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	History of Soviet espionage - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Coming to power as a clandestine organization, having been schooled in the secret police tactics of the Czarist Okhranka the new Soviet government of the Soviet Union tended to overestimate the degree to which the other European powers of the day, especially Britain were plotting its destruction.
		In the late years of the Cold War the KGB was able to recruit moles high within the FBI (Robert Hanssen) and the CIA (Aldrich Ames).
		History of Soviet espionage in the United States
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/History_of_Soviet_espionage (357 words)

	History of Soviet espionage in the United States Information
		Soviet intelligence agencies were able to use over 400 American citizens during the 1930s and up to 1946.
		Soviet recruitment of sources within American intelligence agencies, particularly within the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the predecessor to the Central Intelligence Agency was impressive.
		Soviet expansionism in Europe, the Chinese Civil War, and the 1950 outbreak of the Korean War shattered the dreams of post-war cooperation with the Soviet Union.
	www.bookrags.com /History_of_Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States (2449 words)

	The Plot Thickens - The New York Review of Books
		Soviet nets of the 1930s are especially difficult because the names that made the biggest news at the time (Hiss, Chambers, Rosenberg) may have been only relatively minor players, while others, barely glimpsed in the documents and confessions which chance brought to the FBI, may have been central.
		The history of McCarthyism offers a fine example of dogged persistence in the defense of old interpretations, which fail to be integrated into the story of what we have learned about Soviet espionage since the end of the cold war.
		But the fact that some Soviet spies could in part be identified by their politics, and the embarrassed denial of that fact by liberals who shared some of their political goals, helped turn a spy scandal into a searing schism in American political life which has not entirely healed yet, fifty years later.
	www.nybooks.com /nyrev/WWWfeatdisplay.cgi?20000511053R (6633 words)

	Soviet
		Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR The Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet...
		Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR The Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet...
		Soviet Navy The Soviet Navy was the 1991.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/soviet.html (1767 words)

	History of Soviet espionage in the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By the mid to late 1920s, there were three elements of Soviet power operating in the United States, despite the absence of formal diplomatic relations, the Comintern, military intelligence or GRU, and the forerunner of the KGB, the GPU.
		Soviet intelligence agencies were able to use over 400 American citizens during the 1930s and up to 1946.
		Soviet expansionism in Europe, the Chinese Civil War, and the 1950 outbreak of the Korean War shatterred the dreams of post-war cooperation with the Soviet Union.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States (2338 words)

	Espionage
		Espionage Espionage is the practice of obtaining secrets (spying) from rivals or enemies for national defense]." Espio...
		Espionage Act of 1917 The Espionage Act was passed by the 65th World War I. This act made it a crime, punishable by a $1...
		History of Soviet espionage Coming to power as a clandestine organization, having been schooled in the Cheka, made serio...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/espionage.html (140 words)

	History of Soviet espionage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Coming to power as a clandestine organization, having been schooled in the secret police tactics of the Czarist Okhranka the new Soviet government of the Soviet Union tended to overestimate the degree to which the other European powers of the day, especially Britain were plotting its destruction.
		As the other European powers had only rudimentary intelligence agencies, the Soviet Union soon outstripped them in obtaining information and placing agents within their governments who kept Soviet leaders apprised of their military and foreign relations positions and intentions.
		In the late years of the Cold War the KGB was able to recruit moles high within the FBI (Robert Hanssen) and the CIA (Aldrich Ames).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Soviet_espionage (382 words)

	Espionage and the Manhattan Project, 1940-1945
		Soviet intelligence soon recognized the importance of the subject and gave it the appropriate codename: ENORMOZ ("enormous").
		Given the size of the pre-existing Soviet espionage network within the United States and the number of Americans who were sympathetic to communism or even members of the CPUSA themselves, it seems highly unlikely in retrospect that penetrations of the Manhattan Project could have been prevented.
		Soviet espionage directed at the Manhattan Project probably hastened by at least 12-18 months the Soviet acquisition of an atomic bomb.
	www.mbe.doe.gov /me70/manhattan/espionage.htm (2065 words)

	EDSITEment - Lesson Plan
		The opening in the 1990s of the archives of the former Soviet Union showed that the penetration of American institutions was, indeed, significant, and was being directed locally by the Communist Party of the United States.
		In an era when accusations of Soviet espionage were very much in the public mind, the trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg was perhaps the biggest story of all.
		Revelations in 1946 that Soviet agents had penetrated the federal government was a goldmine for the Republicans, who had been out of power since 1932, and it helped them win majorities in both houses of Congress in the 1946 midterm elections.
	edsitement.neh.gov /view_lesson_plan.asp?id=690 (2672 words)

