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Topic: History of Poland

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	BBC - History - Invasion of Poland
		When Hitler invaded Poland, he was confident that Britain and France would continue their policy of appeasement and broker a peace deal.
		The decision of Adolf Hitler to invade Poland was a gamble.
		Hitler was confident that the invasion of Poland would result in a short, victorious war for two important reasons.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/worldwars/wwtwo/invasion_poland_01.shtml (297 words)

	History of Poland
		Poland's written history begins with the reign of Mieszko I, who accepted Christianity for himself and his kingdom in AD 966.
		Poland revolted from the empire, and the Polish Church began a reform in accordance with Gregory's decrees.
		By the leading nobles Boleslaw was thoroughly hated as a despot; the masses of the people murmured under the burden of incessant wars; the clergy opposed the energetic reformation of the Church, which the king was carrying on, their opposition being particularly directed against Gregory's decree enforcing the celibacy of the clergy.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/poland.html (2744 words)

	E-Books : Austria-Hungary and Poland, A Short History of: 23: Early History of Poland - Historical Text Archive
		Before proceeding to describe the Jagiellonic period of Polish history, it is necessary to cast a rapid glance at the social and political condition of the country in the preceding Piast period.
		Poland, indeed, was far less able to cope with the Turks than compact, wealthy Hungary, which throughout the 15th century was one of the most efficient military monarchies in Europe.
		Poland had established a sort of suzerainty over Moldavia as early as the end of the 14th century, but at best it was a loose and vague overlordship which the Hospodars repudiated whenever they were strong enough to do so.
	www.historicaltextarchive.com /books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=2&cid=23 (6773 words)

	Brief history of Poland
		The Kingdom of Poland is marked in white; Russia - in green, Austria - in yellow and Prussia - in blue.
		The Tzars gave it relatively much autonomy and created the new Kingdom of Poland there (but dependent on Russia) whereas the former eastern parts of Poland were directly incorporated into the Empire (and the populace of the Byzantine Catholics living there was forced to "convert" to Eastern Orthodox).
		Most of the 19th century Kingdom of Poland, the whole Galicia and most of the former Prussian provinces of West Prussia and Posen together with some areas of present-day Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine constituted Poland between the Wars.
	www.polishroots.org /genpoland/polhistory.htm (881 words)

	A short history of Poland
		Poland and Lithuania are united in a personal union since 1386.
		The western parts of Poland are part of Prussia and with Prussia of Germany.
		Poland forms and later annexes the state of Central Lithuania.
	www.electionworld.org /history/poland.htm (1408 words)

	History of Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Poland's location in the very centre of Europe became especially significant in a period when both Prussia and Russia were intensely involved in European rivalries and alliances and modern nation states were established over the entire continent.
		Poland regained its independence in 1918, but the Second Polish Republic was destroyed by Germany in the Invasion of Poland at the beginning of the Second World War.
		The Polish state was born in 966 with the baptism of Mieszko I, duke of the Slavic tribe of Polans and founder of the Piast dynasty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Poland (3613 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Poland (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As an independent country (i.e., until the year 1772), Poland was bounded on the north by the Baltic Sea, on the east by the Russian Empire, on the south by the dominions of the Tatars and Hungary, on the west by Bohemia and Prussia.
		The Church of Poland took part, it is true, in the Synod of Constance, at which Hus was burnt, but had not the strength to oppose effectively the reactionary tendency of the nobility, which sought to use heresy as a counterpoise to the influence of the Church.
		The head of the Catholic Church in Poland was the Archbishop of Gnesen, primate of the kingdom and legatus nalus.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12181a.htm (17006 words)

	Poland History
		It is said that "he found Poland built of wood and left her built of stone." His ambitious projects ringed the country with fortifications.
		Jogaila, known as Jagiello, was crowned as King of Poland in February of 1386 at an assembly of Polish barons and nobility and adopted the name of Wladyslaw II.
		Subsequently, the nobility elected the new king of Poland; it was to be French prince Henri de Valois.
	www.snookems.com /poland/phistory.htm (8510 words)

