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Topic: History of Peru

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	History of Peru
		Peru's independence movement was led by Jose de San Martin of Argentina and Simon Bolivar of Venezuela.
		Following a clash between Peru and Ecuador in 1941, the Rio Protocol--of which the United States is one of four guarantors--sought to establish the boundary between the two countries.
		The Government of Peru is now weighing its response to the CVR’s recommendations that human rights violators be tried and that the government take measures to, in some fashion, indemnify parts of the population that suffered during those years, chiefly rural Peruvians of ethnically Indian descent.
	www.historyofnations.net /southamerica/peru.html (1195 words)

	PC(USA) - Worldwide Ministries: Peru - History
		Peru is a country of extremes of climate: the arid Pacific coast on the west, the Amazon rain forest in the east, and the rugged, snow-capped Andes running down the middle.
		Peru declared its independence in 1821 and, with the help of General San Martín of Argentina and Simón Bolívar of Venezuela, the Spanish were defeated in 1824.
		Peru continues to be poor, suffer violence from its army, and feel the lack of the democratic institutions that former President Fujimori abolished, but its economic growth is strong and inflation is down.
	pcusa.org /worldwide/peru/history.htm (404 words)

	PC(USA) - Worldwide Ministries: Peru - History
		Peru is a country of extremes of climate: the arid Pacific coast on the west, the Amazon rain forest in the east, and the rugged, snow-capped Andes running down the middle.
		In the first century of Spanish domination the population declined by 80 percent due to forced labor, malnutrition, and the introduction of diseases such as smallpox and measles.
		Peru declared its independence in 1821 and, with the help of General San Martín of Argentina and Simón Bolívar of Venezuela, the Spanish were defeated in 1824.
	www.pcusa.org /worldwide/peru/history.htm (431 words)

	History of Peru
		Peru encompasses a past of over 10,000 years of the most harsh and inhospitable, if spectacular, environments in the world - the high Andes of South America.
		Peru's long history of authoritarian and oligarchical rule, made effective democratic government difficult to accomplish.
		Violence was a thread that ran throughout Andean history, from Inca expansion, the Spanish conquest and colonialism, and countless native American insurrections and their suppression to the struggle for independence.
	www.peru-travel-adventures.com /peru-history.html (509 words)

	Peru - History & Culture
		Peru is best known as the heart of the Inca empire, but it was home to many diverse indigenous cultures long before the Incas arrived.
		Peru's population of about 23 million is divided almost equally between the highlands and the population centres of the coast, and the division marks a sharp cultural as well as geographic divide.
		Although Spanish is Peru's official language, a multitude of indigenous languages continue to hold sway in the highlands.
	www.geographia.com /peru/peruhistory.htm (579 words)

	History of Peru
		The eventfulness of Peru's history is evident in the numerous Inca ruins, Spanish colonial buildings and indigenous people practicing ancient traditions found in modern Peru.
		Despite efforts to organize the young Peruvian republic, in the nineteenth century Peru was characterized by a tough economic crisis and a tradition of military strongmen who gave civilians little chance to govern.
		Peru has a history of border disputes with neighboring countries and over the years has eventurally come to agreements with Colombia in 1927, Chile in 1929, Bolivia in 1932 and Ecuador in 1999.
	languagecrossing.com /Destinations/Peru/History_of_Peru (747 words)

	History of Peru - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The indigenous inhabitants of Peru were now expected to raise Old World cattle, poultry, and crops for their landlords.
		Once the Viceroyalty of Peru was established, gold and silver from the Andes enriched the conquerors, and Peru became the principal source of Spanish wealth and power in South America.
		Peru's movement toward independence was launched by an uprising of Spanish landowners and their forces, led by José de San Martín of Argentina and Simón Bolívar of Venezuela.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Peru (3457 words)

	A short history of Peru
		Present-day Peru is settled by Quechua and Aymara between the fifth and eight century.
		Peru's independence movement is by Jose de San Martin of Argentina and Simon Bolivar of Venezuela.
		As most South-American states Peru is a weak and unstable state, ruled by a succesion of military dictators for most of the 19th century.
	www.electionworld.org /history/peru.htm (837 words)

	Peru History
		Conditions were favorable to conquest, for the empire was debilitated by a just-concluded civil war between the heirs to the Inca throne, Atahualpa and Huascar, each of whom was seeking to control the empire.
		As a result, colonial Peru was a divided society, consisting of a small class that owned the land and controlled education, political, military, and religious power, and of a large, mostly indigenous class (about 90 percent of the total population) that remained landless, illiterate, and exploited.
		In 1873 Peru signed a secret defensive alliance with Bolivia, the purpose of which was to defend Bolivia's nitrate interests against Chile.
	www.virtualperu.net /peru_history.html (1537 words)

