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Topic: History of Parliamentarism

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	Parliamentary system - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A parliamentary system, or parliamentarism, is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence.
		Parliamentarism is praised, relative to presidentialism, for its flexibility and responsiveness to the public.
		Parliamentarism may also be heeded for governance in local governments.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /parliamentary_system.htm (973 words)

	Parliamentary system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A parliamentary system, or parliamentarism, is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the legeslative branch, or parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence.
		It is faulted for its tendency to sometimes lead to unstable governments, as in the German Weimar Republic and the French Fourth Republic.
		On the other hand, parliamentarism can also display characteristics of dominant party systems, that is, while the nation is democratic, only one party has a realistic chance of winning.
	www.bonneylake.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Parliamentarism (1747 words)

	HELLENIC PARLIAMENT - Parliament History - Consolidation of Parliamentarism after the Dictatorship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Between the years 1981 and 1985 the majority in Parliament did not share a common political perspective with the President of the Republic; nevertheless, parliamentarism still funcioned in the same smooth way as before, centred around the gravitational force of the majority in Parliament.
		Thus, the subsequent revision of the Constitution in the year 1985-1986, which abolished most of the regulatory powers of the President of the Republic, confined itself in fact to putting the constitutional practice of the previous decate into the explicit language of the Costitution.
		For the first time in the history of the country the revision took place in accordance with the pertinent provisions of the Constitution, a fact which further testifies to the strength of the parliamentary institutions of the country after the collapse of the dictatorship.
	www.hri.org /MPA/voulh/eng/istoria/1974.html (444 words)

	Parliamentary system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A parliamentary system, or parliamentarism, is distinguished by the head of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence.
		A parliamentary system presupposes a multi-party form of government and clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state.
		The executive is typically a cabinet, and headed by a prime minister who is considered the head of government, but parliamentarism has also been practised with privy councils and the Senate of Finland.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/p/pa/parliamentary_system.html (462 words)

	PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM FACTS AND INFORMATION
		A parliamentary system, or parliamentarism, is distinguished by the executive_branch_of_government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote_of_confidence.
		Hence, there is no clear-cut separation_of_powers between the executive and legislative branches, leading to criticism from some that they lack checks and balances found in a presidential republic.
		It is faulted for its tendency to sometimes lead to unstable governments, as in the German Weimar_Republic and the French_Fourth_Republic.
	www.palfacts.com /parliamentary_system (2187 words)

	Encyclopedia: Parliamentarism, history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Democracy and Parliamentarism became increasingly prevalent in Europe in the years after World War I, partly imposed by the democratic victors, France and England, on the defeated countries and their successors, notably Germany's Weimar Republik and the new Austrian Republic.
		The resulting "Minority-Parliamentarism" led to frequent defeats in votes of confidence and almost perpetual political crisis which further diminished the standing of democracy and parliamentarism in the eyes of the electorate.
		Finland is sometimes given as a counter-example, where a presidential democracy was established after a failed revolution and the more than three months of bitter Civil War in Finland (1918).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Parliamentarism,-history (561 words)

	ttsum2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The forming of parliamentarism has meant the building up and perfection of this institutional entity, which has taken place during the course of history of parliamentarism.
		It is moved back to that point in the history of mankind when people first were divided in separate societies and for the first time established a power which we later have come to know as the state.
		With the latter relationship in mind, the starting point of parliamentarism lies in the situation where institutions or practises are formed which in the perspective of the process of history of parliamentarism we recognise as parliamentary.
	www.jyu.fi /yhtfil/polcont/ttsumma.html (1080 words)

	Encyclopedia: History of Parliamentarism
		A parliamentary system, or parliamentarism, is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the legislative branch, or parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence.
		Parliamentarism in France differed from parliamentarism in the United Kingdom in several ways.
		The period of German history from 1919 to 1933 is known as the Weimar Republic (in German Weimarer Republik).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-Parliamentarism (1832 words)

	SOCIALISM & PARLIAMENT
		Parliamentarism can never give the workers control of industry, can never solve the problem of Capitalism, can never secure to the wealth-producers the ownership by themselves of the means of production and distribution.
		In both countries Parliamentarism expressed the failure of the workers to be class-conscious, and but measured their sheepish subjection to a brutal and impudent Imperialism.
		Parliamentarism cannot solve, and does not seek to solve, the only problem that matters, the key problem of all social misery, the problem of class society, its transformation into true, equal, or free society.
	www.geocities.com /~johngray/alpar1.htm (7100 words)

