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Topic: History of Rwanda

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Analysis of the causes of the Rwandan Genocide

Paul Kagame

History of Burundi

Hutu

Rwandan Massacre

Tutsi

Rwandan Genocide

Twa

Watusi

Players of the Rwandan Genocide

Rwandese Patriotic Front

Juvenal Habyarimana

Interahamwe

Burundian Civil War

Consequences of the Rwandan Genocide

In the News (Sun 22 Nov 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The earliest inhabitants of the region now known as Rwanda were the Twa, a group of diminutive forest hunters and gatherers, according to Bethwell Ogot in the UNESCO History of Africa.
		The previous history of Rwanda under the Tutsi monarchy and then as a colony was rejected as a long period of darkness.
		Less than 100,000 Rwandans are estimated to remain outside of Rwanda, and they are thought to be the remnants of the defeated army of the former genocidal government, its allies in the civilian militias known as Interahamwe, and soldiers recruited in the refugee camps before 1996.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=History_of_Rwanda (0 words)

	allnurses.com
		Especially the history of all the long ago violence and things that have happened over the years.
		The overwhelming scale of the murders in Rwanda are incomprehensible.
		Between lessons on history and governance, Gourevitch tells the stories of common folk that he met after the genocide as well as extensive interviews with Paul Kagame.
	www.allnurses.com /nursingbooks/shop.php?c=NsgBooks&n=4762&i=0312243359&a=reviews&p=1 (413 words)

	Rwanda - History
		Prior to European colonization, Rwanda was the site of one of the region's most complex monarchical systems.
		The earliest known inhabitants of the region now known as Rwanda were the Pygmy and Twa.
		After World War II Rwanda became a UN trust territory with Belgium as the administrative authority.
	www.rwanda-look.com /History-3.html (511 words)

	Reconciliation in Rwanda: Education, History and the State - Never Again
		Rwanda was praised for expanding primary school enrolments (an increase from 46% to 65% from 1973 to 1990) and achieving gender parity in primary schools by 1990 (Obura, 2003, 40).
		In Rwanda the development project embarked on by the aid agencies was depoliticised to such a degree that political instability and the evidence of human rights violations were simply considered to be outside their mandate.
		Rwanda is judged to have made progress, but the focus is on the conventional areas of universal primary education, literacy, physical infrastructure, teacher-pupil ratios, technology, teacher training: progress towards peace is not measured and not even mentioned.
	neveragain.epov.org /Reconciliation_in_Rwanda:_Education,_History_and_the_State (5341 words)

	East Africa Living Encyclopedia
		Rwanda and Burundi were located at the juncture of three empires and became the object of a diplomatic fight for possession.
		After a three-day meeting of the ministers of the Interior and Justice of Rwanda and Burundi, the two sides agreed on November 24 on several measures including the control of refugee activities, actions against arms trafficking, the completion of border demarcation and appealed to the media for restraint.
		Hutu refugees were unwilling to return to Rwanda even when thousands left Burundi camps in late March, for fear that they would be attacked by Tutsis in Burundi, where an internal crisis had arisen in which Tutsi extremists were thought to be closely allied to the RPF leadership in Kigali.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /NEH/rwhistory.htm (2459 words)

	Energy development plan in Rwanda - Solar energy - Renewable energy - Energy in Rwanda - Geography, history of Rwanda
		Rwanda, a fascinating country at the heart of Africa, under the Equator, under the sun, is characterized by hills and mountains.
		Rwanda is the country of one thousand hills but also of one thousand rivers and one thousand lakes (Lake Kivumba, Lake Ihema, Lake Mihindi…).
		The oldest archaeological data on Rwanda seem to reveal that Bantus (or Bahutu), a people from Lake Tchad, brought the iron technique to this country between the 10th and the 7th century BC.
	www.univ-pau.fr /~scholle/ecosystemes/2-dev/24-rwa/24-1-en.htm (0 words)

	History of RWANDA
		The highlands of Rwanda and Burundi, east of Lake Kivu, are the last part of Africa to be reached by Europeans in the colonial expansion of the late 19th century.
		With Rwanda in turmoil over the succession, the Germans move in (in 1897, from Tanzania) to claim the region for the Kaiser.
		President Habyarimina is able to repel the initial RPF invasion of northeastern Rwanda, in October 1990, largely thanks to French paratroops sent for the purpose by President Mitterand.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad24 (0 words)

	History of Rwanda - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		The earliest known inhabitants of the region now known as Rwanda were the pygmy Twa, a group now accounting for only about 1% of Rwanda's population and playing only a marginal role in Rwandan life.
		Modern Rwanda is believed to have begun as a small state on the shores of Lake Muhazi around the town of Buganza.
		Unlike the rest of the region the fate of Rwanda and the Great Lakes region was not decided by the 1885 Berlin Conference.
	www.music.us /education/H/History-of-Rwanda.htm (0 words)

	Rwanda: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com
		Rwanda, in east-central Africa, is surrounded by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, and Burundi.
		Rwanda, which became a part of German East Africa in 1890, was first visited by European explorers in 1854.
		Rwanda: Economy - Economy The economy of Rwanda is overwhelmingly agricultural, with most of the workers engaged in...
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107926.html (0 words)

