
	Where results make sense

Topic: History of Panama

	Panama National History
		Panama's request for the replacement of the "perpetuity" clause by a ninety-nine-year renewable lease was rejected, however, as was the proposal that its citizens accused of violations in the zone be tried by joint United States-Panamanian tribunals.
		Panama's contribution to the 1955 treaty was its consent to the United States occupation of the bases outside of the Canal Zone that it had withheld a few years earlier.
		Panama was particularly concerned with the open-ended presence of United States military bases and held that the emerging United States position retained the bitterly opposed "perpetuity" provision of the 1903 treaty and thus violated the spirit of the 1974 Kissinger-Tack principles.
	www.aeroflight.co.uk /waf/americas/panama/Panama-national-history.htm (20372 words)

	:: Panama's History \|\| Focus Panama ::
		Panama had been part of the Spanish Empire since the discovery of America in the 1600s, and remained bound to Spain until declaring independence in 1821 when most other Latin American countries did the same.
		Panama immediately decided voluntarily to join a loose confederacy of nations led by the legendary Simon Bolivar that was called the Gran Colombia.
		It later even played a role in Panama’s independence from Colombia in 1903, when railroad men, friendly with the cause and leaders of the independence movement managed to hold Colombian troops on the Atlantic side of the railway while independence was completed in the Pacific capital city of Panama.
	www.focuspublicationsint.com /focuspanama/en/history.htm (3551 words)

	History of PANAMA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		But as early as 1519 the bishopric, and with it the seat of local government, is moved across the narrow isthmus to the fishing village of Panama on the Pacific coast.
		The significant aspect of the isthmus of Panama, from its discovery by Balboa in 1513, has been its status as the easiest link between two oceans.
		Colombia, Panama's southern neighbour, is by now a centre of the illegal drugs trade in which the USA is the main consumer market.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab28 (1758 words)

	History of Panama Hats and Headwear
		Panama hats are made exclusively in Ecuador and are woven by hand from a plant called the Toquilla.
		The Panama hat has been worn for centuries with its origins being traced back as far as the 16th Century when the Incas were the first to use the Toquilla plant to produce hats.
		Another aspect of the history of the Panama hat is the tradition of the fl band, which is used to trim the majority of panamas.
	www.thehatsite.com /panama.html (777 words)

	Panama - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		To the west and east of Panama, respectively, are Costa Rica and Colombia; the Panama Canal bisects the country.
		The first European sighting of Panama was by the Spaniard Rodrigo de Bastidas in 1501, and Columbus dropped anchor off the present-day Portobelo in 1502.
		Panama was subordinated to the viceroyalty of Peru and remained in this status until 1717, when it was transferred to New Granada.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-panama.html (1568 words)

	The Panama Canal
		Panama was to be compensated by an initial payment of $10 million and an annuity of $250,000, beginning in 1913.
		The length of the Panama Canal is approximately 51 miles.
		Eventually, in 1899 the French attempt at constructing the Panama Canal was seen to be a failure.
	www.eclipse.co.uk /~sl5763/panama.htm (3320 words)

	Political and Economic History of Panama
		Panama was annexed as a province of what later became the nation of Colombia.
		Panama remained under the control of the government in Bogota until the early years of the twentieth century, although there were numerous attempts at secession.
		The Panama route was shorter and would involve fewer locks but a surprising factor was the absence of volcanoes in Panama as compared to eight volcanoes considered active in Nicaragua.
	www2.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/panama.htm (1496 words)

	History Lesson Panama
		Panama offers some of the finest snorkeling, birding and deep-sea fishing in the world, so it's hard to figure out why travelers tend to steer clear of this country or just whizz through on their way to or from South America.
		Panama's Pacific coast later became the springboard for invasions of Peru and the wealth generated by these incursions was carried overland from the Pacific port of Panama (City) to Nombre de Dios.
		The capital of Panama is a modern, thriving commercial center stretching 10km (6mi) along the Pacific coast from the ruins of Panamá Viejo in the east to the edge of the Panama Canal in the west.
	www.gypsylounge.com /x/cam/history_lesson/pan.htm (3185 words)

	History of Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Panama's history has been shaped by the evolution of the world economy and the ambitions of great powers.
		On December 27, 1989, Panama's Electoral Tribunal invalidated the Norieiga regime's annulment of the May 1989 election and confirmed the victory of opposition candidates under the leadership of President Guillermo Endara and Vice Presidents Guillermo Ford and Ricardo Arias Calderon.
		Panama's counternarcotics cooperation has been excellent, and the Panamanian Government has expanded money-laundering legislation and concluded with the U.S. a counternarcotics maritime agreement and a stolen vehicles agreement.
	www.historyofnations.net /northamerica/panama.html (1219 words)

