generally allowed religious groups to continue to practice their own faiths within the conquered territories.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/ottoman.html (1146 words)

	Albanian Information - Albanian.com
		The basis of Ottoman rule in Albania was a feudalmilitary system of landed estates, called timars, which were awarded to military lords for loyalty and service to the empire.
		As Ottoman power began to decline in the 18th century, the central authority of the empire in Albania gave way to the local authority of autonomy-minded lords.
		Ottoman rule in Albania remained backward and oppressive to the end.
	www.albanian.com /main/history/ottoman.html (864 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Greece
		Greece is a small country by the Mediterranean Sea where the first European civilization began more than 2,000 years ago.
		Ottoman policy was based on Islamic law, which recognized the Jews as a separate nation with religious and often legal autonomy within their own communities.
		In early 2000, Greece’s Supreme Court upheld an award of 9.5 billion drachmas to relatives of 218 villagers massacred by the Nazis at Distomo on June 10, 1944.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/Greece.html (5467 words)

	Greece: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com
		Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; Greece rejects the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia.
		Greece reached the peak of its glory in the 5th century B.C., but the Peloponnesian War (431–404 B.C.) weakened the nation, and it was conquered by Philip II and his son Alexander the Great of Macedonia, who considered themselves Greek.
		Greece was a charter member of the UN and became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1951.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107588.html (1202 words)

	Ottoman Domination - History - Greece - Europe
		Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, fell to Ottoman sultan Muhammad II (the Conqueror) on a Tuesday in 1453.
		Although Ottoman rule was arbitrary and inefficient, the Greek populations of the Ottoman Empire generally enjoyed freedom of religion and considerable autonomy.
		The head of the Orthodox Church, the patriarch, was based in the Ottoman capital of Istanbul (as Constantinople was renamed).
	www.countriesquest.com /europe/greece/history/ottoman_domination.htm (210 words)

	Ottoman
		The history of Europe in the latter half of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth is a sordid history of land grabbing and conflict among European states.
		Although this is a story for another day, the Ottoman territories that fell into European hands precipitated a crisis among European powers that would eventually lead directly World War I. As a result of this conflict and the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, the Ottomans lost all their territory in Syria, Palestine, Arabia, and Mesopotamia.
		By 1919, the Ottoman Empire was reduced to Turkey only, which extended from the southern European shores of the Black Sea, to Asia Minor in the west, to Iran in the east, and Syria and Iraq, newly created states in 1919, in the south.
	www.theottomans.org /english/history/history1900_2.asp (424 words)

	history, mythology, greece
		The tension between the Venetians and Ottomans grew stronger, though, and the constant crusades had created a climate of hostility between the two powers.
		Greece's geographical position was attractive as a gate between East and West, and the Ottomans prepared for an invasion of Greece.
		The sultan of the Ottoman Empire Fatih Sultan Mehmet conquered Constantinople in 1453 and a few years later Greece was under Ottoman rule.
	www.in2greece.com /english/historymyth/history/general/ottoman.htm (283 words)

	A Short History of the Jews of Greece:The Occupation and the Final Solution
		Greece became involved in the Second World War on October 28, 1940, when the Italians simultaneously invaded Albania and presented an ultimatum to the Greeks.
		The Italian war machinery bogged down in the exceptionally heavy snows of that winter, and by the spring of 1941 the Italians were forced to withdraw.
		The exhausted Greek army no longer had the arms to repel the new attack, which overran Athens on 21 April and defeated the last resistance on Crete by the end of May. Germany and her allies, Bulgaria and Italy, were jubilant at the success.
	www.greecetravel.com /jewishhistory/occupation.html (264 words)

	Top20Greece.com - Your Top20 Guide to Greece! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Greece was gradually conquered by the Ottomans during the 15th century.
		Greece also has some Roman Catholics, mainly in the city of Patras and the Cyclades islands of Syros, Paros and Naxos; some Protestants and some Jews, mainly in Thessaloniki (which was once a major Jewish city until the Holocaust).
		One small part of Greece, Mount Athos, is recognised by the Greek constitution as an autonomous monastic republic, although foreign relations, however, remain the prerogative of the Greek state.
	www.top20greece.com (4378 words)

	ANISTORITON: An Essay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In recent years, the study of various aspects of the economic and social history of Ottoman Greece has brought to light evidence and interpretations that have improved our understanding of the economic and social mechanisms that were in operation at the time.
		Our reexamination of the economic and social history of the village of Ambelakia has shown that the local traders used in the second half of the 18th c.
		History of the Greek Nation, 1860-1871, in greek, rpt.
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/e011.htm (3559 words)

	Greece History \| iExplore.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Until 1967, Greece was a monarchy but the country then endured the rule of the Colonels.
		During the conflict in the former Yugoslavia (now Serbia and Montenegro), Greece was actively involved in finding a peaceful political settlement although it objected strongly to the 1999 NATO intervention in Kosovo against the Serbs.
		Greece’s huge public-sector deficit prevented it from meeting the convergence criteria for the European single currency and the country entered the Euro zone in January 2001.
	www.iexplore.com /dmap/Greece/History (1271 words)