	Peru History. History of Peru
		The first inhabitants of Peru were nomadic hunter-gatherers who lived in caves in Peru's coastal regions.
		Peru continued to remain loyal to Spain until 1824, when the country was liberated by the Venezuelan Simón Bolívar and the Argentinian José de San Martín.
		In 1866, Peru won a brief war with Spain but was humiliated by Chile in the War of the Pacific (1879-83), which resulted in the loss of lucrative nitrate fields in the northern Atacama Desert.
	www.dosmanosperu.com /dosmanos/english/aboutperu/peru_history.php (672 words)

	Peru: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com
		Peru was once part of the great Incan Empire and later the major vice-royalty of Spanish South America.
		Peru emerged from 20 years of dictatorship in 1945 with the inauguration of President José Luis Bustamente y Rivero after the first free election in many decades.
		Peru - Map of Peru & articles on flags, geography, history, statistics, disasters current events, and international relations.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107883.html (1370 words)

	Peru - History
		The coastal strip around 4000 BC was wetter than today's desert and a number of small settlements were established, thus changing the status of the people from nomadic hunters and gatherers to settled agriculturalists and fishermen.
		Pottery, metalwork and weaving reached a pinnacle of technological development throughout Peru and hence this period is often referred to as either the Florescent or Classic.
		By the autumn of 1532, however, Pizarro was in northern Peru, Atahualpa had defeated Huascar and a fateful meeting was arranged between the Inca and Pizarro.
	www.travelvantage.com /per_his.html (2224 words)

	Peru History. Peru Information. Peru Tours & Vacation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The History of Peru was home to various Pre-Inca cultures and later, to the Inca Empire.
		Peru declared its independence from Spain on July 28, 1821 thanks to an alliance between the Chilean/Argentinian army of José de San Martín, and the Neogranadine Army of Simón Bolívar.
		In 1929 Peru and Chile signed a peace treaty (Treaty of Ancon) by which Tacna was to be returned to Peru and Peru yielded permanently the rich province of Arica, although keeping certain rights to the port activities in Arica.
	www.peruunlimited.com /peru-travel/history.asp (428 words)

	Peru: History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For at least 300 years before the arrival of the first Europeans (Spaniards), most of the Peru (excluding the eastern lowlands) was the heart of the Inca empire that extended from present-day Ecuador to central Chile.
		Peru went to war with Spain (1864-1871); during the fighting Callao (Lima's main port) was damaged by heavy bombardment from the sea.
		A boundary dispute with Colombia was settled in 1932 by the withdrawal of Peru from a large area in the Amazon plain.
	www.ddg.com /LIS/aurelia/perhis.htm (603 words)

	Peru's History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Archaeologically, Peru is the richest country in South America.
		Peru is perhaps best known as the heart of the Inca Empire, but it was home to many diverse indigenous cultures long before the Incas arrived.
		The Viceroyalty of Peru, rich and powerful, had to fight against those colonists who where tired of abuse and explotation of indians.
	www.yourexpedition.com /inti_site/pages/peru_history.html (361 words)

	PERU HISTORY
		Peru’s early history is often left to hypothesis and is believed to have begun as long as ten thousand years ago as people of Asiatic descent crossed the Bearing Straight to what is now North America and on to what is now South America.
		Peru became embroiled in the dispute between 1879 and 1883 and was shaken to its knees both economically and socially.
		Futhermore, Peru is attempting to come to grips with the terrorism of the 1980’s and 1990’s where at least 30,000 people lost their lives at the hands of the guerillas and military.
	www.latinamericalinks.com /peru_history.htm (6602 words)

	peruvian culinary history and recipes
		Thanks to Peru's three regions and ocean there are an abundance of markets that can offer a variety of fresh ingredients that satisfy not only the housewife but also the most sophisticated chef.
		The culinary history of the Peruvian food dates back to the Incas and pre-Incas with its maize, potatoes and spices that later was influenced by the arrival of the Spanish colonies, and throughout the years it incorporated the demands of the different migrations and "mestizajes".
		Peru is by far the country with the most Chinese restaurants in Latin America.
	www.culturalexpeditions.com /culinary_history.html (941 words)

	History of Peru, Maine
		Peru lies on the south side of the Androscoggin in the eastern part of Oxford County.
		On the north, separated by the Androscoggin, are Mexico and Dixfield; on the east is Canton; on the south, Hartford and Sumner; on the west, Franklin and Rumford.
		Peru sent 108 men into the army of the Union during the war of the Rebellion, and 30 were killed or had died by sickness prior to Nov. 8th, 1865.
	history.rays-place.com /me/peru-me.htm (456 words)