	Nuclear Weapons - Russian / Soviet Nuclear Forces
		Soviet intelligence went to considerable lengths to to learn about US nuclear programs, and detailed information was provided to Igor Kurchatov, scientific director of the Soviet atomic project, in 1944 and early 1945.
		Although Soviet weapons designers benefited from the American plutonium bomb design, they had to independently validate the material they were given in preparing their first bomb.
		Some Soviet leaders, notably Nikita S. Khrushchev and the Soviet military theorists who shared his views, maintained that, considering the extremes of nuclear violence, nuclear war could not be a continuation of politics by means of armed force.
	fas.org /nuke/guide/russia/nuke (668 words)

	GovIntelligence.com - History - Espionage
		Espionage is the practice of obtaining information about an organization or a society that is considered secret or confidential (spying) without the permission of the holder of the information.
		What differentiates espionage from other forms of intelligence work is that espionage involves obtaining the information by accessing the place where the information is stored or accessing the people who know the information and will divulge it through some kind of subterfuge.
		Espionage is usually thought of as part of an institutional effort (i.e., governmental or corporate espionage).
	www.govintelligence.com /history/espionage.html (1151 words)

	The History Place - Genocide in the 20th Century
		Soviet troops and secret police were rushed in to put down the rebellion.
		It was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of a famine and thus to refuse any outside assistance.
		The Soviets bolstered their famine denial by duping members of the foreign press and international celebrities through carefully staged photo opportunities in the Soviet Union and the Ukraine.
	www.historyplace.com /worldhistory/genocide/stalin.htm (2082 words)

	Trotskyism ("Great Soviet Encyclopedia," 1947)
		Stalin demonstrated in his speeches that the ideological defeat of Trotsky was an indispensable condition to secure the further victorious movement towards socialism, and he rallied the party around the Central Committee for the struggle for the victory of socialism.
		In 1925 the Trotskyites came out against the teaching of Lenin and Stalin about the victory of socialism in the Soviet land, against the party course on the victorious construction of socialism in the USSR, against the socialist industrialization of the country.
		The Trotskyites tried to corrupt and break up the Bolshevik party after the death of Lenin, to infect it with their disbelief in the cause of victory of socialism in the USSR and to create a party of capitalist restoration.
	www.cyberussr.com /rus/trotsky-bse-e.html (1467 words)

	the eXile - Book Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Its subject, Soviet espionage in the US in Stalin's time, has been the subject of some of the nastiest, most paranoid debates in recent American History, and the stories Weinstein promises to tell about "highly placed Americans who assisted Soviet intelligence": promise to be delightful.
		In its simplest form, his story is that the Soviet Union had a number of dedicated and highly-placed agents in the US in the 1930's, but lost touch with most of them during the Great Purge, when their controllers were called home and killed.
		No other history of Soviet espionage with which I am familiar argues for such a cataclysmic decline in the postwar years, and it seems a bit much to believe that the defection of two American agents really wiped out the bulk of Soviet spying in the US for so many years.
	www.exile.ru /books/review63.html (1399 words)

	CNN - Cold War Experience: Espionage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		I knew quite well, when I gave the names of our agents in the Soviet Union, that I was exposing them to the full machinery of counterespionage and the law, and then prosecution and capital punishment, certainly, in the case of KGB and GRU officers who would be tried in a military court.
		The overall effect had to be a devastating one on the intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union.
		Espionage, for the most part, involves finding a person who knows something or has something that you can induce them secretly to give to you.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/experience/spies/interviews/ames (2053 words)

	Soviet History & Society
		This is a thorough examination of the practice of Soviet government as against the theory of Soviet government.
		There have been numerous accounts of life in Soviet prisons and camps but none which so illuminates the nature of the system, nor any that provide such a brilliant, integrated array of detail about the way in which it actually killed or deformed the lives of millions.
		The "Archipelago" of Solzhenitsyn's work is that system of secret police installations, camps, prisons, transit centres, communications facilities, transport systems and espionage organisations which, honeycombed the length and breadth of the Soviet Union, and which in effect comprised a state within a state.
	www.bookworks.co.uk /quest/en-gb/dept_67.html (596 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Carl Marzani - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		History of Soviet espionage in the United States
		After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in mid 1941, Marzani became director of a popular front anti-fascist organization, and resigned from the Communist party in August, 1941.
		While at the OSS Marzani worked closely with a group of Soviet agents[1][2] managed by Eugene Dennis, who later became CPUSA General Secretary.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Carl_Marzani (895 words)

	Amazon.de: Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America -- The Stalin Era: English Books: Allen Weinstein,Alexander ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		By the end of the 1940s, the Soviet spy ring in the United States was in serious breakdown.
		Soviet espionage's most dazzling success was the theft of atomic secrets from the Manhattan Project, a coup that enabled the U.S.S.R. to accelerate its own nuclear program.
		The almost exclusive reliance on the secret communications between Soviet spies and their superiors create a distortion, because, as one might expect, those communications are dominated by discussions of problems.
	www.amazon.de /Haunted-Wood-Soviet-Espionage-America/dp/0788164228 (1600 words)