	Ottoman History @ ArabesQ
		As well the Ottoman Empire was a crossroads of trade and culture between Europe and Asia and Islaam prevailed.
		Suleyman the Magnificent "During the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire experienced its golden age and ranked foremost among world powers in cultural and social fields as well as militarily and politically".
		Planet Explorer: Ottoman Empire - considers the history of the Ottoman Empire and the Osmanli family.
	www.arabesq.com /educate/Ottoman.html (796 words)

	Ottoman
		Allied troops--British, French, and Italian, as well as a contingent of Greeks--occupied Istanbul and were permitted under the conditions of the armistice to intervene in areas where they considered their interests to be imperiled.
		The terms of a peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire were presented by the Allies in April 1920 at San Remo, Italy, and were embodied in the Treaty of Sèvres, which was concluded the following August.
		Eastern Thrace up to a line from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara as well as Izmir and its hinterland were to be occupied by Greece, with the final disposition of the territory to be decided in a plebiscite.
	www.theottomans.org /english/history/plans.asp (342 words)

	Byzantine Greece - History for Kids!
		After the collapse of the western part of the Roman Empire around 400 AD, Greece continued to be ruled by Romans, but now from their new capital at Constantinople.
		Then in 1453 Greece was taken over by the Turks and became part of the Ottoman Empire.
		History of the Byzantine State, by George Ostrogorsky (reprinted 1986).
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/greeks/history/byzantine.htm (321 words)

	Ottoman Empire: History
		The Ottoman state began as one of many small Turkish states that emerged in Asia Minor during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks.
		The Ottoman Turks began to absorb the other states, and during the reign (1451–81) of Muhammad II they ended all other local Turkish dynasties.
		The Ottoman siege of Constantinople was lifted at the appearance of
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0860176.html (1031 words)

	Greece: History
		When Germany began to gather troops on the Greek borders, Greece allowed the landing (Mar., 1941) of a small British expeditionary force, but by the end of April the Greek mainland was in German hands, and in May Crete fell.
		Greece was a charter member of the UN, and in 1951 it was admitted to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
		In June, 1973, the monarchy was abolished, and Greece became a presidential republic.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0858465.html (3348 words)

	Ottomans - History for Kids!
		Although things were going well in Europe, in West Asia the Ottomans were attacked in 1400 by a new enemy - the Mongols, under their new leader Tamerlane.
		In 1453 the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II and his Janissaries even conquered Constantinople (modern Istanbul) from the Byzantine emperors, ending the last piece of the Roman Empire.
		By 1517, the Ottomans had defeated the Mamluks to gain control of Egypt, and gradually they extended their control along the North African coast to modern Algeria.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/islam/history/turks.htm (390 words)

	Ottoman Empire 1300-1750 -- Web Sites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A short history of the Ottoman Empire and related topics.
		The Ottoman Sultans and other Islamic dynasties (other parts of this page may be of interest to those who wish to know more about Islamic political history in general).
		Ottoman History at the University of Alberta (Canada)
	www.tau.ac.il /~shefer/websrcs.html (683 words)

	Ottoman Greece - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Greeks, like other Christians, were also made to pay the jizya, or Islamic poll-tax which all non-Muslims in the empire were forced to pay in order to practice their religion.
		Non-Muslims did not serve in the Sultan's army, but young boys were forcibly converted to Islam and made to serve in the Ottoman military..
		These practices are called the "tribute of children" (devshirmeh) (in Greek παιδομάζωμα paidomazoma, meaning "child gathering"), whereby every Christian community was required to give one son in five to be raised as a Muslim and enrolled in the corps of Janissaries (yenicheri or "new force"), elite units of the Ottoman army.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Greece (2336 words)

	history, mythology, greece
		No doubt the Greeks had wanted their freedom from the very beginning of the Ottoman rule, but in the 18th century the idea of a free Greece grew into an organized plan.
		Turkey was forced to accept peace, and the so called London Protocol declared the independence of Greece in 1830.
		Many parts of Greece were soon given back to the Ottoman empire, though, and several parts of Greece were not free until the beginning of the 20th century.
	www.in2greece.com /english/historymyth/history/general/independence.htm (266 words)

	Brief History of Turkish Jews
		The Ottoman Empire at its zenith became one the largest empires in World History covering most of Mediterranean basin region extending from North Africa to Eastern Europe.
		It has been suggested that one of the characteristics that extended the domination of the Ottoman Empire was its allowance of religious freedom for the different nationalities and minorities under its rule.
		The history of the Ottoman Jews is rich with mutual complementary cultural influences.
	www.science.co.il /hi/Turkish (1399 words)

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