	Short History of Poland
		In prehistoric times, the territory within Poland’s current borders was inhabited by a number of Slavic tribes; Poland’s name Polska derives from that of the Polanie tribe which dwelt in the area centered on Poznan and, it time, united the other tribes under their leadership.
		Poland’s army won many battles but the struggles were bitter and lasted for months resulting in the devastation of towns and villages.
		Poland, with her traditions of tolerance and freedom, was considered politically dangerous.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /classroom/shorthist.html (3017 words)

	The History of Poland — www.greenwood.com
		The substance of the essay, Poland in the 20th century, is an indispensable reference.
		Description: Poland is a land whose boundaries and people have been divided and redivided by conquering nations throughout its long and tumultuous history.
		This compassionately written history provides readers with a clear understanding of Poland's complex history from its origins in the Middle Ages through the end of the 20th century and is ideal for student research.
	www.greenwood.com /catalog/GR0571.aspx (516 words)

	History of Poland and Lithuania - LoveToKnow 1911
		History of Poland and Lithuania - LoveToKnow 1911
		Here you find articles in the encyclopedia on topics related to the history of Poland and Lithuania.
		Articles in category "History of Poland and Lithuania"
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Category:History_of_Poland_and_Lithuania (42 words)

	History of Poland
		The golden age of Poland was under the rule of Jagiellonians, a Lithuanian dynasty.
		I believe it is the number of collapses: the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania collapsed first, partitioned by neighboring powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia in 1795.
		I should mention that the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania was a truly democratic country, the only of this kind in Europe and elsewhere at that time.
	www.kmm-language.com /poland_000009.htm (1830 words)

	Brief History of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Poland was a Slavic principality, founded by duke Mieszko or Miesko (960-992), with its center in Gniezno (near Poznan) and an episcopal see in Poznan (western Poland).
		In 1941, Germany atacked the USSR and all of Poland was occupied.
		Poland was subjected to economic "shock therapy" in 1989-1990, causing so much dislocation that the reformed communists were given a majority in the Sejm in 1993 and in 1995 a former communist, Aleksander Kwasniewski, was elected president.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /history/p/Poland_brief.htm (2817 words)

	History of POLAND (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The conversion which the Teutonic knights have tried so hard to impose in a century and a half of violence is achieved at a stroke, by Polish diplomacy, through the more peaceful means of marriage.
		In 1501 it is agreed that the king of Poland shall always be the grand prince of Lithuania.
		The first recorded parliament or sejm representing the whole of Poland is called by the king (John I Albert) in 1493.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=991&HistoryID=ab01 (715 words)

	History of Poland's Jews To Go on Display - November 28, 2005 - The New York Sun
		The government of Poland and the city of Warsaw have allocated $26 million and donated land in the former Warsaw ghetto for the construction of a new Museum of the History of Polish Jews.
		One speaker at Wednesday's event will be Michael Berenbaum, a former president and chief executive officer of the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation and a former project director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
		For a thousand years, the history of the world's Jewry ran parallel to that of Poland.
	www.nysun.com /article/23554 (512 words)

	Poland History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Poland, 1918-1945: An Interpretive and Documentary History of the Second Republic
		Poland, 1918-1945 is a challenging, revisionist analysis and interpretation, supported by documentary evidence, of a crucial and controversial period in Poland's recent history.
		Bounded by an episode set in troubled contemporary Poland, this panoramic novel spans the tragic history of Poland from the thirteenth to the twentieth century as it follows the fortunes of the Lubonski, Bukowski, and Buk families.
	www.hotelepoznan.com /poland-history.htm (115 words)

	Polish History - Part 14
		Poland was first unified as a nation in the 11th century.
		In the 17th century Poland came under attack from all sides; it was invaded by the Swedes, fought with the Turks, and there was a Cossack rebellion in the southeastern territories.
		Throughout the 19th century Poland continued to be occupied, despite two uprisings in i830 and 1863.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history14.htm (807 words)