	History of Panama - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Panama was part of the Spanish Empire for 300 years (1538-1821) and Panamanian fortunes fluctuated with the geopolitical importance of the isthmus to the Spanish crown.
		The Panama route was also vulnerable to attack from pirates (mostly Dutch and English) and from 'new world' Africans called cimarrons who had freed themselves from enslavement and lived in communes or palenques around the Camino Real, in Panama's Interior and on some of the islands off Panama's Pacific coast.
		Subsequently, on December 27, 1989, Panama's Electoral Tribunal invalidated the Noriega regime's annulment of the May 1989 election and confirmed the victory of opposition candidates under the leadership of President Guillermo Endara and Vice Presidents Guillermo Ford and Ricardo Arias Calderón.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Panama (3541 words)

	History of the Panama Railroad-Overview
		THE HISTORY OF the Panamanian isthmus, since Spaniards first landed on its shores in 1501, is a tale of treasure, and treasure seekers, of clashes among empires, nations, and cultures; of adventurers and builders; of magnificent dreams fulfilled and simple needs unmet.
		The settlers remained there for some time and the sad story of the privations, hardships, and the final destruction of the entire group by the Indians, is one of the most pathetic in the history of early colonization.
		Panama (the first European settlement on the west coast of the hemisphere), became the centre of commercial activity and the springboard for the conquest of Peru.
	www.trainweb.org /panama/history.html (1374 words)

	History: The Panama Canal \| CDC Malaria
		The Panama Canal extends diagonally across the Isthmus of Panama from south-east to north-west, a distance of 42 miles from shore to shore.
		At Panama, the anti-malarial work was principally rural, located for 47 miles along the line of the railroad between Panama and Colon.
		The Panama Canal was the construction miracle of the beginning of the 20th century.
	www.cdc.gov /malaria/history/panama_canal.htm (1044 words)

	Straw Panama hats History
		Genuine Panama hats are crafted as they always have been in Ecuador, a South American country that once shipped its exportable wares to the Isthmus of Panama.
		To understand how a Panama hat zigzags from an outpost just south of the equator to the gleaming window of a New York haberdashery is to understand how the world works.
		History of Straw hats and Felt hats furnishes enlightening detail, beginning with interesting accounts of dress hats in the early years, through the roaring 20's gangster fedoras, includes features on golf and movie celebrities' hats, and highlights some original and contemporary hatmakers.
	www.hathistory.org /panama/index.html (483 words)

	Panama History & Panama Culture \| iExplore.com
		Throughout the colonial period, Panama belonged to the Vice-Royalty of New Granada.
		Moscoso thus became Panama’s first female President and presided over the defining event in recent Panamanian history – the return of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama under the terms of the agreement negotiated by the Panamanians and the US Carter administration in 1980.
		Further revenue is obtained from tolls levied on ships passing through the Panama Canal (which came under full Panamanian control in 2000) and from registration fees for a plethora of ‘offshore’ companies exploiting Panama’s strict banking and commercial secrecy laws (although the Government has recently instituted measures to permit disclosure in suspected cases of money-laundering).
	www.iexplore.com /dmap/Panama/History (1050 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Panama
		The first Jews to settle in Panama were Spanish and Portuguese Conversos who were forced to practice their Judaism in secret.
		Panama is the only country besides Israel that has had two Jewish presidents in the twentieth century; from 1964-68 Max Delvalle was the first vice president of the Republic and later President.
		In May 1980, the Panama Hall in the School of Education of the Hebrew University was dedicated, and the ambassador of Panama to Israel presented the university with fifty volumes on the literature and history of the Republic.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/Panama.html (674 words)

	History of the Panama Railroad-Overview
		After the suppression of its audiencia in 1751, Panama became a quiet backwater, a geographically isolated appendage of New Granada, scarcely self-supporting even in food and producing little for export.
		Lacking communication except by sea, which the Spanish generally controlled, Panama remained aloof from the early efforts of the Spanish colonies to separate from Spain.
		Panama received US$25,000 from Colombia's annuity and benefited from transient trade and some inflow of capital.
	www.trainweb.org /panama/historyc.html (2123 words)

	History of Colon, Panama
		For a city that is only about 150 years old, Colon has had a very colorful history, full of human interest, and has played a very important part in the history of Panama, the Panama Railroad, and the Panama Canal.
		When the engineers first came to locate there the beginnings of the Panama railroad, they were compelled to make their quarters in an old sailing ship in danger at all times of being carried out to sea by a norther.
		The Panama Railroad directors refused to change the name, The company had built the town, they said, and should have the privilege of naming it.
	www.geocities.com /coloncitypanama/history1.html (2900 words)

	History House: Panama III: Death and Dying in Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		History House: Panama III: Death and Dying in Panama
		Building the Panama canal wasn't so much an exercise in engineering as it was a battle against the very laws of nature.
		In the grand tradition of mocking sanitation standards throughout History, join History House on the final leg of our tour through the Panama canal.
	www.historyhouse.com /in_history/panama_3 (1500 words)