	PERU INFORMATION - A Short Peruvian History
		Peru's independence movement was led by Jose de San Martin of Argentina and Simon Bolivar of Venezuela.
		Following a clash between Peru and Ecuador in 1941, the Rio Protocol--of which the United States is one of four guarantors--sought to establish the boundary between the two countries.
		The transfer of the presidency from Belaunde to Garcia on July 28, 1985, was Peru's first exchange of power from one democratically elected leader to another in 40 years.
	www.qoyllur-tours.com /peru-history.php (875 words)

	Peru State College History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For the next 38 years, the Peru school was the only teacher education institution in the state.
		Peru State admits all graduates of accredited Nebraska high schools and qualified out-of-state and international students.
		Peru State students have the opportunity to know their instructors well and to be working partners with the staff and other students.
	www.hpcnet.org /peru/collegeinformation/history (593 words)

	Peru History
		The first inhabitants of Peru were nomadic hunter-gatherers who lived in caves in Peru's coastal regions.
		Peru continued to remain loyal to Spain until 1824, when the country was liberated by two 'outsiders': the Venezuelan Simón Bolívar and the Argentinian José de San Martín.
		In 1866, Peru won a brief war with Spain but was humiliated by Chile in the War of the Pacific (1879-83), which resulted in the loss of lucrative nitrate fields in the northern Atacama Desert.
	www.donquijote.org /tourist/profiles/paises/peru/history.asp (694 words)

	Peru: history (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The effective suppression of the indigenous uprisings, the presence of numerous Spaniards, the concentration of the Crownâs military power in Lima and the conservative attitude of the local oligarchy, meant that Peru remained loyal to Spain when the rest of the Hispanic colonies in South America began the fight for independence between 1810 and 1821.
		Peru and Bolivia joined forces against Chile, which exploited the saltpeter, with the support of British companies.
		Peru and Bolivia lost the war and with it the provinces of Arica, Tarapac and Antofagasta.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=120 (3475 words)

	Peru Embassy: Australia: Info: History of Peru (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Peru's earliest inhabitants can be traced to migrants reaching the North American continent from Asia.
		The winds of liberty that led to the independence of the United States and the fall of the French monarchy in the late 18th Century did not spare the Spanish viceroyalties in the New World.
		Throughout the republican era, Peru has sought to be one of the leading nations in Latin America in the domain of science and technology.
	www.embaperu.org.au /info/history.html (1741 words)

	CCHA- Peru Town Historian
		Nestled between the Adirondack Mountains and Lake Champlain, the Town of Peru was formed from Plattsburgh and Willsborough on Dec. 28, 1792.
		As the population of Peru grew from a small handful of settlers in 1792 to 1,923 in 1810 and 2,710 by 1820, other settlements within Peru's boundaries came into being.
		The present population of Peru is 6,370 according to the 2000 census.
	clintoncountyhistorical.org /peru.html (692 words)

	Peru Nebraska The Heart of Steamboat Trace
		Located in the HEART of Steamboat Trace, Peru is the center for the outdoorsman.
		Peru State College, Home of the Peru State Bobcats, is also known as the "Campus of 1000 Oaks".
		With over 2000 acres of river bottom land in the wildlife management program, Peru is becoming a great place to hunt pheasant, quail, deer and other upland game.
	www.ci.peru.ne.us (298 words)

	Peru Home
		Peru is a very geographically diverse country. Covering 1,285,215 sq km (496,225 sq mi), it has three distinct geographic areas running roughly parallel to each other: The Coastal Desert, the Mountains and the Jungle.
		Peru is the third largest country in South America. It is over 2,613 km by road from the border with Ecuador in the north to the border with Chile in the south (over 1,622 miles).
		On November 14, 2000 Peru's opposition increased the pressure on President Fujimori ousting one of his key allies, the president of the Congress, and releasing a new video showing his former spy chief congratulating military leaders for their role--which was unspecified--in last May's elections.
	www.questconnect.org /Peru.htm (2849 words)

	History of Peru Nebraska (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mary Medley, born Nov. 16, 1857, was the white child born in Peru.
		"Peru is in Nemaha County on the line of the Brownville branch of the B and M Railroad.
		Peru is located on the Missouri River 8 miles above Brownville, the county seat.
	www.visitnemahacounty.org /history/peru.htm (485 words)

	The History of Peru, N. Y. = peru1.htm
		The History of Peru, N. The village of Peru in Clinton county, Upstate New York played an important role in the history of the area and the history of my family.
		About half a mile front Peru village, towards the Union, stands an antique house on the left, some poplar-trees on the right, and, as thc road bends to the west, a substantial stone structure, spanning a streak of mud, kept nmist by a slight flow of water from some unknown source.
		He had, before coming to Peru, kept a hotel in Dutchess County, and was noted for his good cheer and his love for roast pigs and turkeys.
	bigelowsociety.com /slic/peru1.htm (1280 words)

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