	History of Rwanda
		Gregoire Kayibanda, leader of the PARMEHUTU Party, became Rwanda's first elected president, leading a government chosen from the membership of the directly elected unicameral National Assembly.
		As of October 2003, Rwanda’s refugee population consisted of 28,000 Congolese Tutsis at two camps in Kibuye and Byumba provinces.
		As of October 2003, some 80,000 individuals remained in detention in Rwanda, awaiting gacaca trials on charges relating to the 1994 genocide.
	www.historyofnations.net /africa/rwanda.html (0 words)

	Out of Africa - Too - Rwanda Web Directory
		Rwanda to Canada - A cultural profiled: This is an unlikely site name, but it is a treasure trove of information about Culture and Society in Rwanda.
		Rwanda Hope: There you will find a denial of the Genocide against Tutsis and a case of a genocide by present government against Hutus.
		Rwanda Hope: Back in 1997 I met a person in Nairobi who was part of this organization which gave me all kinds of rhetoric about the present government of Rwanda.
	kabiza.com /Rwanda-Directory.htm (557 words)

	Rwanda History
		Rwanda is located in the sub-Sahara Africa region and is bordered on the west by the Democratic Republic of Congo, to the east by Tanzania, to the north by Uganda, and by Burundi to the south.
		Rwanda has been the fighting grounds of intense ethnic violence between the Tutsi and Hutu tribal groups for the past forty years.
		Today Rwanda is mainly a rural country with roughly 90 percent of the population participating in (mostly subsistence) agriculture.
	www.providence.edu /polisci/students/genocide/RwandaHistory.htm (608 words)

	Rwanda history
		Rwanda's estimated 1995 population density was about 316 persons per square kilometre (819 persons per square mile), making Rwanda one of the most densely populated countries in Africa.
		Rwanda is divided into ten prefectures, each of which is administered by a prefect who is appointed by the president.
		A new constitution authorizing the establishment of a multi-party democracy became law in 1991, and a prime minister was appointed to organize a transitional government in preparation for multi-party elections in 1995.
	www.weareone.org.uk /rwandahistory.htm (1086 words)

	The African Executive \| A Short History of Rwanda
		Rwanda is a country roughly the size of Massachusetts located in central Africa.
		Under MRND aegis, the Rwandas went to the polls in December 1978, overwhelmingly endorsed a new constitution, and confirmed President Habyarimana as president.
		Ethnic tensions in Rwanda were significantly heightened in October 1993 upon the assassination of Melchior Ndadaye, the first popularly elected Hutu president of neighboring Burundi.
	www.africanexecutive.com /modules/magazine/articles.php?article=529&magazine=57 (1774 words)

	Through the Eyes of Children
		Rwanda is a country roughly the size of Massachusetts located in the center of Africa.
		The invading RPF and Hutu government sign the Arusha Accords, ending the war and allowing the RPF to integrate its army with the Rwandan army, establishing a provisional government until elections are held.
		Rosamond returns to Rwanda in a cargo plane, at age 82, finding her farm, Mugongo, in ruins with all her possessions destroyed.
	www.rwandaproject.org /project_history.html (736 words)

	1894-1990: A history of Rwanda and Burundi \| libcom.org
		The genocide which occurred in Rwanda in 1994, in which majority-Hutu militias wiped out from 500,000 to a million of the minority-Tutsi population is well-known.
		The prior history of Western Imperial intervention which led to the events culminating in the genocide are vital background knowledge for an understanding of those horrific events.
		Rwanda's northern and western borders were basically decided among the colonial powers in 1910.
	libcom.org /history/1894-1990-a-history-of-rwanda-and-burundi (1202 words)

	History of Rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Rwanda is a small, landlocked,densely populated Country located in Central Africa, which became independent in 1962, after colonization by Germany and Belgium.(encarta.com).
		The RPF sought political reforms and wanted all of the exiles to be able to return to Rwanda; its army rigorously fought the Government's army to a stalemate(Bodnarchuk 56).
		In early 2000, following the resignation of the President and the Prime Minister, Paul Kagame, the vice-president of Rwanda was elected President by the National Assembly.A new cabinet was appointed based on the power-sharing principle of the Arusha Accord.
	www.angelfire.com /ultra/economy/History (269 words)

	Rwanda History \| iExplore.com
		In the late 13th century, pastoral Tutsi tribes arriving from the south conquered the agricultural Hutu and hunter-gatherer Twa inhabitants of Rwanda and established a feudal kingdom.
		Rwanda’s economy, which is based on subsistence agriculture, was devastated by the massacres of 1994, the huge refugee populations that resulted, political upheaval and, since then, ongoing fighting in several parts of the country.
		Rwanda has some mineral deposits – principally tin ores, but also several ores containing rare metals such as tungsten and tantalum, which are in heavy demand in the world market.
	www.iexplore.com /dmap/Rwanda/History (1225 words)