	Colonial History of Panama - Casco Viejo and Old Panama
		The anniversary of the opening of the Panama Canal to inter-oceanic traffic on August 15, 1914 is also the anniversary of the founding of Old Panama, on August 15, 1519.
		Panama was a fishing village on the coast of what was then called the South Sea.
		The city of Panama grew rapidly from the moment of its establishment, maintaining its position as chief post of the Pacific and terminus of the first transit route across the Isthmus.
	www.enjoypanama.com /colonial_history.htm (563 words)

	Brief history of Panama
		The Isthm of Panama was discovered by the Spaniard Don Rodrigo de Bastidas in 1501 accompanied by Vasco Nuez de Balboa who later on "discovered" the Pacific ocean.
		Life in the Isthm of Panama then flourished as it was the forced route of the conquerors of South America, as well as for the transport of merchandise from Spain and naturally all the gold and silver from the new continent.
		The population of Panama is composed primarily of descendants of Spaniards, indians and fl peoples that resided in the Isthm throughout its history.
	panama.coralys.com /Default.aspx?id=BriefHistory (700 words)

	Panama History - Overview & Key Milestones
		Panama City, on the Pacific coast, thrived as Spain conquered and plundered Peru.
		Panama's importance rapidly declined, and Spain did not contest its inclusion as a province of Colombia when that country won its independence from Spain in 1821.
		Although he ruled as a populist dictator, Torrijos Herrera is revered as a hero of Panama because he negotiated the treaty with the United States returning the canal and the Canal Zone back to Panama on January 1, 2000.
	panama-information.executivehotel-panama.com /in-panama-history.html (694 words)

	Panama Tours - Panama History
		When Panama City was destroyed in the 17th century, its inhabitants moved to the foothills of the Cerro Ancón.
		The urban development of Panama City was interrupted during the 18th century due to various fires that devastated its streets.
		In 1997, UNESCO declared the Casco Antiguo of Panama City a Patrimony of Humanity, underscoring it rich architectonic diversity from the 19th and early 20th century.
	www.adventure-life.com /panama/history.php (629 words)

	Panamá History Time Line
		The cathedral is transferred from Antigua to Panama by Bishop Vincente de Peraza, second bishop of Darien.
		Diego Alvarez Ossorio, Cantor of the Cathedral in Panama was appointed to the Bishopric of Nicaragua.
		Antonio Calderon was appointed Bishop of Panama on March 26, 1599.
	www.bruce.ruiz.net /PanamaHistory/panama_time_line.htm (5784 words)

	Panama Invasion by United States in 1989: Background and chronology
		Any leader in Panama has two choices: be a puppet of U.S. Government without any real power or assert some independence, forcing reliance on nationalist base.
		U.S. forces carry out military exercises in the "white" areas that were returned to Panama in 1979 (as opposed to "green" areas still under U.S. control), as well as in outlying areas.
		Historian Jane Franklin is the author of Cuba and the United States: A Chronological History.
	andromeda.rutgers.edu /~hbf/panama.htm (2082 words)

	The History of Panama — www.greenwood.com
		It was incorporated into Peru, sacked by the English, incorporated into Colombia, divided by a railroad, divided again by a canal, invaded by the US several times, decimated by dictators and finally, after significant reforms, emerged as one of the most democratic and free nations in Latin America.
		In the post-Columbus period, Panama was first a Spanich colony, then a province of Colombia, and then finally a quasi-territory of the United States during the 20th century.
		It begins with Panama's colonial period, demonstrating how even in its early day, the isthmus was seen by the Spanish as merely a transshipment point.
	www.greenwood.com /catalog/GR3322.aspx (358 words)

	HISTORY of Panama's Canopy Tower
		The Canopy Tower was built in 1965 by the United States Air Force to house a powerful radar used in the defense of the Panama Canal.
		The FAA permit terminated on its own terms in June of 1979 and its function was deactivated, but the PCC continued to use a small area of the tower until 1995.
		The government of Panama, in turn, signed a long term concession contract with Divertimento Ecológico, S. A., a panamanian corporation, to transform the site into a center for the observation of the neotropical rainforest.
	www.canopytower.com /history.html (408 words)

	Panama Guide - History & Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		But Suez was a sea-level canal, through sandy desert; in Panama the mountains of the Continental Divide ran through the middle of the country.
		Yesterday afternoon the Roosevelt Medal Descendants organization held their annual ceremony to recognize and preserve the memory of the American citizens who were engaged in the construction of the Panama Canal, and who, for their noble effort, were awarded the Roosevelt Medal by the President of the United States.
		The Panama Canal Administration Building was inaugurated on July 15, 1914, exactly a month before the official opening of the Canal.
	www.panama-guide.com /index.php?topic=history (2044 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)