	Hoover Tower Rotunda Exhibit: American Relief Administration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		When the ARA sent representatives to evaluate the famine conditions in the Ukraine, officials there, refusing to be bound by an agreement signed in Moscow, demanded a separate agreement.
		The Soviets were required to release twelve million dollars from their gold reserves to the purchase of the supplies.
		At the same time the ruling circles of the USA tried to use it to support counterrevolutionary elements, espionage, and sabotage, to fight the revolutionary movement and to strengthen the position of American imperialism in Europe.
	www-hoover.stanford.edu /hila/ara.htm (1273 words)

	Random House \| Books \| The Haunted Wood by Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev
		The Soviet records are filled with struggles for control among contending operatives, love affairs among the agents, dramatic personality conflicts, and occasionally even vivid accounts of plotted or actual murders.
		Soviet operatives in the United States during these years ranged from many who were highly sophisticated practitioners of tradecraft to bumbling amateurs.
		Notwithstanding the significant amount of previously unknown material, this account does not claim to be a definitive history of Soviet espionage in the United States during the Stalin era.
	www.randomhouse.com /catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780375755361&view=excerpt (1728 words)

	Reader's Companion to American History - -ESPIONAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although some of the main lineaments of espionage are discernible in the earliest days of the Republic, developments in the nineteenth century were slow.
		In 1945, the traditional American distrust of espionage resurfaced, and the world's first superpower was temporarily shorn of a large-scale intelligence capability.
		Fear of foreign espionage for a while far exceeded reservations about an American "police state." In 1950, former State Department official Alger Hiss went to prison after being accused of spying for the Soviet Union.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_029100_espionage.htm (1232 words)

	KGB - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		Its tasks were external espionage, counter-espionage, liquidation of anti-Soviet and counter-revolutionary formations within the USSR, guarding the Borders, and guarding the leaders of the party and state and critical state property.
		In its espionage role, the KGB was mostly reliant on human intelligence (HUMINT), unlike their western counterparts, who relied far more on imagery intelligence (IMINT) and signals intelligence (SIGINT).
		The KGB was a National Intelligence and Security Agency for the Soviet Union and directly controlled the Republic level KGB organizations, However, as Russia was the core of the Soviet Union, the KGB itself was also the Russian republic level KGB.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/KGB (1213 words)

	Review of The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World - Middle East Quarterly
		As the Soviet Union was crumbling, he offered the cache to the British in exchange for his family's rescue from the country and removal to safe haven, which he got.
		Although the Soviets spied effectively on his secret communications with the Americans, they chose not to support actively pro-Moscow Egyptians plotting a coup against Sadat, and so, were powerless to stop him.
		Soviet contempt for Israel was critical in such intelligence failures as the prediction that Israel would never be able to defeat Arab armies.
	www.meforum.org /article/973 (1594 words)

	INSIDE THE SOVIET SECRET POLICE
		Studying Soviet history through the prism of clandestine police and espionage organizations, we will survey the institutions, role, and significance of Soviet state power, 1917-1998.
		Gábor Rittersporn, "The Omnipresent Conspiracy: On Soviet Imagery of Politics and Social Relations in the 1930s," in Stalinism and Its Aftermath: Essays in Honour of Moshe Lewin (M.E. Sharpe, 1992), pp.
		Resumé of a Stalinist Policeman: Soviet Secret Police Personnel Report on Service to the International Section of the Communist Party in the 1930s (October 13, 1939), former Central Archive of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Moscow.
	www.history.neu.edu /fac/burds/police99.htm (2053 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		All occupy responsible positions in Washington, D.C. ' Soviet intelligence thought highly of Browder's recruitment work: in a 1946 OGPU memorandum, Browder was personally credited with hiring eighteen intelligence agents for the Soviet Union.
		According to a 1938 classified letter from Browder to Georgi Dimitrov, in the Soviet archives, Browder's younger sister Marguerite was an agent working in various European countries for the NKVD.
		Lowry was named by Soviet intelligence agent Elizabeth Bentley as one of her contacts; she and Akhmerov and their actions on behalf of Soviet intelligence are referenced in several Venona project decryptions as well as Soviet KGB archives.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Earl_Browder (1760 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The same KGB officers that served during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan openly served the Taliban after it gained power.
		Anyone with even an iota of knowledge of the public record of the degree of security around Soviet espionage operations would know that there is no way these types would have any coordination with anyone without being under the highest levels of instructions.
		Minimally, it should be recognized that the public support of those closely affiliated with the old Soviet Communist Party for and involvement with "Islamic" terrorist organizations could only take place if the Communist Party believed it could dominate and control those organizations in the bid to re-establish its power.
	www.frontpagemag.com /GoPostal/commentdetail.asp?ID=9416&commentID=146496 (1021 words)

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