	Brief History of Poland - Peter Pfeiffer
		In 1138 the Testament of Boleslaw III Krzywousty (Boleslaus III the Wry-mouthed) shattered the precarious unity of Poland by dividing the realm among Boleslaw's sons.
		The Union of Lublin was a formal union of Poland and Lithuania; the "Rzeczpospolita Polska" (the Polish Commonwealth).
		From 1609 Poland became involved in a series of wars and was invaded by Swedes, Turks and Muscovites in such numbers that the country was almost submerged by enemy forces; this period became known as the "Deluge".
	www.magma.ca /~pfeiffer/poland/history.htm (2376 words)

	History of Poland
		Poland's early history follows closely the westerly movements of a set of early Slavic peoples known as the Polanie tribe.
		War with Russia ensued in 1920, ending in a victory for Poland which resulted in annexation of some of the territory from what is now the Ukraine and Belorussia.
		Though the Solidarity movement did much to bring Poland to the brink of revolution and eventual political reform, the communist party leadership made significant contribution to their own downfall.
	www.jobmonkey.com /teaching/europe/html/history_of_poland.html (1021 words)

	History
		In The History of Poland, The Rise to Power, Mieczyslaw Kasprzyk adds that in a political move, the Piast dynasty (its first) accepted Christianity in 966 to counter the increasing German strength to the west and to ensure an independent identity for its lands.
		In Go Poland!: History of Poland: Beginning of Nation, the writer further explains that Poland, unable to defend itself, invited the Teutonic Knights (a military and religious order of German knights) into the country in 1226 to strengthen its eastern and northern borders.
		History may explain who the Poles are and how they came to be where they are today but the internet can offer information and knowledge that could shape Poland's future.
	www.uiowa.edu /intlinet/projects/kaletkar/history.htm (1705 words)

	Poland History & Poland Culture \| iExplore.com
		For much of the medieval and early modern period, Poland was one of the largest states in Europe, although generally cut off from the mainstream of European life.
		Poland now found itself in a completely new political and economic environment and this brought about the implosion of Solidarnosc in the form of a deep split - mainly over economic policy - between supporters of Walesa and of Mazowiecki.
		Poland became a full member of the European Union on May 1 2004 as one of 10 new entrants.
	www.iexplore.com /dmap/Poland/History (1470 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Poland
		Poland was home to the largest Jewish population in Europe and served as the center for Jewish culture.
		Immigrants flocked to Poland from Bohemia-Moravia, Germany, Italy, Spain and colonies in the Crimea.
		According to Hasidic tradition, in southeast Poland, in the region of Podolia, Israel ben Eliezer Ba’al Shem Tov (otherwise known as the Ba’al Shem Tov or Besht) was born in 1699.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/Poland.html (4060 words)

	History Of Poland \| Europe Travel
		Poland’s September 2001 parliamentary elections saw the center-left SLD triumph and form a coalition with the Polish Peasant Party (PSL) and leftist Union of Labor (UP), with Leszek Miller (SLD) as Prime Minister, Cimoszewicz as Foreign Minister, and Oleksy as Sejm Marshall (Speaker of Parliament).
		Poland gained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II....
		Poland General Information Poland is a large central European nation that borders on the Baltic Sea.
	europe-chronicle.com /general-info/698/history-of-poland (2372 words)

	Poland (03/07)
		Poland was the first former centrally planned economy in central Europe to end its recession and return to growth in the early 1990s.
		Poland maintains a sizable armed force currently numbering about 140,572 troops divided among an army of 87,877, an air and defense force of 31,147, and a navy of 21,548.
		Poland continues to be a regional leader in support and participation in the NATO Partnership for Peace Program and has actively engaged most of its neighbors and other regional actors to build stable foundations for future European security arrangements.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2875.htm (4742 words)

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