	Voices From Rwanda - History of Rwanda to 1994
		The account that follows of the pre-colonial history of the country is therefore far from certain; especially since the history of Rwanda has probably been distorted by various groups to serve their own ends.
		Rwanda became part of German East Africa at the Berlin Conference of 1885, although as there had been no official visit by any European by this time Rwandans were unaware that they had been colonised for a number of years.
		Rwanda was a fertile and densely populated country, but as the ‘cash crops’ coffee and tea had yet to be introduced it had none of the natural resources which colonising powers were keen to plunder.
	www.voicesfromrwanda.org /rwandato1994.shtml (1887 words)

	History of Rwanda
		Since then, most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda, but about 10,000 remain in neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo and have formed an extremist insurgency bent on retaking Rwanda, much as the RPF tried in 1990.
		Despite substantial international assistance and political reforms - including Rwanda's first local elections in March 1999 and its first post-genocide presidential and legislative elections in August and September 2003 - the country continues to struggle to boost investment and agricultural output, and ethnic reconciliation is complicated by the real and perceived Tutsi political dominance.
		According to folklore, Tutsi cattle breeders began arriving in the area from the Horn of Africa in the 15th century and gradually subjugated the Hutu inhabitants.
	infotut.com /geography/Rwanda (2552 words)

	History (HRW Report - Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When Rwanda emerged as a major state in the eighteenth century, its rulers measured their power in the number of their subjects and counted their wealth in the number of their cattle.
		This mythical history drew on and made concrete the Hamitic hypothesis,” the then-fashionable theory that a superior, “Caucasoid” race from northeastern Africa was responsible for all signs of true civilization in “Black” Africa.
		Because he was a Hutu—and from northern Rwanda besides—his participation in the RPF exemplified the dreaded union of dissatisfied Hutu and the RPF.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm (12827 words)

	Media, Propaganda and Rwanda - Global Issues
		The Rwanda area had been dominated by hunter gatherers (the Twa) since 1000 A.D. Hutu speakers began to settle in the area, with farms and a clan-based monarchy that dominated the Twa.
		This mythical history drew on and made concrete the “Hamitic hypothesis,” the then-fashionable theory that a superior, “Caucasoid” race from northeastern Africa was responsible for all signs of true civilization in “Black” Africa.
		The Rwanda example then, is both an example of how media was used to push a propaganda of hatred for the purpose of genocide, but also how understanding the issue was typically explained in simplified terms omitting many of the deeper causes, which are also common contributing causes of problems elsewhere in the world.
	www.globalissues.org /HumanRights/Media/Propaganda/Rwanda.asp (0 words)

	Big Gamble in Rwanda - The New York Review of Books
		Rwanda is still wretchedly poor, and tensions between its Hutu and Tutsi citizens still simmer beneath the surface.
		Rwanda is landlocked, and for much of its history it was isolated from the world; the first European did not arrive until 1892.
		Rwanda was a German colony from 1897 to 1916, and then fell under Belgian rule.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/19996 (0 words)

	Sources of History of Rwanda
		He traces the cultural myth in Rwanda that separated the Hutus from the Tutsis, the colonial impact, the Tutsi Dynasty, the first Hutu republic from 1959 to 1990, the 1990-93 civil war, the quest for peace and democracy and finally a chronicle of the genocide in 1994.
		Other books were Jeremy Lewis' The Twa of Rwanda, which examines the history and conditions of the little known pygmis tribe who live in the rain forests of Rwanda.
		Like many Rwandan history scholars, he tries to answer the question whether these are distinct ethnic groups or whether they are social-economic divisions within the Banyrwanda, akin to castes or social class.
	www.uiowa.edu /intlinet/projects/wakiagae/page3.htm (0 words)

	'Hotel Rwanda' hero faces detractors at home
		KIGALI, Rwanda -- Since the movie "Hotel Rwanda" was released two years ago, Paul Rusesabagina has become a hero in the U.S. In Rwanda, he is seen in a different light.
		George watched the movie in Rwanda with most of the Rwandan parliament and President Kagame.
		"Someone is trying to rewrite the history of Rwanda, and we cannot accept it," he said.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/06339/743712-82.stm (0 words)

	Rwanda coffee pals
		The widows of Rwanda and their children are the outcome of one of the most horrifying tragedies perpetrated in recent history.
		It is considered to be one of the most terrifying and brutal incidents in Human history.
		MSU, through its PEARL Program is a vital force to the success of helping these Rwanda Widows grow and market their coffee throughout the world.
	www.rwandacoffeepals.com /makedifference.php (341 words)

	The History Place - Genocide in the 20th Century
		Rwanda is one of the smallest countries in Central Africa, with just 7 million people, and is comprised of two main ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi.
		Although the Hutus account for 90 percent of the population, in the past, the Tutsi minority was considered the aristocracy of Rwanda and dominated Hutu peasants for decades, especially while Rwanda was under Belgian colonial rule.
		Ethnic tensions in Rwanda were significantly heightened in October 1993 upon the assassination of Melchior Ndadaye, the first popularly elected Hutu president of neighboring Burundi.
	www.historyplace.com /worldhistory/genocide/rwanda.htm (926 words)

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