	Social Democracy and Parliamentarism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the fate if the German Reichstag we seen an important episode in the history of the bourgeois parliamentarism in general, and it is entirely in the interests of the proletariat to understand thoroughly its tendencies and inner connections.
		If parliamentarism has lost all significance for capitalist society, it is for the rising working class one of the most powerful and indispensable means of carrying on the class struggle.
		These then are the beautiful fruits of Jaurès’s attempts to rescue parliamentarism: an increasing popular aversion to every parliamentary action and a revision to anarchism – which, in a word, is the greatest real danger to the existence of parliament and even of the republic in general.
	www.marxists.org /archive/luxemburg/1904/06/05.htm (2265 words)

	Minutes of Second Congress of the Communist International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Parliamentarism has entered the flesh and blood of these dogmatists, and has grown together organically not only with their thinking but also with their emotions and their desires.
		The history of the Russian revolution has clearly proved that the great masses of the working class, of the peasant class and of the petty clerks would not have been convinced by any arguments if they had not made their own experiences.
		Nor can parliamentarism be a form of proletarian state administration in the period of transition from the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie to the dictatorship of the proletariat.
	www.marxists.org /history/international/comintern/2nd-congress/ch08a.htm (9886 words)

	Webster's Online Dictionary - The Rosetta Edition
		HISTORY OF CAPE COLONY FROM 1806 TO 1870
		HISTORY OF CAPE COLONY FROM 1870 TO 1899
		HISTORY OF THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
	www.icongrouponline.com /dictionary/indexHI38.html (105 words)

	Parliamentarism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A parliamentary system, or parliamentarism, is distinguished by the head of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support ofthe parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence.
		Also, relations between the central government and local governments vary in parliamentarysystems, they may be federal or unitary states.
		Parliamentarism may also be heeded for governance in localgovernments.
	www.therfcc.org /parliamentarism-33548.html (438 words)

	Parliamentarism, history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For a definition of Parliamentarism see: Parliamentarysystem of government.
		The resulting "Minority-Parliamentarism" led to frequent defeats in votes of confidence and almost perpetual political crisis whichfurther diminished the standing of democracy and parliamentarism in the eyes of the electorate.
		Many early twentieth century regimes failed through political instability and/or the interventions of heads of state, notablyKing Victor Emmanuel III of Italy 's failureto back his government when facing the threat posed by BenitoMussolini in 1922, or the support given by King AlfonsoXIII of Spain to a prime minister using dictatorial powers in the 1930s.
	therfcc.org /parliamentarism,-history-92894.html (537 words)

	History of Parliamentarism -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For a definition of Parliamentarism see: (Click link for more info and facts about Parliamentary system) Parliamentary system of government.
		The resulting "Minority-Parliamentarism" led to frequent defeats in (Click link for more info and facts about votes of confidence) votes of confidence and almost perpetual political crisis which further diminished the standing of democracy and parliamentarism in the eyes of the electorate.
		Parliamentarism was (re-)introduced by Svinhufvud's successor (Click link for more info and facts about Kyösti Kallio) Kyösti Kallio in 1937.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/H/Hi/History_of_Parliamentarism.htm (607 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The history of the nation was filled with one more notable page - the Constitution of Georgia was created, which is to be considered as the achievement of Georgian political mentality and Geogian le gislative activities.
		On October 8, 1918 by the majori ty of the Council this organ is known in history as "Georgian National Parliament".
		The activity of legislative organ, because of the known events in history appeared to be short.
	www.parliament.ge /ABOUT/histparl.html (1250 words)

	Parliamentary system -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Parliamentarism is praised, relative to (Click link for more info and facts about presidentialism) presidentialism, for its flexibility and responsiveness to the public.
		Parliamentarism may also be heeded for governance in (The government of a local area) local governments.
		An example is the city of (The capital and largest city of Norway; the country's main port; located at the head of a fjord on Norway's southern coast) Oslo, which has an executive council as part of a parliamentary system.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pa/parliamentary_system.htm (1280 words)

	Historia de Parliamentarism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Para una definición de Parliamentarism ver: Sistema del gobierno parlamentario.
		La democracia y Parliamentarism llegaron a ser cada vez más frecuentes en Europa en los años después de la Primera Guerra Mundial, impuesta en parte por los vencedores democráticos, Francia e Inglaterra, ante los países derrotados y sus sucesores, notablemente Weimar Republik de Alemania y la nueva república austríaca.
		Parliamentarism era (re-)introduced-)introduced por el sucesor Kyösti Kallio de Svinhufvud en 1937.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/hi/Historia%20de%20Parliamentarism.htm (584 words)

	History of Parliamentarism : Parliamentarism, history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The origins of the modern concept of prime ministerial government go back to the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707-1800).
		Finland is sometimes given as a counter-example, where a presidential democracy was established after a failed revolution 1918 ending in half-a-year of bitter Civil War.
		He his daughter in company with a rascal who had carried her off.
	www.termsdefined.net /pa/parliamentarism,-history.html (720 words)

	DC Indymedia: Reasons Not to Vote (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		People are either not familiar with their history, or they have not yet learned that revolution is but thought carried into action.
		And at its most thoroughgoing, change comes when the crisis in society is so deep and the struggle, organization and consciousness of the people is at the point where a real all-the-way revolution is possible--when power is seized and old structures are torn down and uprooted and something new and truly liberating can be born.
		Another look at history: Jesse Jackson got millions of votes, and registered millions of new voters when he ran for president in the 1980s--and as a reward, he was rudely dissed by both Dukakis and Clinton.
	dc.indymedia.org /front.php3?article_id=37920&group=webcast (3903 words)

	Saint-Petersburg History Museums - PREMIER-VOYAGE Russian Travel Company
		It is connected with many turning points in the history of the country and the city.
		New exposition "Deeming on the State Duma" elucidates the history of Russian parliamentarism in the XX century.
		The museum's exhibition illustrates the history of the St.Petersburg press, from the middle of the XIX till the early XX centuries.
	travel.inc.ru /spb/museums/history.shtml (971 words)

	DEPARTMENT OF SOURCE STUDIES OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
		Nowadays department is a large pedagogical and center of academics, where the urgent problems of the methodology of history, theoretical and concrete problems of source studies and historiography are developed; the contents of courses are determined, respondent to the modern tasks of preparation of new staff.
		Its employees are the organizers and participants of the Soviet-American Colloquium on the application of quantitative methods in historical research, international congresses on economic history, international congresses of Slavic historians, international conferences on the history of the historical science, archival studies and source studies of Russian history, and of the conference “history and computing,” etc.
		The laboratory is the leading organization in working with literary monuments from libraries of institutions of higher education of the Russian Federation; in cooperation with the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation the laboratory organizes and carries out schools for the employees of libraries, museums and archives working with rare books.
	www.hist.msu.ru /English/departments/source.htm (1183 words)

	More on People
		Reviewing the history of peasant struggles since Naxalbari, we find that the armed peasant struggles — whether in Naxalbari, Srikakulam or Birbhum — did not last for more than a year or two.
		Well, the history of the Indian communist movement is replete with such instances of degeneration and the people cannot be blamed for having apprehensions about our Party in this regard.
		This part of our history represents a glorious tradition of our Party and the martyrs and we have all along upheld this tradition much to the chagrin of the renegades who malign the great heritage of our Party in the name of rectifying past mistakes.
	www.cpiml.org /archive/vm_swork/57more_on_people_front.htm (2866 words)

	Parliamentarism website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This website is concerned with parliamentarism and its history, especially in Germany.
		The links on the left contain a compilation of research institutions and journals which have their focus on parliamentarism from an historical or political point of view.
		News about parliamentarism can be found with the help of the search engine google.
	www.parlamentarismus.de /indexeng.html (53 words)

	ABOUT
		The history of human growth and development is at the same time the history of the terrible struggle of every new idea heralding the approach of a brighter dawn.
		A thorough perusal of the history of human development will disclose two elements in bitter conflict with each other; elements that are only now beginning to be understood, not as foreign to each other, but as closely related and truly harmonious, if only placed in proper environment: the individual and social instincts.
		People are either not familiar with their history, or they have not yet learned that revolution is but thought carried.
	www.tnl.1hwy.com /about.html (4876 words)

	Station Information - Parliamentary system
		A parliamentary system of government, in short Parliamentarism, is a multi-party form of government in which the executive branch (the Cabinet or the Privy Council) is formally dependent on the Parliament's acceptance.
		The Cabinet, or single members thereof, can be removed by the Parliament through a vote of non-confidence.
		See also: Head of government, presidential system, history of parliamentarism
	www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/p/pa/parliamentary_system.html (412 words)

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